Chinatowns in Brooklyn

For other uses, see Chinatown, New York City.
Chinatowns in Brooklyn

8th Avenue in Brooklyn Chinatown
Traditional Chinese 布魯克林華埠
Simplified Chinese 布鲁克林华埠

The first Brooklyn Chinatown (simplified Chinese: 布鲁克林华埠; traditional Chinese: 布魯克林華埠; pinyin: bùlǔkèlín huábù),[1][2] was originally established in the Sunset Park area of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It is one of the largest and fastest growing ethnic Chinese enclaves outside of Asia, as well as within New York City itself. As this Chinatown is rapidly evolving into an enclave predominantly of Fuzhou immigrants from Fujian Province in China, it is now increasingly common to refer to it as the Little Fuzhou or Fuzhou Town of the Western Hemisphere.

Brooklyn's Chinese population continues to grow and expand highly rapidly, and the borough has since evolved three larger Chinatowns, between Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, and Avenue U in Sheepshead Bay.[3] There are also several newer satellite Chinatowns in Bay Ridge, Borough Park, Coney Island, Dyker Heights, Gravesend, and Marine Park,[4] as evidenced by the growing number of Chinese-run fruit markets, restaurants, beauty and nail salons, small offices, and computer and consumer electronics dealers. While the foreign-born Chinese population in New York City jumped 35 percent between 2000 and 2013, to 353,000 from about 262,000, the foreign-born Chinese population in Brooklyn increased 49 percent during the same period, to 128,000 from 86,000, according to The New York Times. The newer Brooklyn Chinatowns that evolved are mostly Cantonese speaking and therefore they are sometimes regarded as a Little Hong Kong/Guangdong or Cantonese Town.[4] Hakka, another popular language is gaining popularity.

Context

The New York metropolitan area contains the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, enumerating 779,269 individuals as of 2013,[5] including at least 12 Chinatowns – six[6] (or nine, including the emerging Chinatowns in Corona and Whitestone, Queens,[7] and East Harlem, Manhattan) in New York City proper, and one each in Nassau County, Long Island; Edison, New Jersey;[7] and Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey, not to mention fledgling ethnic Chinese enclaves emerging throughout the New York City metropolitan area. Chinese Americans, as a whole, have had a (relatively) long tenure in New York City. The first Chinese immigrants came to Lower Manhattan around 1870, looking for the "golden" opportunities America had to offer.[8] By 1880, the enclave around Five Points was estimated to have from 200 to as many as 1,100 members.[8]

However, the Chinese Exclusion Act, which went into effect in 1882, caused an abrupt decline in the number of Chinese who immigrated to New York and the rest of the United States.[8] Later, in 1943, the Chinese were given a small quota, and the community's population gradually increased until 1968, when the quota was lifted and the Chinese American population skyrocketed.[8] In the past few years, Cantonese, which dominated the Chinatowns for decades, is being rapidly swept aside by Mandarin Chinese, the national language of China and the lingua franca of most of the latest Chinese immigrants.[9] Hakka is now rapidly being spoken in Chinatowns around the world.

Citywide demographics

As the city proper with the nation's largest Chinese American population by a wide margin, with an estimated 573,388 individuals in 2014,[10] and as the primary destination for new Chinese immigrants,[11] New York City is subdivided into official municipal boroughs, which themselves are home to significant Chinese populations, with Brooklyn and Queens, adjacently located on Long Island, leading the fastest growth.[12][13] After the City of New York itself, the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn encompass the largest Chinese populations, respectively, of all municipalities in the United States.

