Washington Heights, Manhattan

Coordinates: 40°50′30″N 73°56′15″W / 40.84167°N 73.93750°W / 40.84167; -73.93750

Washington Heights seen from the west tower of the George Washington Bridge, the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[1][2] Note Little Red Lighthouse at base of east tower.
The highest point on Manhattan is in Bennett Park in Washington Heights, within the subsection of Hudson Heights. The inset at bottom left magnifies the plaque at right.
Location of Washington Heights

Washington Heights is a neighborhood in the northern portion of the New York City borough of Manhattan. The area, with over 150,000 inhabitants as of 2010, is named for Fort Washington, a fortification constructed at the highest point on Manhattan island by Continental Army troops during the American Revolutionary War, to defend the area from the British forces. Washington Heights is bordered by Harlem to the south, along 155th Street, Inwood to the north along Dyckman Street or Hillside Avenue, the Hudson River to the west, and the Harlem River and Coogan's Bluff to the east.

History

Early history

In the 18th century, only the southern portion of the island was settled by Europeans, leaving the rest of Manhattan largely untouched. Among the many unspoiled tracts of land was the highest spot on the island, which provided unsurpassed views of what would become the New York metropolitan area.[3]

When the Revolutionary War came to New York, the British had the upper hand. General George Washington and troops from his Continental Army camped on the high ground, calling it Fort Washington, to monitor the advancing Redcoats. The Continental Army retreated from its location after their defeat on November 16, 1776, in the Battle of Fort Washington.[4] The British took the position and renamed it Fort Knyphausen in honor of Wilhelm von Knyphausen, the leader of the Hessians, who had taken a major part in the British victory.[5][6] Their location was in the spot now called Bennett Park.[7] Fort Washington had been established as an offensive position to prevent British vessels from sailing north on the Hudson River. Fort Lee, across the river, was its twin, built to assist in the defense of the Hudson Valley.[3] The progress of the battle is marked by a series of bronze plaques along Broadway.

Not far from the fort was the Blue Bell Tavern, located on an intersection of Kingsbridge Road, where Broadway and West 181st Street intersect today, on the southeastern corner of modern-day Hudson Heights.[8] On July 9, 1776, when New York's Provincial Congress assented to the Declaration of Independence, "A rowdy crowd of soldiers and civilians ('no decent people' were present, one witness said later) ... marched down Broadway to Bowling Green, where they toppled the statue of George III erected in 1770. The head was put on a spike at the Blue Bell Tavern ... "[8]

The tavern was later used by Washington and his staff when the British evacuated New York, standing in front of it as they watched the American troops march south to retake New York.[9]

By 1856 the first recorded home had been built on the site of Fort Washington. The Moorewood residence was there until the 1880s. The property was purchased by Richard Carman and sold to James Gordon Bennett Sr. for a summer estate in 1871. Bennett's descendants later gave the land to the city to build a park honoring the Revolutionary War encampment. Bennett Park is a portion of that land. Lucius Chittenden, a New Orleans merchant, built a home on land he bought in 1846 west of what is now Cabrini Boulevard and West 187th Street.[10] It was known as the Chittenden estate by 1864.[9] C. P. Bucking named his home Pinehurst on land near the Hudson, a title that survives as Pinehurst Avenue.[10]

The series of ridges overlooking the Hudson were sites of villas in the 19th century, including the extensive property of John James Audubon.

Early and mid-20th century

At the turn of the 20th century the woods started being chopped down to make way for homes. The cliffs that are now Fort Tryon Park held the mansion of Cornelius Kingsley Garrison Billings, a retired president of the Chicago Coke and Gas Company. He purchased 25 acres (100,000 m2) and constructed Tryon Hall, a Louis XIV-style home designed by Gus Lowell. It had a galleried entranceway from the Henry Hudson Parkway that was 50 feet (15 m) high and made of Maine granite.[11][12] In 1917, Billings sold the land to John D. Rockefeller Jr. for $35,000 per acre. Tryon Hall was destroyed by fire in 1925. The estate was the basis for the book "The Dragon Murder Case" by S. S. Van Dine,[13] in which detective Philo Vance had to solve a murder on the grounds of the estate, where a dragon was supposed to have lived.[9]

In the early 1900s, Irish immigrants moved to Washington Heights. European Jews went to Washington Heights to escape Nazism during the 1930s and the 1940s.[14] Greeks started moving to Washington Heights in the 1920s, and the community was referred to as the "Astoria of Manhattan" by the 1950s and 1960s.[15] By the 1980s–1990s, the neighborhood became mostly Dominican, constituting at the time the nation's largest Dominican community.[16]

Fort Tryon

During World War I, immigrants from Hungary and Poland moved in next to the Irish.[17] Then, as Nazism grew in Germany, Jews fled their homeland. By the late 1930s, more than 20,000 refugees from Germany had settled in Washington Heights.[18]

The beginning of this section of Washington Heights as a neighborhood-within-a-neighborhood seems to have started around this time, in the years before World War II. One scholar refers to the area in 1940 as "Fort Tryon" and "the Fort Tryon area." In 1989, Steven M. Lowenstein wrote, "The greatest social distance was to be found between the area in the northwest, just south of Fort Tryon Park, which was, and remains, the most prestigious section ... This difference was already remarked in 1940, continued unabated in 1970 and was still noticeable even in 1980..."[19] Lowenstein considered Fort Tryon to be the area west of Broadway, east of the Hudson, north of West 181st Street, and south of Dyckman Street, which includes Fort Tryon Park. He writes, "Within the core area of Washington Heights (between 155th Street and Dyckman Street) there was a considerable internal difference as well. The further north and west one went, the more prestigious the neighborhood..."[19]

Frankfurt-on-the-Hudson

In the years after World War II, the neighborhood was referred to as Frankfurt-on-the-Hudson due to the dense population of German and Austrian Jews who had settled there.[20] A disproportionately large number of Germans who settled there had come from Frankfurt-am-Main, possibly giving rise to new name.[19] No other neighborhood in the city was home to so many German Jews, who had created their own central German world in the 1930s.[21]

Stairs running from the end of Pinehurst Avenue down to West 181st Street

In 1934 members of the German-Jewish Club of New York started Aufbau, a newsletter for its members that grew into a newspaper. Its offices were nearby on Broadway.[22] The newspaper became known as a "prominent intellectual voice and a main forum for Germanic Jewry in the United States," according to the German Embassy in Washington, D.C. "It featured the work of great prominent writers and intellectuals such as Thomas Mann, Albert Einstein, Stefan Zweig, and Hannah Arendt. It was one of the only newspapers to report on the atrocities of the Holocaust during World War II."[23]

In 1941, it published the Aufbau Almanac, a guide to living in the United States that explained the American political system, education, insurance law, the post office and sports.[24] After the war, Aufbau helped families that had been scattered by European battles to reconnect by listing survivors' names.[25] Aufbau's offices eventually moved to the Upper West Side. The paper nearly went bankrupt in 2006, but was purchased by Jewish Media AG, and exists today as a monthly news magazine. Its editorial offices are now in Berlin, but it keeps a correspondent in New York City.[26]

When the children of the Jewish immigrants to the Hudson Heights area grew up, they tended to leave the neighborhood, and sometimes, the city itself. By 1960 German Jews accounted for only 16% of the population in Frankfurt-on-the-Hudson.[17] The neighborhood became less overtly Jewish into the 1970s as Soviet immigrants moved there. After the Soviet immigration, families from the Caribbean, especially Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, made it their home. So many Dominicans live in Washington Heights that candidates for the presidency of the Dominican Republic campaign in parades in the neighborhood.[27] African-Americans began to move there in the 1980s, followed shortly by other groups. "Frankfurt-on-the-Hudson" no longer described the neighborhood.

Late 20th and early 21st centuries

1980s crime epidemic

By 2011, Washington Heights had among the lowest reported crime rates within neighborhoods in Manhattan,[28] though matters were once very different.

In the 1980s, the Heights were severely affected by the crack cocaine epidemic, as was the rest of New York City. This was due, in part, to the neighborhood crack gang, known as the Wild Cowboys or the Red Top Gang, who were associated with Santiago Luis Polanco Rodríguez. The Wild Cowboys were responsible for the higher number of crimes, especially murders, during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Robert Jackall wrote a book, Wild Cowboys: Urban Marauders and the Forces of Order,[29] describing the events that took place during that period of lawlessness. Homelessness was rampant. Washington Heights had become the largest drug distribution center in the Northeastern United States during that time.[30] A housing project in the neighborhood was nicknamed “Crack City,”[31] an epithet commonly bestowed upon rough neighborhoods at the time.

