Cantor distribution

Cantor
Cumulative distribution function
Parameters	none
Support	Cantor set
pmf	none
CDF	Cantor function
Mean	1/2
Median	anywhere in [1/3, 2/3]
Mode	n/a
Variance	1/8
Skewness	0
Ex. kurtosis	−8/5
MGF	$e^{t/2}\prod _{k=1}^{\infty }\cosh {\left({\frac {t}{3^{k}}}\right)}$
CF	$e^{\mathrm {i} \,t/2}\prod _{k=1}^{\infty }\cos {\left({\frac {t}{3^{k}}}\right)}$

The Cantor distribution is the probability distribution whose cumulative distribution function is the Cantor function.

This distribution has neither a probability density function nor a probability mass function, since although it is a continuous function it is not absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure, nor has it any point-masses. It is thus neither a discrete nor an absolutely continuous probability distribution, nor is it a mixture of these. Rather it is an example of a singular distribution.

Its cumulative distribution function is continuous everywhere but horizontal almost everywhere, so is sometimes referred to as the Devil's staircase, although that term has a more general meaning.

Characterization

The support of the Cantor distribution is the Cantor set, itself the intersection of the (countably infinitely many) sets: ${\begin{aligned}C_{0}=&[0,1]\\C_{1}=&[0,1/3]\cup [2/3,1]\\C_{2}=&[0,1/9]\cup [2/9,1/3]\cup [2/3,7/9]\cup [8/9,1]\\C_{3}=&[0,1/27]\cup [2/27,1/9]\cup [2/9,7/27]\cup [8/27,1/3]\cup \\&[2/3,19/27]\cup [20/27,7/9]\cup [8/9,25/27]\cup [26/27,1]\\C_{4}=&[0,1/81]\cup [2/81,1/27]\cup [2/27,7/81]\cup [8/81,1/9]\cup [2/9,19/81]\cup [20/81,7/27]\cup \\&[8/27,25/81]\cup [26/81,1/3]\cup [2/3,55/81]\cup [56/81,19/27]\cup [20/27,61/81]\cup \\&[62/81,21/27]\cup [8/9,73/81]\cup [74/81,25/27]\cup [26/27,79/81]\cup [80/81,1]\\C_{5}=&\ ...\end{aligned}}$

The Cantor distribution is the unique probability distribution for which for any C_t (t ∈ { 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }), the probability of a particular interval in C_t containing the Cantor-distributed random variable is identically 2^−t on each one of the 2^t intervals.

Recently discovered, the Geometric Mean of all reals in the Cantor Set between (0,1] is approximately 0.274974, which is ≈ 75% of the Geometric Mean of all reals in between (0,1].^[1]

Moments

It is easy to see by symmetry that for a random variable X having this distribution, its expected value E(X) = 1/2, and that all odd central moments of X except for the first moment are 0.

The law of total variance can be used to find the variance var(X), as follows. For the above set C₁, let Y = 0 if X ∈ [0,1/3], and 1 if X ∈ [2/3,1]. Then:

\begin{align} \operatorname{var}(X) & = \operatorname{E}(\operatorname{var}(X\mid Y)) + \operatorname{var}(\operatorname{E}(X\mid Y)) \\ & = \frac{1}{9}\operatorname{var}(X) + \operatorname{var} \left\{ \begin{matrix} 1/6 & \mbox{with probability}\ 1/2 \\ 5/6 & \mbox{with probability}\ 1/2 \end{matrix} \right\} \\ & = \frac{1}{9}\operatorname{var}(X) + \frac{1}{9} \end{align}

From this we get:

\operatorname{var}(X)=\frac{1}{8}.

A closed-form expression for any even central moment can be found by first obtaining the even cumulants

\kappa_{2n} = \frac{2^{2n-1} (2^{2n}-1) B_{2n}} {n\, (3^{2n}-1)}, \,\!

where B_2n is the 2nth Bernoulli number, and then expressing the moments as functions of the cumulants.