Rank Borough Chinese Americans Density of Chinese Americans per square mile in municipality Percentage of Chinese Americans in municipality's population
1 Queens, Chinatowns (皇后華埠) (2014)[14] 237,484 2,178.8 10.2
2 Brooklyn, Chinatowns (布魯克林華埠) (2014)[15] 205,753 2,897.9 7.9
3 Manhattan, Chinatown (曼哈頓華埠) (2014)[16] 107,609 4,713.5 6.6
4 Staten Island (2012) 13,620 232.9 2.9
5 The Bronx (2012) 6,891 164 0.5
New York City (2014) 573,388[10] 1,881.1 6.8

Early history

In the earlier part of the 20th century, Eighth Avenue in Sunset Park was primarily home to Norwegian immigrants, and it was known as "Little Norway", or "Lapskaus Boulevard", as the Norwegians termed it.[17][18][19] Later on, as Norwegians left, the neighborhood increasingly became abandoned by the 1950s. In 1986, the first Chinese-American grocery store, Winley Supermarket, was opened on the corner of 8th Avenue and 56th Street by three Chinese immigrants. Selling both Asian and American products, this unprecedented supermarket served the indigenous, predominantly Caucasian residents of the area and attracted Chinese immigrants from all areas of Brooklyn and Manhattan's Chinatown.

By 1988, 90% of the original storefronts on Eighth Avenue in Sunset Park were abandoned, but a Winley Supermarket prevailed and continued to draw in more Asian visitors. Chinese immigrants then moved into this area – not only new arrivals from China, but also residents escaping the higher rents of the Manhattan Chinatown, fleeing to the lower property costs and rents of Sunset Park and forming the Brooklyn Chinatown.[1]

Emergence

The relatively new but rapidly growing Chinatown located in Sunset Park was originally settled by Cantonese immigrants as had been Manhattan's Chinatown. In the past, Sunset Park had the highest Cantonese population in Brooklyn and strongly resembled Mott Street in Manhattan's Chinatown, the heart of the entrenched Cantonese community that continues to thrive in the western portion of Manhattan's Chinatown.

Although large numbers of non-Cantonese Chinese immigrants, often speaking Mandarin arrived into New York City, they could not relate to the Cantonese populations, which largely do not speak Mandarin or use it only to communicate with other non-Cantonese Chinese people. As a result, the non-Cantonese Chinese populations created their own Mandarin-speaking Chinatown, or "Mandarin Town" (國語埠) in Flushing, and a smaller one in Elmhurst as well. This allowed Manhattan's and Brooklyn's Chinatowns to continue retaining its almost exclusive Cantonese-speaking society and nearly were successful at keeping its Cantonese dominance.

In the 1980s and 1990s, an influx of Fuzhou immigrants, who largely speak Mandarin within their Fuzhou dialect, arrived and settled in lower Manhattan, around East Broadway and Eldridge Street. However, in the 2000s, due to gentrification and housing shortages the Fuzhou influx shifted to Brooklyn's Chinatown in much greater numbers, supplanting the Cantonese at a significantly higher rate than in Manhattan. Sunset Park's Chinatown, Brooklyn's largest, now consists significantly of Fuzhou immigrants.

Hakka has also emerged as another rapidly emerging language in the neighborhood.

Fuzhou Town, Brooklyn

Celebrating Chinese New Year on 8th Avenue.

During the 1980s and 1990s, the majority of newly arriving Fuzhou immigrants were settling within Manhattan's Chinatown, and the first Little Fuzhou community emerged in New York City within Manhattan's Chinatown; by the 2000s, however, the center of the massive Fuzhou influx had shifted to Brooklyn's Chinatown, which is now home to the fastest growing and perhaps largest Fuzhou population in New York City as well as causing the ethnic enclave to develop more fully and expand much further.

Shift of the Fuzhou influx

Since the 2000s, gentrification in Manhattan's Chinatown has pushed back the growth of Fuzhou immigrants and growth of Chinese immigrants in general, resulting in a growing Chinese population primarily centered in Queens and Brooklyn.[20][21]