Former 30th Precinct House on 152nd Street, a NYC Landmark

On October 18, 1988, 24-year-old NYPD Police Officer Michael J. Buczek was murdered by Dominican drug dealers in Washington Heights.[32] The killers fled to the Dominican Republic, where one – Daniel Mirambeaux, the alleged shooter – died in police custody in June 1989 after plunging to his death under mysterious circumstances, and a second was apprehended by U.S. Marshals in 2000. The third suspect was apprehended in the Dominican Republic in May 2002, after which Pablo Almonte, 51, and Jose Fernandez, 52, received maximum 25-years-to-life prison sentences for their roles in the murder of Officer Buczek. In the ensuing years, the Buczek family founded the Police Officer Michael J. Buczek Foundation. There is a street, an elementary school, and a little league baseball field named in honor of Officer Buczek. The Police Officer Michael J. Buczek Little League, the nation's only program operated by police officers, hosts 30 teams with over 350 boys and girls, who are coached by officers from the NYPD and community members.[33]

Urban renewal and lower crime rates

Crime fell in the subsequent years. Police presence increased, building landlords allowed police to patrol in apartment buildings, which led to the arrests of thousands of drug dealers a year in Washington Heights. The arrest of police officers involved in drug dealing changed the neighborhood dramatically.[34] People were also being stopped for quality of life crimes. A new police precinct was also added in the neighborhood.[30] Today, its crime rate, along with that of neighboring Harlem, is much lower.[35]

Even though crime complaints were down 5.9 in 2007 over 2001 (and down 65.5% from 1993), there were five murders in lower Washington Heights (i.e., below W. 178th Street) in 2007.[35] In the upper portion of Washington Heights, where the 34th Precinct includes Fort George, Hudson Heights and as well as the separate neighborhood of Inwood, there was only one murder in 2007; likewise, above W. 179th Street, crime complaints were down 21.1% in 2007 over 2001 (and down 83.2% from 1993).[36] That puts lower Washington Heights on par with Harlem, where the 30th Precinct also recorded five murders in 2007.[37] By comparison, the 13th Precinct (Flatiron District, Stuyvesant Town and Union Square) recorded three murders in 2007[38] and the 20th Precinct (the Upper West Side) recorded none.[39]

By the 2000s, after years when gangsters ruled a thriving illegal drug trade, urban renewal began. Many Dominicans moved to Morris Heights, University Heights, and other West Bronx neighborhoods, as well as Los Angeles, California.[14] While gentrification is often blamed for rapid changes in the neighborhood, the changes in population also reflect the departure of the dominant nationality. Even though Dominicans still make up 73% of the neighborhood, their moves to the Bronx have made room for other Hispanic groups, such as Ecuadorians, according to The Latino Data Project of the City University of New York.[40] The proportion of whites in Washington Heights declined from 18% in 1990 to 14% in 2005.[41]

In 2011, Washington Heights was the fourth-safest neighborhood in Manhattan, according to one analysis of police records. Its "Crime and Safety Report," which ranks every neighborhood in the five boroughs, found that the drop in crime in Upper Manhattan led the neighborhood nearly to the top; Inwood ranked third, while Greenwich Village ranked 68th.[42]

The New York Post listed one part of the neighborhood – the block of Frederick Douglass Boulevard between West 155th Street and the Harlem River Drive – as one of "the most dangerous blocks in the city" because police crime statistics for 2015 showed that 18 robberies had been reported there, more than for any other city block.[43]

Geography

Washington Heights is on the high ridge in Upper Manhattan that rises steeply north of the narrow valley that carries 133rd Street to the former ferry landing on the Hudson River that served the village of Manhattanville. Though the neighborhood was once considered to run as far south as 133rd Street, modern usage defines the neighborhood as running north from Hamilton Heights at 155th Street to Inwood, topping out at just below Hillside Avenue or Dyckman Street, depending on the source.[44]

The wooded slopes of Washington Heights seen from a sandy cove on the Hudson as they were about 1845 are illustrated in a canvas by John James Audubon's son, Victor Clifford Audubon, conserved by the Museum of the City of New York.[45]

Location of Manhattan's highest point

Fifteen blocks from the northern end of Washington Heights, in its Hudson Heights neighborhood near Pinehurst Avenue and West 183rd Street in Bennett Park, is a plaque marking Manhattan's highest natural elevation, 265 feet (81 m) above sea level, at what was the location of Fort Washington, the Revolutionary War camp of General George Washington and his troops, from whom Washington Heights takes its name.[46]

Sub-neighborhoods

Hudson Heights

Fort Washington Collegiate Church
Plaza Lafayette provides a panoramic view of Fort Washington Park, the George Washington Bridge, the Hudson River and the New Jersey Palisades

Hudson Heights is generally considered to extend as far east as Broadway,[47][48] although others shrink it to the blocks between Fort Washington Avenue and the Hudson River. The name seems to have stuck starting in the 1990s, when neighborhood real estate brokers and activists started using it.[48]

Neighborhood activists formed a group in late 1992 to help promote the neighborhood[48] and after considering several names, settled on the one that became part of their organization's name: Hudson Heights Owners' Coalition. According to one of the group's founders, real estate brokers didn't start using the name until after the group was formed.[49] Elizabeth Ritter, the president of the owners' group, said that they "didn’t set out to change the name of the neighborhood, but [they] were careful in how [they] selected the name of the organization."[50] "Hudson Heights" actually began to be used as a name for a section of the neighborhood a year later.[49]

The new name replaced the outdated reference to German heritage, which some have criticized, even though the German-speaking population is negligible at best.[51] Although many Russian speakers still live there, Spanish-speakers vastly outnumber the Russophones, and English remains the lingua franca.

Hudson Heights' name has been adopted by such varied entities in the area as arts organizations and businesses. Newspapers from The Wall Street Journal,[52] the New York Times[53] to The Village Voice[54] use the name in reference to the neighborhood, as did The New York Sun,[55] and by Gourmet magazine.[56] Money magazine in its November 2007 article naming Hudson Heights the best neighborhood to retire to in New York City.[57]

Fort George

Hudson Heights is not the only Washington Heights neighborhood with a distinct name. Historically, Fort George runs from Broadway east to the Harlem River, and from West 181st Street north to Dyckman Street. The largest institution in Fort George is Yeshiva University, whose main campus sits east of Amsterdam Avenue in Highbridge Park. A branch of the Young Men's & Women's Hebrew Association is in the neighborhood, and George Washington High School sits on the site of the original Fort George. Fort George Presbyterian Church is on St. Nicholas Avenue. One of Manhattan's rare semi-private streets is also there. Washington Terrace runs south of West 186th Street for a half-block between Audubon and Amsterdam Avenues. The single-family homes there were built for middle-class families but some have been unoccupied for years. The M3, M101 bus routes serve the area.[58]

Points of interest

Parks

Noted sites

The cloister from Bonnefont-en-Comminges, at The Cloisters
The Morris-Jumel Mansion

Among the Heights' now-vanished riverfront estates was "Minnie's Land", the home of ornithological artist John James Audubon, who is buried in Trinity Church Cemetery churchyard of the neighborhood's Church of the Intercession (1915), a masterpiece by architect Bertram Goodhue. Also buried there is poet Clement Clarke Moore, who wrote "'Twas the Night Before Christmas".[68]

Columbia University Medical Center and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, the medical campus and school, respectively, of Columbia University, lie in the area of 168th Street and Broadway, occupying the former site of Hilltop Park, the home of the New York Highlanders – now known as the New York Yankees – from 1903 to 1912. Across the street is the New Balance Track and Field Center, an indoor track and home to the National Track & Field Hall of Fame.[69]

The best known cultural site and tourist attraction in Washington Heights is The Cloisters in Fort Tryon Park at the northern end of the neighborhood, with spectacular views across the Hudson to the New Jersey Palisades. This branch of the Metropolitan Museum of Art is devoted to Medieval art and culture, and is located in a medieval-style building, portions of which were purchased in Europe by John D. Rockefeller Jr. in 1925, brought to the United States, and reassembled, opening to the public in 1938.[70]

Audubon Terrace, a cluster of five distinguished Beaux Arts institutional buildings, is home to another major, though little-visited museum, The Hispanic Society of America.[71] The Society has the largest collection of works by El Greco and Goya outside the Museo del Prado, including one of Goya's famous paintings of Cayetana, Duchess of Alba. In September 2007, it commenced a three-year collaboration with the Dia Art Foundation. The campus on Broadway at West 156th Street also houses The American Academy of Arts and Letters, which holds twice yearly, month-long public exhibitions, and Boricua College.