References

↑ http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1889476/cantor-set-geometric-mean

Falconer, K. J. (1985). Geometry of Fractal Sets. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge Univ Press.
Hewitt, E.; Stromberg, K. (1965). Real and Abstract Analysis. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer-Verlag.
Hu, Tian-You; Lau, Ka Sing (2002). "Fourier Asymptotics of Cantor Type Measures at Infinity". Proc. A.M.S. 130 (9). pp. 2711–2717.
Knill, O. (2006). Probability Theory & Stochastic Processes. India: Overseas Press.
Mandelbrot, B. (1982). The Fractal Geometry of Nature. San Francisco, CA: WH Freeman & Co.
Mattilla, P. (1995). Geometry of Sets in Euclidean Spaces. San Francisco: Cambridge University Press.
Saks, Stanislaw (1933). Theory of the Integral. Warsaw: PAN. (Reprinted by Dover Publications, Mineola, NY.

External links

Morrison, Kent (1998-07-23). "Random Walks with Decreasing Steps" (PDF). Department of Mathematics, California Polytechnic State University. Retrieved 2007-02-16.

Probability distributions

List

Discrete univariate with finite support	Benford Bernoulli beta-binomial binomial categorical hypergeometric Poisson binomial Rademacher discrete uniform Zipf Zipf–Mandelbrot

Discrete univariate with infinite support	beta negative binomial Borel Conway–Maxwell–Poisson discrete phase-type Delaporte extended negative binomial Gauss–Kuzmin geometric logarithmic negative binomial parabolic fractal Poisson Skellam Yule–Simon zeta

Continuous univariate supported on a bounded interval	arcsine ARGUS Balding–Nichols Bates beta beta rectangular Irwin–Hall Kumaraswamy logit-normal noncentral beta raised cosine reciprocal triangular U-quadratic uniform Wigner semicircle

Continuous univariate supported on a semi-infinite interval	Benini Benktander 1st kind Benktander 2nd kind beta prime Burr chi-squared chi Dagum Davis exponential-logarithmic Erlang exponential F folded normal Flory–Schulz Fréchet gamma gamma/Gompertz generalized inverse Gaussian Gompertz half-logistic half-normal Hotelling's T-squared hyper-Erlang hyperexponential hypoexponential inverse chi-squared scaled inverse chi-squared inverse Gaussian inverse gamma Kolmogorov Lévy log-Cauchy log-Laplace log-logistic log-normal Lomax matrix-exponential Maxwell–Boltzmann Maxwell–Jüttner Mittag-Leffler Nakagami noncentral chi-squared Pareto phase-type poly-Weibull Rayleigh relativistic Breit–Wigner Rice shifted Gompertz truncated normal type-2 Gumbel Weibull Discrete Weibull Wilks's lambda

Continuous univariate supported on the whole real line	Cauchy exponential power Fisher's z Gaussian q generalized normal generalized hyperbolic geometric stable Gumbel Holtsmark hyperbolic secant Johnson's S_U Landau Laplace asymmetric Laplace logistic noncentral t normal (Gaussian) normal-inverse Gaussian skew normal slash stable Student's t type-1 Gumbel Tracy–Widom variance-gamma Voigt

Continuous univariate with support whose type varies	generalized extreme value generalized Pareto Tukey lambda q-Gaussian q-exponential q-Weibull shifted log-logistic

Mixed continuous-discrete univariate	rectified Gaussian

Multivariate (joint)	Discrete Ewens multinomial Dirichlet-multinomial negative multinomial Continuous Dirichlet generalized Dirichlet multivariate normal multivariate stable multivariate t normal-inverse-gamma normal-gamma Matrix-valued inverse matrix gamma inverse-Wishart matrix normal matrix t matrix gamma normal-inverse-Wishart normal-Wishart Wishart

Directional	Univariate (circular) directional Circular uniform univariate von Mises wrapped normal wrapped Cauchy wrapped exponential wrapped asymmetric Laplace wrapped Lévy Bivariate (spherical) Kent Bivariate (toroidal) bivariate von Mises Multivariate von Mises–Fisher Bingham

Degenerate and singular	Degenerate Dirac delta function Singular Cantor

Families	Circular compound Poisson elliptical exponential natural exponential location-scale maximum entropy mixture Pearson Tweedie wrapped

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