Fuzhou homeowners

With the rapidly growing influx of Fuzhou homeownership in Brooklyn's Chinatown and like many other Chinese immigrants and other ethnic immigrants in general who have become successful homeowners, the Fuzhou homeowners subdivide single-family houses into multiple apartments to rent to tenants. This has opened opportunities as well as led to the Brooklyn Chinatown becoming the new nexus for new arriving Fuzhou immigrants to New York City, to seek landlords of Fuzhou descent and to be able rent an apartment at a lower price in better conditions than in Manhattan's Chinatown with less housing discrimination and barriers imposed on them, in contrast to Cantonese landlords that are more likely to discriminate against Fuzhou immigrants and not wanting them to be tenants in their properties, however there are Fuzhou landlords that can sometimes still discriminate Fuzhou tenants by imposing high rent prices. Many Fuzhou immigrants in Brooklyn's Chinatown have also illegally subdivided apartments into small spaces to rent to other Fuzhou immigrants.[22][23][24]

Unlike the Little Fuzhou within Manhattan's Chinatown,[25] which further developed the newer portion of Manhattan's Chinatown rather than settling in the center of the Cantonese community of Manhattan's Chinatown and still remains surrounded by areas which continue to house significant populations of Cantonese, all of Brooklyn's Chinatown is swiftly consolidating into New York City's new Little Fuzhou and is beginning to resemble more and more of The New Chinatown of Manhattan, which is the newer portion of Manhattan's Chinatown established by the Fuzhou immigrants primarily concentrated on the East Broadway and Eldridge Street portion.

An influx of Fuzhou immigrants caused the price of real estate to increase. More recently, Wenzhounese immigrants from China's Zhejiang Province arrived in Brooklyn Chinatown.[26] Also in contrast to Manhattan's Chinatown, which still successfully continues to carry a large Cantonese population and retain the large Cantonese community established decades ago in the western section of Manhattan's Chinatown, where Cantonese residents have a communal gathering venue to shop, work, and socialize, Brooklyn's Chinatown is now very quickly losing its Cantonese community identity.[27][28][29]

Connection to Manhattan's Chinatown

Since the 1980s, the neighborhood has attracted many Mainland Chinese immigrants, along Eighth Avenue Avenue from 42nd to 68th Street. Some claim the reason the Chinese settled on 8th Avenue is because in Chinese folklore, the number eight is lucky for financial matters, and "8th Avenue" can be loosely interpreted as "road to wealth". Another explanation is the direct subway ride to Manhattan's Chinatown on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway (D N R services).[30] In written Chinese translation, 8th Avenue is called 八大道. The Cantonese pronunciation for 8th Avenue is Baat Daaih Douh.[31] 8th Avenue, which has a subway station, is lined with Chinese businesses, including grocery stores, restaurants, Buddhist temples, video stores, bakeries, and community organizations, and even a Hong Kong Supermarket. This Chinatown is considered to be an extension of the original Chinatown in Manhattan.[32]

Streetscape

8th Avenue in Sunset Park (日落公園), the hub of Brooklyn's largest Chinatown, seen in 2015.

Trends

Cantonese population

In the late 2000s, the Sunset Park Chinatown's demographics changed very quickly. A large Fuzhouese population moved in, and the Sunset Park's Chinatown started to resemble parts of Little Fuzhou in Manhattan—particularly East Broadway, the main gathering center for Fuzhou residents in Manhattan. The Fuzhou population is also spreading into 7th and 9th Avenues and north onto 50th through 42nd Streets; this segment is also where many Fuzhou businesses are concentrated along 8th Avenue as well as on 7th Avenue, causing the overall Chinese community to expand even further. By 2009 many Mandarin-speaking people had moved to Sunset Park.[33]

Satellite Chinatowns

Since Brooklyn's Chinatown emergence on 8th Avenue in Sunset Park, the Chinese population has over the years expanded further into Brooklyn's Sheepshead Bay, Homecrest, Bensonhurst, Dyker Heights, Bath Beach, and Gravesend neighborhoods.[34][35] Homecrest Community Services, which serves Brooklyn's Chinese population, opened in Sheepshead Bay in the area of Brooklyn's second Chinatown in Homecrest and opened a smaller office in Brooklyn's third Chinatown in Bensonhurst.[36] This emerging massive Chinese presence in Brooklyn has poured especially into Sheepshead Bay, Homecrest, and Bensonhurst, due to the overcrowding and rising property values in the original Brooklyn Chinatown in Sunset Park.