Manhattan's oldest remaining house, the Morris–Jumel Mansion, is located in the landmarked Jumel Terrace Historic District, between West 160th and West 162nd Street, just east of St. Nicholas Avenue. An AAM-accredited historic house museum, the Mansion interprets the colonial era, the period when General George Washington occupied it during the American Revolutionary War, and the early 19th century in New York.[72]

The Paul Robeson Home, located at 555 Edgecombe Avenue on the corner of Edgecombe Avenue and 160th Street, is a National Historic Landmark building. The building is known for its famous African American residents including actor Paul Robeson, musician Count Basie, and boxer Joe Louis.[73]

Other notable Washington Heights residents include Althea Gibson the first African American Wimbledon Champion, Frankie Lymon of "Why Do Fools Fall in Love?" fame, Leslie Uggams who was a regular on the Sing Along with Mitch Show. Other musicians who resided in the area for significant periods of time were jazz drummers Tony Williams and Alphonse Muzon and Grammy award winning Guitarist Marlon Graves.

On February 21, 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated during a speech at the Audubon Ballroom, on Broadway at West 165th Street. The interior of the building was demolished, but the Broadway facade remains, incorporated into one of Columbia's Audubon Center buildings. It is now the home of the Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center.[74] Several shops, restaurants and a bookstore occupy the first floor.

At the Hudson's shore, in Fort Washington Park[75] stands the Little Red Lighthouse, a small lighthouse located at the tip of Jeffrey's Hook at the base of the eastern pier of the George Washington Bridge that was made famous by a 1942 children's book.[76] It is the site of a namesake festival in the late summer. A 5.85-mile (9.41 km) recreational swim finishes there in early autumn.[77] It's also a popular place to watch for peregrine falcons.[78]

Transportation

Bridges

Three of the bridges that cross the Harlem River are visible: High Bridge (foreground); Alexander Hamilton Bridge (middle, behind High Bridge); and the Washington Bridge (background). In this photo, looking north, Manhattan is on the left and the Bronx the right.

Washington Heights is connected to Fort Lee, New Jersey across the Hudson River via the Othmar Ammann-designed George Washington Bridge, the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[1][2] The Pier Luigi Nervi-designed George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal is located at the Manhattan end of the bridge, at West 179th Street and Fort Washington Avenue. Constructed in 1963, the terminal has huge ventilation ducts that look like concrete butterflies from a distance.[79] Nervi's bust sits in the terminal's lobby.

The Trans-Manhattan Expressway, a portion of Interstate 95, proceeds for 0.8 miles (1.3 km) from the George Washington Bridge in a trench between 178th and 179th Streets.[80] To the east, the highway leads to the Alexander Hamilton Bridge, completed in 1963 across the Harlem River to connect the GWB to the Bronx and the Cross Bronx Expressway.[81] The Washington Bridge crosses the Harlem River just north of the Alexander Hamilton Bridge. High Bridge is the oldest bridge in New York City still in existence, crossing the river just south of the Alexander Hamilton Bridge at 175th Street in Manhattan. Completed in 1848, it originally carried the Croton Aqueduct as part of the New York City water system and later functioned as a pedestrian bridge that had been closed to the public since the 1970s; In the late 1920s, several of the stone piers were replaced with a steel arch that spanned the river to allow ships to more easily navigate under the bridge.[82] In June 2015 the High Bridge reopened as a pedestrian and bicycle bridge.[83]

Elevation changes

Because of their abrupt, hilly topography, pedestrian navigation, particularly in Upper Manhattan and the West Bronx, is facilitated by many step streets.[84] The longest of these in Washington Heights, at approximately 130 stairs and with an elevation gain of approximately 65 feet,[85] connects Fort Washington Avenue and Overlook Terrace at 187th Street.[86]

Traversal of the elevation change can also be used using the three massive elevators within the 181st Street subway station, with entrances on Overlook Terrace and Fort Washington Avenue.[87] A similar situation exists at 190th Street. When originally built, fare control for both of these stations was in the station house, outside the elevators, which meant that they could only be used by paying a subway fare, but both have had fare control moved down to the mezzanine level, making the elevators free for neighborhood residents to use, and providing easier pedestrian connection between Hudson Heights and the rest of Washington Heights.[88]

Subway

Washington Heights is well served by the New York City Subway. On the IND Eighth Avenue Line, service is available at the 155th Street and 163rd Street – Amsterdam Avenue stations (A C trains), the 168th Street station (1 A C trains), and the 175th Street, 181st Street, and 190th Street stations (A train). Along the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line, the 1 train stops at 157th Street, 168th Street, 181st Street, and 191st Street.

The 190th Street station contains the subway's only entrance in the Gothic style,[89] although when originally built, it was a plain brick building; the stone facade was added later to bring the building into harmony with the entrance to Fort Tryon Park just across Margaret Corbin Circle.[88] The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.[90] The 190th Street station, along with the 191st Street station, has the distinction of being one of the deepest in the entire subway system by distance to ground level.[91] Therefore, the IND 181st Street and 190th Street stations provide elevator connections between Hudson Heights, on the top of the ridge, and the Broadway valley of Washington Heights below. The IRT 191st Street station also has elevators to street level.

Bus

MTA Regional Bus Operations' M2, M3, M4, M5, M98, M100, M101, Bx3, Bx6, Bx7, Bx11, Bx13, Bx35, Bx36 routes serve the area[58]

Community

Culture

The Art Stroll is an annual festival of the arts that highlights local artists. Public places in Washington Heights, Inwood and Marble Hill host impromptu galleries, readings, performances and markets over several weeks each summer.[92]

Bennett Park is the location of the highest natural point in Manhattan, as well as a commemoration on the west side of the park of the walls of Fort Washington, which are marked in the ground by stones with an inscription that reads: "Fort Washington Built And Defended By The American Army 1776." Land for the park was donated by James Gordon Bennett, Jr., the publisher of the New York Herald. His father, James Gordon Bennett, Sr., bought the land and was previously the Herald's publisher.[46] Bennett Park hosts an annual Harvest Festival in September and a children's Halloween Parade – with trick-or-treating afterwards – on Halloween.

Many small shops are located on West 181st Street at the southern end of the neighborhood, and all along Broadway. In the middle of the neighborhood itself, there is a small shopping area at West 187th Street between Cabrini Boulevard and Fort Washington Avenue.

News of Upper Manhattan is published weekly in The Manhattan Times, a bilingual newspaper. Its annual restaurant guide, highlights the area's burgeoning restaurant scene. Events are also listed in the Washington Heights & Inwood Online calendar.[93]

Ethnic makeup

Today the majority of the neighborhood's population is of Dominican birth or descent (the area is sometimes referred to as "Quisqueya Heights"), and Spanish is frequently heard spoken on the streets.[94] Washington Heights has been the most important base for Dominican accomplishment in political, non-profit, cultural, and athletic arenas in the United States since the 1960s. Most of the neighborhood businesses are locally owned.[44] Many Dominican immigrants come to network and live with family members. Bishop Gerard Walsh, former long-time pastor of St. Elizabeth's Roman Catholic Church, located in Washington Heights, said that many residents go to the neighborhood for "cheap housing," to obtain jobs "downtown," to receive a "good education," and "hopefully" to leave the neighborhood.[95]

Before the crash of American Airlines Flight 587 in 2001, according to an article in The Guardian, the flight had "something of a cult status in Washington Heights." A woman quoted in the newspaper said "Every Dominican in New York has either taken that flight or knows someone who has. It gets you there early. At home there are songs about it." After the crash occurred, makeshift memorials appeared in Washington Heights.[95]

Historically the home of many German Jews, the neighborhood also has a sizable Orthodox Jewish population. In the decade to 2011, the Orthodox community in Washington Heights and neighboring Inwood grew by more than 140%, from about 9,500 to nearly 24,000, the largest growth of any neighborhood identified in the Jewish Community Study, an increase largely fueled by an influx of young Orthodox Jews.[96][97]

Arts

Heralding the arts scene north of Central Park is the annual Uptown Arts Stroll, in which artists from Washington Heights, Inwood and Marble Hill are featured in public locations throughout upper Manhattan each summer for several weeks.[92] As of 2008, the Uptown Art Stroll is run by Northern Manhattan Arts Alliance.

