Bruno Tesch
| Bruno Emil Tesch | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born |
14 August 1890 Berlin, German Empire |
| Died |
16 May 1946 (aged 55) Hamelin, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | Chemist and entrepreneur |
| Known for | Co-inventor of Zyklon B |
| Criminal charge | Knowingly supplying poison gas used to kill Jews and allied nationals interned in concentration camps |
| Criminal penalty | Hanged |
Bruno Emil Tesch (14 August 1890 – 16 May 1946) was a German chemist and entrepreneur. Together with Gerhard Peters and Walter Heerdt, he invented the insecticide Zyklon B, infamous for having been used by Nazi Germany to exterminate approximately a million of the victims of the Holocaust.[1] He was the owner of Tesch & Stabenow (called Testa), a pest control company he co-founded in 1924 with Paul Stabenow in Hamburg, Germany, which was a major supplier of Zyklon B to the Nazi concentration camps.
Following the end of World War II, he was arrested by the British as a war criminal, tried, and executed.
Early life and education
Tesch studied mathematics and physics for one semester in 1910 at the University of Göttingen before studying chemistry at the University of Berlin, receiving his degree in 1914. He attained a position at Kaiser Wilhelm Institute.
Zyklon B
Tesch, along with fellow chemists Gerhard Peters and Walter Heerdt, with the support of I.G. Farben, began research into the use of hydrogen cyanide as a fumigating agent. They discovered a process in which the hydrogen cyanide could be manufactured and used in a solid form.[2]
The patent was assigned to Degesch, "Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung mbH" (German Limited Company for Pest Control), subsidiary of I.G. Farben, with Walter Heerdt being the only one of the inventors to receive patent rights, a portion of the proceeds from the manufacture and sale. Peters joined Degesch and would become managing director during World War II. Degesch was designated by the German government to set the safety rules and standards for the use of Zyklon B, and was given the authority to authorize shipments from the manufacturer to the customer after the strict criteria were met.
Tesch & Stabenow did not manufacture Zyklon B nor any other chemicals. It was primarily a pest control company specializing in fumigation of commercial properties such as the warehouses and freighters in the Port of Hamburg. Zyklon B was produced by Dessauer Werke and Kaliwerke.
In 1925, Tesch & Stabenow – partly due to the largesse of Paul Haber of Degesch – received the exclusive rights to distribute the insecticide Zyklon B east of the Elbe River. In 1927, Stabenow departed from the firm. Tesch held a 45% share of the company and Degesch 55%. He would assume sole ownership of the company in 1942.
Arrest, trial and execution
Tesch was first interrogated in Hamburg by British Captain and chemist Walter Freud. Freud was accompanied by Emil Sehm, a former Testa bookkeeper. Sehm claimed to have seen a memorandum concerning correspondence between Tesch and a Wehrmacht officer about the use of Zyklon B to gas humans. Tesch was arrested by the British occupation authorities on September 3, 1945, and released on October 1, 1945, only to be re-arrested a few days later on October 6.
Tesch was tried by a British military tribunal in the Curiohaus in Hamburg March 1–8, 1946, the Testa process. His two co-defendants were registered general representative Karl Weinbacher and Joachim Drosihn, the firm’s first gassing technician.
The prosecution case stated that Zyklon B was used for "systematically exterminating human beings to an estimated total of six million, of whom four and a half million were exterminated by the use of Zyklon B in one camp alone, known as Auschwitz/Birkenau".[3] (The figure of 4.5 million victims was based on Soviet estimates released right after the war, now regarded as greatly exaggerated.[4] Roughly one million people were killed with Zyklon B in gas chambers installed in extermination camps at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek, and elsewhere.[1])
The charge was that Tesch, "at Hamburg, Germany, between 1st January 1941, and 31st March 1945, in violation of the laws and usages of war, did supply poison gas used for the extermination of allied nationals interned in concentration camps, well knowing that the said gas was to be so used" in violation of Article 46 of the Hague Convention of 1907.[5][6] One of the witnesses called by the prosecution was SS Rottenführer Perry Broad, who had worked in the political department in Auschwitz. Tesch and Weinbacher were condemned to death; Drosihn was acquitted. Tesch was executed by hanging on May 16, 1946, by Albert Pierrepoint in Hamelin Prison.[7]
See also
References
- 1 2 Hayes, Peter (2004). From Cooperation to Complicity: Degussa in the Third Reich. Cambridge; New York; Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 272. ISBN 0-521-78227-9.
- ↑ Christianson, Scott. The Last Gasp: The Rise and Fall of the American Gas Chamber, p. 166, ISBN 0-520-25562-3
- ↑ Law-Reports of Trials of War Criminals, The United Nations War Crimes Commission, Volume I (1997) p. 94
- ↑ Steinbacher, Sybille (2005) [2004]. Auschwitz: A History. Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck. pp. 132–133. ISBN 0-06-082581-2.
- ↑ "Article 46". Yale Law School: Lillian Goldman Law Library. Laws of War: Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907. The Avalon Project. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- ↑ "Trial of Bruno Tesch and two others, British Military Court, Hamburg 1–8 March 1946". University of the West of England. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
- ↑ Law reports of trials of war criminals By United Nations War Crimes Commission. The Zyklon B Case. Publisher: William S. Hein & Company (1997) ISBN 1-57588-403-8