Little Guangdong/Little Hong Kong

The emerging Brooklyn satellite Chinatowns are primarily dominated by Cantonese populations, but as of the 2010s these enclaves are more scattered and rather mixed in with other ethnic populations. They are extensions of Manhattan's Western Cantonese Chinatown or Little Hong Kong/Guangdong or Cantonese Town, but at the same time similarly resemble the 1970s–80s of Manhattan's Chinatown when it was still in expansion mode overlapping into other ethnic enclaves.

As the Cantonese dissipate from the main Brooklyn Chinatown in Sunset Park, the Avenue U Chinatown and the Bensonhurst Chinatown now carry the majority of the established Cantonese population and continuing to quickly grow in Brooklyn along with new and growing Chinese immigrant population.

The second Chinatown and the third Chinatown of Brooklyn, along with other emerging clusters of Chinese businesses and people in other parts of Bensonhurst particularly on 18th Avenue[37] and Bay Parkway around the N service,[38] could possibly in the future become the new gathering centers and central business districts for the Cantonese residents in Brooklyn, resembling the western portion of Manhattan's Chinatown in the same way that the main Brooklyn Chinatown in Sunset Park is quickly becoming a gathering center and central business district for the Fuzhou residents in Brooklyn, resembling East Broadway in Manhattan's Chinatown.

Chinatown, Avenue U

Main article: Avenue U
The developing Avenue U Chinatown

Avenue U in Homecrest now supports southern Brooklyn's second Chinatown,[39][40] as evidenced by the rapidly growing number of Chinese food markets, bakeries, restaurants, beauty and nail salons, and computer and consumer electronics dealers between Coney Island Avenue and Ocean Avenue.[38] Since 2004, the Q train on the BMT Brighton Line goes to Canal Street in the Manhattan Chinatown to Brooklyn's Avenue U Chinatown directly.[41] The area was formerly served by M,[42] and D trains, both of which went to Manhattan's Chinatown, at Canal Street and Grand Street stations, respectively.

This Chinatown is actually a second extension of Manhattan's Chinatown, after the original Brooklyn Chinatown which had developed in Sunset Park. Within a sixteen-year period, the Chinese population multiplied by an estimated fourteen fold in the Avenue U Chinatown,[43] which is now in expansion mode. The increasing property values and congestion in Brooklyn's first established Chinatown on 8th Avenue in Sunset Park led to the still increasing Chinese population in Brooklyn pouring into the Sheepshead Bay and Homecrest sections, which in the late 1990s resulted in the establishment of a second Chinatown on Avenue U between the Homecrest and Sheepshead Bay sections.[44][45]

Chinatown, Bensonhurst

The D service of the New York City Subway system connects Bensonhurst Chinatown to Manhattan's Chinatown.

Nearby in southern Brooklyn in Bensonhurst, below the elevated D service structure along on 86th Street between 18th Avenue and Stillwell Avenue, has now emerged a third Chinatown in Brooklyn.[40] Within recent years, most new businesses opening within this portion of Bensonhurst's 86th Street, especially between Bay Parkway and 25th Avenue, have been Chinese. Since 2004,[46] the D train has been directly connected 24/7 from the Grand Street station in Manhattan's Chinatown[38] to this rapidly growing Chinese enclave between 18th Avenue and 25th Avenue, and it is becoming a third extension of Manhattan's Chinatown. (Previously, the B (and later the W) went to both Bensonhurst and Chinatown, but only on weekdays; this was changed to full-time D service due to residents' demands.[46])

It is also in some way becoming a second extension of Brooklyn's 8th Avenue Chinatown, since transfers between D N trains are easy.[47][48] On 86th Street, it is home to growing Chinese restaurants including the 86 Wong Chinese Restaurant, which is one of the earliest Chinese restaurants and businesses to be established on this street.[49] Chinese grocery stores, salons, bakeries, and other types of Chinese businesses are also expanding swiftly on this street.