The Northern Manhattan Arts Alliance (NoMAA), led by Executive Director Sandra A. García Betancourt, was founded in 2007 to support artists and arts organizations in Washington Heights and Inwood. Their stated mission is to cultivate, support and promote the work of artists and arts organizations in Northern Manhattan. In 2008, NoMAA awarded $50,000 in grants to seven arts organizations and 33 artists in the Washington Heights/Inwood art community. NoMAA sponsors community arts events and publishes an email newsletter of all art events in Washington Heights and Inwood.[98]

Sports

Historic

Fort Washington Armory

Five clubs in American professional sports played in the Washington Heights area: the New York Giants baseball club, the New York Mets, the New York Yankees, and the New York Giants and New York Jets football teams. The baseball Giants played at the Polo Grounds at West 155th Street and Eighth Avenue from 1911–1957, the Yankees played there from 1913–1922, and the New York Mets played their first two seasons (1962 and 1963) there as well as the football Giants (1925–1955) and New York Jets (1960–1963). The Mets and Jets both began play at the Polo Grounds while their future home, Shea Stadium in Queens, was under construction.[99]

Before the Yankees played at the Polo Grounds, they played in Hilltop Park on Broadway between 165th and 168th from 1903–1912; at the time they were known as the New York Highlanders.[100] On May 15, 1912, after being heckled for several innings, the great Ty Cobb leaped the fence and attacked his tormentor. He was suspended indefinitely by league president Ban Johnson, but his suspension was eventually reduced to 10 days and $50.[101] One of the most amazing pitching performances of all time took place at Hilltop Park; on September 4, 1908, 20-year-old Walter Johnson shut out New York three times in a three-game series.[102] The park is now the Columbia University Medical Center, a major hospital complex, which opened on that location in 1928.[103]

Washington Heights was the birthplace of Yankee star Alex Rodriguez. Slugger Manny Ramírez grew up in the neighborhood, moving there from the Dominican Republic when he was 13 years old and attending George Washington High School, where he was one of the nation's top prospects. Hall-of-Fame infielder Rod Carew, a perennial batting champion in the 1970s, also grew up in Washington Heights, having emigrated with his family from Panama at the age of fourteen. The New York Yankee's Lou Gehrig grew up on 173rd and Amsterdam. He attended the elementary school P.S. 132 at 185 Wadsworth Avenue between West 182nd and 183rd Streets. The Yankee captain lived in Washington Heights for most of his life.[104]

Modern

The New Balance Track and Field Center, located in the Fort Washington Avenue Armory, maintains an Olympic-caliber track that is one of the fastest in the world.[105] Starting in January 2012, the Millrose Games have been held there, after nearly a century in Madison Square Garden.[106] Other activities meet at the Armory as well. High schools and colleges hold meets at the 2,300-seat auditorium at the Armory regularly, and it is open to the public for training, for a fee. Also at the Armory is the National Track and Field Hall of Fame, along with the Charles B. Rangel Technology & Learning Center for children and students in middle school and high school; the facility is operated by the Armory Foundation, which was created in 1993. The Armory is the starting point for an annual road race, the Coogan's Salsa, Blues, and Shamrocks 5K, which was founded by Peter M. Walsh and is run in March and sanctioned by the New York Road Runners.[107]

Mountain bike races take place in Highbridge Park in the spring and summer. Sponsored by the New York City Mountain Bike Association,[108] the races are held on alternate Thursdays and are open to professional competitors and amateurs. Participating in these races is free, but the All-City Cross Country Classic requires a registration fee because prize money is awarded.

Extreme swimmers take part in the Little Red Lighthouse Swim, a 5.85-mile (9.41 km) swim in the Hudson River from Clinton Cove (Pier 96) to Jeffrey’s Hook, the location of the Little Red Lighthouse.[109] The annual race, sponsored by the Manhattan Island Foundation, attracts more than 200 competitors. The course records for men and women were both set in 1998. Jeffrey Jotz, then a 28-year-old from Rahway, New Jersey, finished in 1 hour, 7 minutes, and 36 seconds, while then-31-year-old Julie Walsh-Arlis, of New York, finished in 1 hour, 12 minutes, and 45 seconds.

Local politicians, sports enthusiasts, and community organizers have organized the "Uptown Games" for children at the Fort Washington Avenue Armory.[110] The event has an aim of "teaching kids at an early age what a pleasure it is to be physically active," according to one of the 2012 organizers, Cliff Sperber, of the New York Road Runners Association.[111]

Church of St. Elizabeth (Roman Catholic)
Fort Washington Heights Presbyterian Church
Hebrew Tabernacle of Washington Heights

Religious institutions

Christian institutions include:

Jewish institutions include:

Education

Colleges and universities

University education includes Yeshiva University and Boricua College. The medical campus of Columbia University hosts the College of Physicians and Surgeons, the College of Dental Medicine, the Mailman School of Public Health, the School of Nursing, and the biomedical programs of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, which offer Masters and Doctorate degrees in several fields. These schools are among the departments that comprise the Columbia University Medical Center.

Despite its name, CUNY in the Heights, a program of Hostos Community College of the City University of New York, is not in Washington Heights, but in the neighborhood to the north, Inwood.[121] The CUNY XPress Center, however, is in the Fort George neighborhood of Washington Heights. Its purpose is to assist immigrants and to help students enroll in one of the CUNY schools.[122]

Primary and secondary schools

Private primary and secondary schools include the School of the Incarnation, the School of St. Elizabeth, Yeshiva Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch, and City College Academy of the Arts, a project funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Success Academy Charter Schools also has a location in Hudson Heights, in the former Mother Cabrini High School building.

Other private schools include the Herbert G. Birch School for Exceptional Children, Medical Center Nursery School and the Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy.

Public primary and secondary schools are assigned to schools in the New York City Department of Education. High Schools include: George Washington High School

The Equity Project is a charter school serving 480 students in grades 5-8 that Opened in September 2009.[123]

Zoned middle schools include:

Grade 6 and 7 option schools include:

Zoned elementary schools include:

Washington Heights Branch of the New York Public Library

Public libraries

The New York Public Library operates the Washington Heights Branch at 1000 St. Nicholas Avenue at West 160th Street[125] and the Fort Washington Branch at 535 West 179th Street at Audubon Avenue.[126]

Local newspapers

The Manhattan Times is the bilingual community newspaper serving the Washington Heights and Inwood neighborhoods of Northern Manhattan. The newspaper is published every Wednesday and is distributed primarily through black street boxes. The Manhattan Times is also available for subscription.

The sections of each edition reflect the interests of the community: Uptown Dining, Real Estate, Health & Fitness, Green Times, and more. The Manhattan Times has created numerous partnerships over the years with local institutions and organizations.

The print version is distributed free on Wednesdays in street boxes, local businesses, nonprofits and residential buildings.

While the newspaper is only published weekly, news is updated daily on the Manhattan Times website for the local community.

  • The ABC soap opera Ryan's Hope was set in Washington Heights and aired on ABC from 1975 to 1989.[127]
  • In the film Citizen Kane, Jedidiah Leland is spending the remainder of his life in the fictitious "Huntington Memorial Hospital" on 180th Street.
  • Parts of the film Salt were filmed here, in particular at the 12-story Riviera, a 1910 Beaux-Arts style co-op on 157th Street and Riverside Drive.[128]
  • The final scene from the 1948 film Force of Evil, where Joe Morse discovers the body of his brother near the Hudson River, was filmed on location in the park several yards south of the George Washington Bridge.[129]
  • The musical In the Heights, which ran on Broadway from 2008 to 2011, is set in Washington Heights.[130]
  • CSI: NY Season 2 Episode 16 ("Cool Hunter") features a man found dead in a playground in Washington Heights. Many CSI: NY episodes were filmed in the neighborhood, but located in other neighborhoods in the episodes.
  • The 2008 film Pride and Glory takes place in the yet-to-be gentrified streets of Washington Heights.
  • The film Mad Hot Ballroom features students from a school in Washington Heights.
  • Scenes from the film Die Hard with a Vengeance were shot at P.S. 115.[131]
  • The film The Saint of Fort Washington is not entirely geographically accurate, but is set in the neighborhood, particularly the Fort Washington Avenue Armory and J. Hood Wright Park.
  • The song "Halloween Parade" by Lou Reed mentions "a crack team from Washington Heights"
  • The film Coogan's Bluff features a scene where Clint Eastwood chases the criminal he is to bring back to Arizona through the Cloisters.[132]
  • The film How to Marry a Millionaire features the George Washington Bridge entering into Washington Heights when Waldo Brewster, a grumpy businessman (Fred Clark), and Loco Dempsey (Betty Grable), driving back into Manhattan from the "Elks Lodge", are pulled over by motorcycle cops so the bridge commission can recognize "the lucky couple" as the occupants of the bridge's 50th millionth vehicle.
  • The 2002 movie Washington Heights starring Manny Perez is the story of a young illustrator trying to escape to the cultural barriers of the Latino neighborhood of Washington heights.
  • The film The Brave One, with Jodie Foster, was filmed in some sections of Washington Heights; she and her boyfriend are attacked in a scene filmed in Fort Tryon Park, and the final scene with Terrence Howard was filmed on Elwood Street between Broadway and Nagle Avenue.
  • The film Get Rich or Die Tryin', with rapper/actor Curtis Jackson, includes scenes filmed in Inwood/Washington Heights, including the scenes that featured "young 50 Cent" filmed in and around 207th street as well as 159th and Riverside.
  • In the song "Broadway Baby" from the musical Follies, aging chorus girl Hattie wishes she could be a star all over Manhattan, "from Battery Park to Washington Heights!"
  • In the song "Shiksa Goddess" from the musical The Last Five Years, Jewish romantic lead Jamie Wellerstein states that he had "Shabbas dinners on Friday nights with every Shapiro in Washington Heights!"
  • The song "This Is Why I'm Hot" by MIMS has the line "I hit Wash Heights with the money in the bag".
  • The song "A-Punk" by the band Vampire Weekend mentions Washington Heights.
  • The Showtime series Weeds features Washington Heights as the location of Nancy Botwin's halfway house in Season 7.
  • The 2007 film American Gangster, was filmed in some sections of Washington Heights.
  • The film Frances Ha, ends with the main character moving to Washington Heights.

Notable residents

Notable current and former residents of Washington Heights include:

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 George Washington Bridge, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Accessed April 27, 2016. "The iconic GWB is not only a marvel of engineering. It is also the busiest bridge in the world."
  2. 1 2 Woodruff, Bob; Zak, Lana & Wash, Stephanie (November 20, 2012). "GW Bridge Painters: Dangerous Job on Top of the World's Busiest Bridge". ABC News. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  3. 1 2 Burrows & Wallace (1999), p.448
  4. ↑ "The Battle of Fort Washington, Revolutionary War" on AmericanRevolution.org
  5. ↑ Jenkins, Stephen. The Greatest Street in the World: The Story of Broadway, Old and New, from the Bowling Green to Albany, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1911. p. 326. Accessed July 14, 2016. "The fort was occupied by the British and was renamed Fort Knyphausen in honor of the leader of the Hessians who had taken the principal part in its capture."
  6. ↑ It appears as "Fort Knyphausen" on the British Headquarters map of c. 1781 that was the starting point for Eric W. Sanderson, Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City 2009: 48, et passim.
  7. ↑ Fort Washington, New York State Military Museum. Accessed July 14, 2016.
  8. 1 2 Burrows & Wallace (1999), p. 232
  9. 1 2 3 Renner, James. Images of America: Washington Heights, Inwood, and Marble Hill, Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2007. ISBN 9780738554785.
  10. 1 2 Fierstein, Sanna. Naming New York: Manhattan Places and How They Got Their Names, New York: New York University Press, 2001. p.170
  11. ↑ "C.K.G. Billings Sells Famous Tryon Hall: Prominent New Yorker, Whose Name is Withheld, Buys Riverside Drive Estate; Mansion Cost $2,000,000 – Built on Site of Fort of Revolutionary Frame, the House is One of New York's Show Places", The New York Times (January 4, 1917) p. 22. Accessed June 4, 2009.
  12. ↑ Renner, James. "C.K.G. Billings", on the Hudson Heights Owners Coalition website Accessed June 4, 2009.
  13. ↑ Van Dine, S.S. The Dragon Murder Case. New York: Charles Scribner's, 1934.
  14. 1 2 Fernandez, Manny. "New Winds at an Island Outpost", The New York Times, March 4, 2007. Accessed July 14, 2016. "The Irish arrived in the early 1900s. European Jews, among them the family of Henry Kissinger, flocked there to escape the Nazis in the 1930s and 1940s, around the time that affluent African-Americans like the jazz musician Count Basie migrated up from Harlem. By the 1950s and 1960s, so many Greeks lived in Washington Heights that the neighborhood was known as the Astoria of Manhattan. Even as that label gained currency, Cubans and Puerto Ricans were beginning to move in. The '80s and the '90s, however, belonged to the Dominicans."
  15. ↑ "The Peopling of New York 2011: Armenian and Greek Immigrants", William E. Macaulay Honors College. Accessed July 14, 2016. "The Greeks, however, did not start moving into Washington Heights until the 1920's. So many Greeks moved into Washington Heights in the 1950's and 1960's that the community began being referred to as the 'Astoria of Manhattan.'"
  16. ↑ Snyder, Robert. "NCAS Professor Robert Snyder Traces the History of NYC's Washington Heights", Rutgers University–Newark. Accessed July 14, 2016. "In the 1960s and '70s, people from Asia, the Caribbean and, most notably, the Dominican Republic flowed into the neighborhood. By the 1980s, Washington Heights was home to the largest Dominican community in the U.S."
  17. 1 2 Bennet, James. "The Last of Frankfurt-on-the-Hudson: A Staunch, Aging Few Stay On as Their World Evaporates", The New York Times, August 27, 1992. Accessed July 14, 2016.
  18. ↑ Lowenstein (1989), p.18
  19. 1 2 3 Lowenstein (1989) pp.42–44
  20. ↑ "Hudson Heights Climbing to the Next Level" New York Sun
  21. ↑ Ressig, Volker. Frankfurt on the hudson, oder: Die Liebe für Amerika, die Sehnsucht für Europa (Trans.: "Frankfurt on the Hudson, Or: The love for America, the longing for Europe.") Körber-Stiftung.
  22. ↑ "Inwood/Washington Heights" Immigrant Heritage Trail
  23. ↑ "A Jewish Journal Reborn in Berlin" German Embassy in Washington, D.C
  24. ↑ Lowenstein (1989), p.51
  25. ↑ Blake, Maria. "Second Life." Columbia Journalism Review, Vol. XLVII, No. 2, July/August 2008, p. 12.
  26. ↑ Aufbau, Das Jüdische Monatsmagazin
  27. ↑ "Washington Heights" Columbia 250
  28. ↑ Staff. "Northern Manhattan Safer than Greenwich Village, Says New Crime Report", DNAinfo.com New York, September 7, 2011. Accessed April 27, 2016.
  29. ↑ "Wild Cowboys: Urban Marauders & the Forces of Order", Amazon.com. Retrieved 30-01-2007.
  30. 1 2 In Washington Heights, Drug War Survivors Reclaim Their Stoops, accessed November 5, 2006
  31. ↑ “... a housing project in New York City's Washington Heights section, nicknamed "Crack City" by reporters covering the drug war ...” Jim Kouri. Retrieved 31-01-2008
  32. ↑ Sullivan, Ronald. "Officer Tells of Partner's Slaying in Drug Operation", The New York Times, October 20, 1989. Accessed April 27, 2016. "Two police officers were killed in separate drug-related shootings that night. The other, Officer Michael Buczek, was killed during a raid in Washington Heights."
  33. ↑ Staff. "Little League Coached By NYPD Officers To Honor Fallen Cops Kicks Off Opening Day", WCBS-TV, April 18, 2015. Accessed April 27, 2016. "The league goes beyond baseball as the only Little League organization in the country run by a slain cop's family and coached by a police officers. The league is dedicated to honoring the memory of fallen NYPD officers and committed to building community relations. It began as a tribute by the family of Michael Buczek, killed in the line of duty on Oct. 18, 1988."
  34. ↑ Wolff, Craig. "Thoughts in the Face of Corruption; Police Officers Discuss Dealing, or Not Dealing, With Suspicions", The New York Times, June 23, 1992. Accessed April 27, 2016.
  35. 1 2 CompStat, 33rd Precinct, New York City Police Department.
  36. ↑ CompStat, 34th Precinct. Police Department, City of New York
  37. ↑ CompStat, 30th Precinct. Police Department, City of New York
  38. ↑ CompStat, 13th Precinct, New York City Police Department.
  39. ↑ CompStat, 20th Precinct, New York City Police Department.
  40. ↑ Bader, Daniel P. "Northern Manhattan gentrifying? Study says no", Manhattan Times, December 11, 2008, p. 3. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  41. ↑ Limonic, Laura. The Latino Population of New York City, 2007, City University of New York Center for Latin American, Caribbean & Latino Studies, December 2008. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  42. ↑ "Crime and Safety Report", DNAinfo.com. Accessed February 22, 2012.
  43. ↑ Balsamini, Dean. "Do you live on one of New York’s most dangerous blocks?" New York Post, March 6, 2016. Accessed April 27, 2016.
  44. 1 2 Nguyen, Pauline and Sanchez, Josephine. "Ethnic Communities in New York City: Dominicans in Washington Heights", New York University. Accessed May 21, 2007. "Washington Heights stretches roughly thirty-five blocks across the northern tip of Manhattan island. It encompasses a broad tract of land, taking in 160th Street to about 189th Street and all that lies between the wide avenues of Broadway, St. Nicholas Boulevard, and Fort Washington Avenue. The majority of its occupants are the smiling, chestnut-skinned immigrants of the Dominican Republic, whose steady arrival accounts for 7 percent of New York City's total population, and makes up its highest immigrant group."
  45. ↑ Illustrated in Sanderson 2000:69.
  46. 1 2 Bennett Park, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed April 27, 2016. "Bennett Park occupies the highest point of land in Manhattan, 265.05 feet above sea level."
  47. ↑ Home Page, Hudson Heights Owners Coalition. Accessed April 27, 2016. "We are an association of owner occupied residential properties located in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Hudson Heights. Our boundaries are between J. Hood Wright Park (173rd Street) and Fort Tryon Park (Margaret Corbin Circle at 192nd Street), west of Broadway."