There is still currently a mixture of different ethnic businesses and people, especially with many Italians and Russians still in the Bensonhurst neighborhood. However, with the highly rapid rate of growth of Chinese businesses and people on this street, the proportion of the Chinese population is increasing; and this Chinatown may rival or surpass the size of the Avenue U Chinatown. With the migration of the Cantonese as well as Fuzhou people in Brooklyn now to Bensonhurst, and along with new Chinese immigration, other small clusters of Chinese people and businesses have grown in other parts of Bensonhurst like 18th Avenue and Bay Parkway as well integrating with other ethnic groups and businesses.[50][51][52][53][54] It is possible that several small Chinatowns might form as the Chinese population and number of Chinese businesses continue to grow in various sections of Bensonhurst, as it can be witnessed.[55]

According to the Daily News, Brooklyn's Asian population, mainly Chinese, has grown tremendously not only in the Sunset Park area, but also in Bensonhurst, Dyker Heights, and Borough Park. In Bensonhurst alone, from 2000 to 2010, the Asian population increased by 57%. The study also shows that Asians very often live in houses that are divided into studio apartments, which means there is a possibility that the increased Asian population could be more than what the census represents and causing stressors on the growing Asian population in Brooklyn.[56]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "A Bluer Sky: A History of the Brooklyn Chinese-American Association". bca.net. Brooklyn Chinese-American Association. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
  2. ↑ Min Zhou (1992). Chinatown: The Socioeconomic Potential of an Urban Enclave. Temple University Press. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
  3. ↑ Kirk Semple (2013-06-08). "A guide to the new immigrant enclaves of New York City". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
  4. 1 2 Liz Robbins (April 15, 2015). "Influx of Chinese Immigrants Is Reshaping Large Parts of Brooklyn". The New York Times. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
  5. ↑ "ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-11-10.
  6. ↑ Kirk Semple (June 23, 2011). "Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-10-03.
  7. 1 2 Lawrence A. McGlinn (2002). "Beyond Chinatown: Dual Immigration and the Chinese Population of Metropolitan New York City, 2000" (PDF). Middle States Geographer. 35 (1153): 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2014-10-03.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Waxman, Sarah. "The History of New York's Chinatown". ny.com. Retrieved 2014-10-03.
  9. ↑ Semple, Kirk (October 21, 2009). "In Chinatown, Sound of the Future Is Mandarin". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-06-29.
  10. 1 2 "SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES – 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – New York City – Chinese alone". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  11. ↑ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  12. ↑ "Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York QuickLinks". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  13. ↑ "Queens County (Queens Borough), New York QuickLinks". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  14. ↑ "Selected Population Profile in the United States 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Queens County, New York Chinese alone". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  15. ↑ "Selected Population Profile in the United States 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Kings County, New York Chinese alone". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  16. ↑ "Selected Population Profile in the United States 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – New York County, New York Chinese alone". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  17. ↑ Chinatowns of New York City. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  18. ↑ "Danes Cook – The New York Sun". Nysun.com. 2007-05-09. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  19. ↑ Yarrow, Andrew L. (1991-03-17). "In Brooklyn, Wontons, Not Lapskaus". The New York Times.
  20. ↑ Peter Kwong (2009-09-16). "Answers About the Gentrification of Chinatown". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
  21. ↑ Jian-Cuo, World Journal, 9 May 2007, then translated from Chinese by Connie Kong (2007-05-17). "High demand for illegal Chinatown apartments". New York Community Media Alliance. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
  22. ↑ "Answers About the Gentrification of Chinatown". The New York Times. 2009-09-16.