  48. 1 2 3 4 Garb, Maggie. "If You're Thinking of Living In Hudson Heights: High Above Hudson, a Crowd of Co-ops,", The New York Times, November 8, 1998. Accessed April 28, 2016. "The neighborhood is called Hudson Heights by local real estate brokers and activists, to distinguish it from the sprawling blocks of Washington Heights to the south and east. It is situated west of Broadway between the George Washington Bridge and Fort Tryon Park and is set on rocky cliffs above the Hudson River."
  49. 1 2 Calabi, Marcella; and Ritter, Elizabeth Lorris. "How Hudson Heights Got Its Name" Hudson Heights Guide, October 29, 2010, backed up by the Internet Archive as if August 18, 2011. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  50. ↑ Harris, Elizabeth A. "Living in Hudson Heights: An Aerie Straight Out of the Deco Era", The New York Times, October 16, 2009. Accessed April 27, 2016.
  51. ↑ "Profile of Selected Social Characteristics: 2000; Census Tract 273, New York County, New York, Language Spoken at Home" United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 4, 2009; and "Profile of Selected Social Characteristics: 2000; Census Tract 275, New York County, New York, Language Spoken at Home" United States Census Bureau Accessed June 4, 2009.
  52. ↑ Mokha, Kavita Mokha. "Hudson Heights Pumps More-for-Less Theme" Wall Street Journal (April 8, 2011). Accessed April 13, 2011.
  53. ↑ Eligon, John. "In Hudson Heights, A Bid to Keep the Economy's Woes from Becoming Their Own", New York Times (April 22, 2008) Accessed June 4, 2009.
  54. ↑ Schlesinger, Toni. "NY Mirror: Studio in Hudson Heights", The Village Voice (January 1, 2002). Accessed June 4, 2009.
  55. ↑ "Hudson Heights Climbing to the Next Level" The New York Sun
  56. ↑ Díaz, Junot. "He'll Take El Alto" Gourmet, September 2007. Accessed June 4, 2009.
  57. ↑ "New York – Best Place to Retire: Hudson Heights" Money, November 2007, backed up by the Internet Archive as of February 11, 2010. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  58. 1 2 Manhattan Bus Map, MTA Regional Bus Operations. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  59. ↑ Fort Tryon Park, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  60. ↑ Visitor Information, Hispanic Society of America. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  61. ↑ Gorman Park, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  62. ↑ Highbridge Park, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  63. ↑ J. Hood Wright Park, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  64. ↑ Riverside Park, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  65. ↑ Dunlap, David W. "A Medical Center Works on Its Health", The New York Times, October 4, 1998. Accessed July 15, 2008.
  66. ↑ McKenna Square, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  67. ↑ Harlem River Park, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed July 14, 2016.
  68. ↑ A (Virtual) Walk through Trinity Cemetery, Audubon Park Historic District. Accessed April 27, 2016.
  69. ↑ The New Balance Track & Field Center at the Armory, New York Road Runners. Accessed April 27, 2016.
  70. ↑ Smith, Sarah Harrison. "A Gothic Haven for Saints and Unicorns", The New York Times, December 14, 2012. Accessed July 14, 2016. "In 1925, Rockefeller, who owned property there, gave the Metropolitan Museum of Art money to buy the Barnard Cloisters for $600,000 — the first in a series of gifts that included the park, financing to build a larger Cloisters at its northern end, 700 acres across the Hudson River (to protect the view) and the extraordinary Unicorn Tapestries, which Rockefeller presented just before the new Cloisters opened in 1938."
  71. ↑ The Hispanic Society of America New York, New York, National Park Service. Accessed July 14, 2016.
  72. ↑ A Brief History, Morris–Jumel Mansion. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  73. ↑ "The most elite apartment building in Harlem", Ephemeral New York, May 15, 2013. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  74. ↑ Malcolm X & Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial & Educational Center.
  75. ↑ Fort Washington Park, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed April 27, 2016.
  76. ↑ The Little Red Lighthouse, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed April 27, 2016.
  77. ↑ Little Red Lighthouse Swim, Manhattan Island Foundation
  78. ↑ Fort Washington Park: Peregrine Falcons in New York City, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed April 27, 2016.
  79. ↑ White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010), AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195383867, p.570
  80. ↑ Anderson, Susan Heller; and Dunlap, David W. "New York Day by Day; Big Name And Short Road", The New York Times, August 25, 1986. Accessed June 6, 2016. "The Trans-Manhattan, the main New York approach to the George Washington Bridge, is the shortest of the short at 8/10ths of a mile."
  81. ↑ Staff. "All for the Auto but Not Rails", The New York Times, January 31, 1963. Accessed June 6, 2016. "and the new Alexander Hamilton bridge-a vital connection with the Cross-Bronx Expressway-has just been opened to span the Harlem River."
  82. ↑ Gray, Christopher. "Streetscapes: The High Bridge - Beauty on the Comeback Trail", The New York Times, April 25, 2013. Accessed June 6, 2016. "However delightful the Sunday promenade 140 feet up will be, the experience cannot compare to the original grandeur of the bridge itself, an engineering marvel when it was completed in 1848 to carry the Croton Aqueduct from the Bronx to Manhattan."
  83. ↑ "NYC to Restore the High Bridge Over Harlem River", MikeBloomberg.com, January 11, 2013. Accessed June 6, 2016.
  84. ↑ STEP STREETS, Forgotten NY
  85. ↑ https://www.daftlogic.com/sandbox-google-maps-find-altitude.htm
  86. ↑ Step street at Google. "187th Street" (Map). Google Maps. Google.
  87. ↑
  88. 1 2 Guided tour, Fort Tryon Park Cottage (October 11, 2014)
  89. ↑ "Down In the Hole, Forgotten NY Subways & Trains", Forgotten NY. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  90. ↑ "WEEKLY LIST OF ACTIONS TAKEN ON PROPERTIES: 3/28/05 THROUGH 4/01/05", National Register of Historic Places, April 8, 2005. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  91. ↑ Young, Michelle. "http://untappedcities.com/2013/06/26/deepest-highest-subway-stations-nyc/", untapped cities, June 26, 2013. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  92. 1 2 Welcome, Uptown Arts Stroll. Accessed April 27, 2016. "Call for artists: Visual artists, singers, musicians, dancers, poets, theater groups, performance artists, etc., in Washington Heights, Inwood and West Harlem, are invited to participate in the 2016 Uptown Arts Stroll."
  93. ↑ "Calendar", Washington Heights & Inwood Online.
  94. ↑ Fernandez, Manny. "New Winds at an Island Outpost". The New York Times, March 4, 2007. Accessed April 28, 2016. "Dominicans, in fact, increased as a percentage of the total population in Washington Heights and Inwood, from 43 percent in 1990 to 53 percent in 2005."
  95. 1 2 Younge, Gary. "Flight to the death: Just two months after 9/11, a Queens suburb suffered the second-worst plane crash in US history. Five years on, residents tell Gary Younge, the cause remains worryingly unresolved ", The Guardian, November 11, 2006. Accessed January 24, 2008.
  96. ↑ Armstrong, Lindsay. "Washington Heights' Jewish Population Thriving After Lean Years", DNAinfo.com, November 4, 2013. Accessed June 26, 2016. "In the past decade, the number of people living in Jewish households in Washington Heights grew 144 percent — from approximately 9,500 in 2002 to almost 24,000 in 2011, according to the most recent Jewish Community Study, released by the United Jewish Appeal Federation of New York in January 2013. This increase was the largest growth rate of any neighborhood in New York City or its suburbs, even in Orthodox Brooklyn, according to the study — which is done every decade."