  23. ↑ The New Chinese America: Class, Economy, and Social Hierarchy. Books.google.com. 2010-01-19. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  24. ↑ Sweatshop USA: The American Sweatshop in Historical and Global Perspective. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  25. ↑ Surviving the City: The Chinese Immigrant Experience in New York City, 1890–1970. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  26. ↑ The New Chinese America: Class, Economy, and Social Hierarchy. Books.google.com. 2010-01-19. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  27. ↑ Fuzhou Province immigration increasing, rivaling Cantonese. Immigrants moving to Eighth Avenue, Brooklyn
  28. ↑ The New Chinese America: Class, Economy, and Social Hierarchy. Books.google.com. 2010-01-19. Retrieved 2014-05-04.
  29. ↑ Sweatshop USA: The American Sweatshop in Historical and Global Perspective. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-05-04.
  30. ↑ Wendy Wen-Yin Tan (2008). Chinatowns of New York City (NY) (Then and Now) (Then & Now). p. 10. ISBN 978-0738555102.
  31. ↑ Contemporary Chinese America: Immigration, Ethnicity, and Community. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  32. ↑ Chinatown: The Socioeconomic Potential of an Urban Enclave. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  33. ↑ Semple, Kirk. "In Chinatown, Sound of the Future Is Mandarin." The New York Times. October 21, 2009; retrieved May 27, 2010.
  34. ↑ "The Call Rundown – All Boroughs". NY1. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  35. ↑ "NYC Info – All Boroughs". NY1. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  36. ↑ "HCS | Home". Homecrest.org. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  37. ↑ "Italian culture stayin' alive in Bensonhurst". Sfctoday.com. 2010-01-28. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  38. 1 2 3 "MTA/New York City Transit Subway Map" (PDF). MTA. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
  39. ↑ Ellen Freudenheim (1999). Brooklyn: A Soup-to-Nuts Guide to Sites, Neighborhoods, and Restaurants (2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 103. ISBN 9780312204464. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
  40. 1 2 Annie Hauck-Lawson and Jonathan Deutsch (eds.) (2009). Gastropolis: Food and New York City. Arts and traditions of the table. New York: Columbia University. p. 136. ISBN 9780231136532. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
  41. ↑ Annie Hauck-Lawson and Jonathan Deutsch (eds.) (2009). Gastropolis: Food and New York City. Arts and traditions of the table. New York: Columbia University. p. 136. ISBN 9780231136532. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
  42. ↑ 1974 NYC Subway System map
  43. ↑ Sallie Han; Daniel Young (1997-02-07). "AVENUE U EVOLVES INTO MEIN ST., U.S.A.". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
  44. ↑ Michael Cooper (1995-10-22). "NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: SHEEPSHEAD BAY; New Language, and a New Life, for Avenue U". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
  45. ↑ Wendy Wan-Yin Tan (2008). Chinatowns of New York City. Then and Now. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia. p. 10. ISBN 9780738555102. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
  46. 1 2 "A Subway Map Remade, in Hopes of Matching Routes and Riders". The New York Times. February 20, 2004. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
  47. ↑ "MTA/New York City Transit Subway Line Information". Mta.info. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  48. ↑ "MTA/New York City Transit Subway Line Information". Mta.info. 2013-08-02. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  49. ↑ Archived March 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  50. ↑ The New York Times' Book of New York: 549 Stories of the People, the Events ... – Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  51. ↑ The World in a City: Traveling the Globe Through the Neighborhoods of the ... – Joseph Berger – Google Books. Books.google.com. 2009-06-24. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  52. ↑ A Coat of Many Colors: Immigration, Globalism, and Reform in the New York ... – Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  53. ↑ Let's Go New York City 17th Edition – Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-05-04.
  54. ↑ Brooklyn!, 3rd Edition: The Ultimate Guide to New York's Most Happening Borough – Ellen Freudenheim, Anna Wiener – Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-05-04.
  55. ↑ BEYOND CHINATOWN: DUAL IMMIGRATION AND THE CHINESE POPULATION OF METROPOLITAN NEW YORK CITY, 2000 Archived October 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  56. ↑ Nelson, Katie (2011-09-15). "Asian boom in Brooklyn along N-line neighborhoods in Brooklyn, Census data shows". Daily News. New York.

Coordinates: 40°38′08″N 74°00′34″W / 40.6355°N 74.0095°W / 40.6355; -74.0095

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