  97. ↑ Lipman, Steve. "Rising To New HeightsWashington Heights and Inwood experience a Jewish revival — and this time, young families are putting down roots.", The Jewish Week, September 24, 2013. Accessed June 26, 2016. "In recent years a growing number of Jews have moved to Inwood and to nearby Washington Heights, fueling a Jewish revival that began about a decade ago, and has accelerated over the last few years."
  98. ↑ Marsh, Julia. "Manhattan Times Profile: Sandra García Betancourt: Creating a Masterpiece". Manhattan Times, October 4, 2007, backed up by the Internet Archive as of July 14, 2011. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  99. ↑ "NYC Parks Cuts the Ribbon on Restored Historic John T. Brush Stairway, Last Remnant of the Old Polo Grounds", New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, July 10, 2015. Accessed April 27, 2016. "Opened in 1890, five major New York sports teams called the Polo Grounds home – the (now) San Francisco Giants, the Yankees, the Mets, the football Giants and the Jets."
  100. ↑ Landlord to the New York Yankees, New York Institute for Special Education. Accessed April 27, 2016.
  101. ↑ Reisler, Jim. "A Beating in the Stands, Followed by One on the Field", The New York Times, April 28, 2012. Accessed April 27, 2016.
  102. ↑ Hogan, Lawrence. "Hilltop Park was Home to Great Pitching Feats", The National Pastime Museum, October 29, 2013. Accessed April 27, 2016. "In September of 1908, in one of his most brilliant accomplishments, 20-year-old Washington ace Walter Johnson shut out the New York Highlanders in three consecutive games."
  103. ↑ About Us, Columbia University Medical Center. Accessed April 27, 2016. "In 1928, Columbia University created the country's first academic medical center (CUMC) at its current location in Washington Heights in an alliance with Presbyterian Hospital.... CUMC was built in the 1920s on the former site of Hilltop Park, the one-time home stadium of the New York Yankees."
  104. ↑ Baxter, Kevin. "Dodgers' Manny Ramirez always has home-field advantage here; The Dodgers' star is still beloved in New York's Washington Heights, the neighborhood where he grew up, and where today's residents forgive him his trespasses.", Los Angeles Times, July 7, 2009. Accessed April 27, 2016. "This, after all, is where Alex Rodriguez was born, where Vin Scully grew up, where Rod Carew lived and where Lou Gehrig went to school. Three of those four are in the Hall of Fame. And Rodriguez could be, too, one day."
  105. ↑ About, The Armory Foundation. Accessed April 27, 2016
  106. ↑ Coffey, Wayne. "Millrose Games, after almost 100 years at Madison Square Garden, will be held at The Armory in 2012", New York Daily News, May 12, 2011. Accessed April 27, 2016. "After nearly a 100-year run at Madison Square Garden, the Millrose Games will be contested next year at The Armory on 168th St., according to a source close to the Armory Foundation Board of Directors."
  107. ↑ NYRR Washington Heights Salsa, Blues, and Shamrocks 5K, New York Road Runners. Accessed April 27, 2016.
  108. ↑ New York City Mountain Bike Association
  109. ↑ Little Red Lighthouse Swim, NYC Swim. Accessed April 27, 2016.
  110. ↑ Walters, Jheanel. "500 students expected to take part in second Uptown Games at New Balance Track & Field Center at the Armory", New York Daily News, March 21, 2013. Accessed April 27, 2016.
  111. ↑ Lawless, Robin. "First 'Uptown Games' promote active lifestyle for local youths", Manhattan Times, April 5, 2012. Accessed April 27, 2016.
  112. ↑ About Us, Church of the Incarnation, Roman Catholic (Manhattan). Accessed April 30, 2016. "The Church of the Incarnation has been called, 'the St. Patrick’s Cathedral of Washington Heights'."
  113. ↑ "Holy Cross Church of Armenia in Washington Heights, N.Y., Celebrates 80th Anniversary", The Eastern Dicoese of the Armenian Church of America, September 15, 2009. Accessed April 30, 2016. "On Sunday, September 13, Holy Cross Church of Armenia marked the 80th anniversary of its establishment in the uptown Washington Heights neighborhood of New York City."
  114. ↑ Wilf Campus, Yeshiva University. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  115. ↑ About, Fort Tryon Jewish Center. Accessed August 23, 2015. "Welcome to Fort Tryon Jewish Center, an independent synagogue in Northern Manhattan with an original approach to tradition."
  116. ↑ About Us, Hebrew Tabernacle Congregation. Accessed August 23, 2015. "We are a Reform congregation, founded in 1906, in our present beautiful location in residential Washington Heights, since 1973."
  117. ↑ History, K'hal Adath Jeshurun. Accessed August 23, 2015.
  118. ↑ Abouts Us, Mount Sinai Jewish Center. Accessed August 23, 2015. "Mount Sinai Jewish Center is a vibrant Modern Orthodox synagogue with a rich history spanning more than 100 years in Washington Heights."
  119. ↑ Home Page, Congregation Shaare Hatikvah. Accessed August 23, 2015. "Congregation Shaare Hatikvah, Ahavath Torah V'Tikvoh Chadoshoh Inc. is a German-Orthodox synagogue located just across the street from the busy George Washingtom Bridge Bus Terminal."
  120. ↑ Chiwaya, Nigel. "Uptown Jewish Congregation Selling Synagogue After 43 Years", DNAinfo, May 12, 2014. Accessed August 23, 2015. "The Washington Heights Congregation is moving north again. The Modern Orthodox Jewish congregation, nicknamed the 'Bridge Shul,' has sold its 179th Street synagogue after 43 years, the group announced. The 100-member WHC will move near 187th Street, to a smaller space on the lower level of the Mt. Sinai Jewish Center at 135 Bennett Ave. after selling the temple near Pinehurst Avenue at 815 W. 179th St."
  121. ↑ CUNY in the Heights, Adult and Continuing Education Department, Hostos Community College. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  122. ↑ CUNY Citizenship & Immigration Project
  123. ↑ Philosophy, The Equity Project Charter School. Accessed April 28, 2016. "The Equity Project (TEP) Charter School opened in September 2009 in the Washington Heights neighborhood of New York City. Currently a 480-seat 5th through 8th grade middle school, TEP is expanding to elementary school and will open a 120 seat Kindergarten in August of 2016."
  124. ↑ About Us, I.S. 143. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  125. ↑ Washington Heights Library, New York Public Library. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  126. ↑ Fort Washington Library, New York Public Library. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  127. ↑ Lawless, Wendy. Heart of Glass: A Memoir, p. 98. Simon & Schuster, 2016. ISBN 9781476749846. Accessed April 25, 2016. "A few days later, I read for the producers of Ryan's Hope, an ABC daytime show about a large Catholic, Irish American family who run a bar and live in Washington Heights."
  128. ↑ Zanzoni, Carla. "Angelina Jolie's Film 'Salt' Also Stars Washington Heights", DNAinfo.com, July 23, 2010. Accessed April 30, 2016. "WASHINGTON HEIGHTS — The neighborhood is now officially a Hollywood star. In anticipation of the opening of Angelina Jolie's spy flick "Salt" on Friday, Sony Pictures released outtakes of the superstar scaling the wall of the 12-story Riviera, a 1910 Beaux-Arts style co-op on 157th Street and Riverside."
  129. ↑ Carr, Jay. "Force of Evil (1949)", Turner Classic Movies. Accessed April 28, 2016. "The film builds to a jackhammer climax, preceded by a brilliant coup de cinema when Joe and Pearson's good girl in a series of long and medium shots go down, down, down, from the Washington Bridge, zigzagging their way through a descent on stone steps to the rocks at the Hudson River, where Joe finds Leo dead."
  130. ↑ Isherwood, Charles. "The View From Uptown: American Dreaming to a Latin Beat", The New York Times, March 10, 2008. Accessed April 28, 2016. "Mr. Miranda, as the owner of a corner bodega who dispenses good cheer along with café con leche by the gallon, is not just the brightly glowing star of In the Heights. He also wrote all the ebullient songs for this panoramic portrait of a New York neighborhood — Washington Heights — filled with Spanish-speaking dreamers of American dreams, nervously eyeing their futures from a city block on the cusp of change."
  131. ↑ Staff. "Filming at a School Displeases Cortines", The New York Times, June 9, 1995. Accessed April 30, 2016. " The Mayor's office and the New York City Schools Chancellor, ever at odds, now have new grounds for disagreement: the fact that a city public school was used as the site of a terrorist bomb scene in a new film, Die Hard With a Vengeance. The scene was filmed last summer at Public School 115 on West 177th Street in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan."
  132. ↑ Carter, Michael. "The Cloisters in Popular Culture: 'Time in This Place Does Not Obey an Order'", Metropolitan Museum of Art, July 22, 2013. Accessed April 25, 2016. "At the film's end, however, Coogan returns to the Museum, where the fugitive has (inexplicably) managed to find a safe hideout. The movie's climax consists of a prolonged motorcycle chase through the Heather Garden in Fort Tryon Park."
  133. ↑ Nelson, Amy K. "Alvarez following in some famous footsteps", ESPN.com, June 3, 2008. Accessed June 10, 2008. "In just a few days, Montas and the entire Washington Heights community anticipate that their native son, Pedro Alvarez, a star third baseman for Vanderbilt University, will be the highest player ever drafted from the upper Manhattan neighborhood of New York City."
  134. ↑ Mickle, Tripp. "At George Washington High School, Beisbol is a Hit", New Media Workshop at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Accessed May 21, 2007. "Since the mid-1980s, the school has produced two World Series winners in the Major Leagues: Manny Ramírez of the Boston Red Sox and former Florida Marlins shortstop Alex Arias."
  135. ↑ Gates Jr., Henry Louis. "Belafonte's Balancing Act", The New Yorker, August 26, 1996. Accessed July 20, 2016. "In 1953, enjoying his first real taste of affluence, Belafonte moved from Washington Heights into a white neighborhood in Elmhurst, Queens."
  136. ↑ Diane Arbus 1923-1971 'WAITRESS, NUDIST CAMP, N. J.', Sotheby's. Accessed April 28, 2016. "In her later years, Brown lived in Washington Heights, New York City, and was the focus of German director Rosa von Praunheim's award-winning documentary, Tally Brown, N. Y. (1979)."
  137. ↑ via Associated Press. "Fiery Prima Donna Maria Callas Dies At 53", Lakeland Ledger, September 23, 1977. Accessed April 25, 2016. "Miss Callas was born on Dec. 4, 1923, and spent what she described as a miserable childhood as a fat, ungainly girl in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan, beginning music lessons at age 8."
  138. ↑ Author / Illustrator, Jerry Craft. Accessed July 23, 2013.
  139. ↑ "This Week In Baseball History – Week ending 10/5", Sporting News, October 8, 2007. Accessed June 10, 2008. "In 1958, the Carew family migrated to America and settled in the Washington Heights section of New York City."
  140. ↑ Gonzalez-Andino, Heriberto. "Rapero Don Dinero se presenta hoy en NJ", El Diario La Prensa, July 27, 2005. Accessed June 7, 2007. "Mientras el reggaet?n ha irrumpido con fuerza en el mercado musical, Don Dinero se mantiene fiel en el hip hop."
  141. ↑ Armstrong, Lindsay. "Proposal To Rename Street for David Dinkins Dropped by Councilman", DNAinfo.com, August 10, 2015. Accessed April 28, 2016. "WASHINGTON HEIGHTS — A proposal to rename an Uptown street in honor of David Dinkins has been dropped, after a politician supporting the plan said the former mayor's family was not on board with the idea."
  142. ↑ Times Topics: People – Jim Dwyer, The New York Times. Accessed June 28, 2007. "Born and raised in the city, Jim is the son of Irish immigrants. For the last 30 years, he has lived in Washington Heights with his family."
  143. ↑ Staff. "Hudson Heights delivers", New York Daily News, March 7, 2008. Accessed March 20, 2008. "Hudson Heights continues to deliver on big space, river views and affordable apartments. And celebrities. Actor Laurence Fishburne lives in historic Castle Village overlooking the Hudson."
  144. ↑ Weiss, Dick. "Flores, from Dominican Republic, takes unusual journey.", New York Daily News, March 20, 2004. Accessed June 7, 2007. "Luis Flores never figured his future would be in basketball when he was growing up in San Pedro de Marcos, a Dominican Republic hotbed for major league baseball prospects.... But all that changed when his parents sent him from that sun-drenched Caribbean island to live with his grandparents Basilio and Juanita Flores in Washington Heights when he was just 8 years old. "
  145. ↑ Robinson, Ray. "Gehrig Remains a Presence in His Former Neighborhood", The New York Times, July 3, 2005. Accessed April 25, 2016. "By World War I, the Gehrig family had moved to Washington Heights. It was there that Gehrig was taunted as 'a dirty Hun,' a result of the anti-German sentiment in the country."
  146. ↑ Bruce Hooton 1965 Interview of Elias Goldberg at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
  147. ↑ Martin, Justin. "Greenspan: The Man Behind the Money", Perseus Publishing. Accessed June 7, 2007. "A few years prior to the great stock market crash of 1929, Alan Greenspan's parents moved into an apartment in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan."
  148. ↑ Half The Song! Half The Dance And OUT!
  149. ↑ Jacon K. Javits Playground, accessed December 27, 2006. "Jacob Javits was born on the Lower East Side to Russian Jewish parents. He lived variously in Brooklyn and Manhattan, including this neighborhood, on West 192nd Street, when he was 15."
  150. ↑ Cold War Files: Henry Kissinger, accessed December 27, 2006. "He spent his high-school years in the Washington Heights section of upper Manhattan but never lost his pronounced German accent. Kissinger attended George Washington High School at night and worked in a shaving-brush factory during the day."
  151. ↑ Kaplan, Thomas. "Paul Kolton, Who Led the American Stock Exchange, Dies at 87", The New York Times, October 29, 2010. Accessed April 28, 2016. "Mr. Kolton was born Paul Komisaruk on June 1, 1923, in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan."
  152. ↑ Morse, Stephen S. "Joshua Lederberg (1925–2008)", Science (magazine), March 7, 2008, vol 319, p. 1351.
  153. ↑ Broad, William J. "Joshua Lederberg, 82, a Nobel Winner, Dies", The New York Times, February 5, 2008. Accessed April 28, 2016. "Dr. Lederberg was born May 23, 1925, in Montclair, N.J., to Zvi Hirsch Lederberg, a rabbi, and the former Esther Goldenbaum, who had emigrated from what is now Israel two years earlier. His family moved to the Washington Heights section of Manhattan when he was 6 months old."
  154. ↑ Sinclair, Tom. "Still a Marvel! Meet Stan Lee: The mind behind Spider-Man and Hulk. EW talks with the legend who rewrote the book on comics in the '60s, and planted seeds for today's biggest summer movies", Entertainment Weekly, June 20, 2003. Accessed June 7, 2007. "To fully understand how Lee, a poor Jewish kid from New York's Washington Heights, came to be the Munificent Monarch of the Mighty Marvel Universe, we must journey back through the mists of time, all the way to the first quarter of the last century, to reveal...the Origin of Stan Lee!"
  155. ↑ Swalec, Andrea. "Washington Heights Computer Science Expert Dies", DNAinfo.com New York, August 1, 2011. Accessed April 25, 2016. "Computer science expert, City College professor and Washington Heights resident Daniel McCracken died Saturday of cancer, his wife, Helen Blumenthal, said in a statement Monday."
  156. ↑ Dewan, Shaila K. "NEW PRINCES OF THE CHURCH: THE WASHINGTON PRELATE; Global View Of a Pastor For the Poor", The New York Times, January 22, 2001. Accessed April 25, 2016. "Archbishop McCarrick grew up in Washington Heights, in Manhattan."
  157. ↑ Staff. "Festival Brings Month of Performances Uptown", Columbia University New York Stories, June 13, 2008. Accessed April 25, 2016. "During this year’s stroll, artist Knox Martin will be honored. Martin, born in Barranquilla, Colombia, has been a resident of Washington Heights for more than 75 years."
  158. ↑ Sanneh, Kelefa. "In Search of New York at a Hip-Hop Summit", The New York Times, June 5, 2007. Accessed June 7, 2007. "Sometime around 6:30 the Washington Heights-raised rapper Mims ? better known as the 'This Is Why I'm Hot? guy' hit the stage to tell the crowd why he is hot. (It's related somehow to his flyness.)"
  159. ↑ Andy Mineo, Reach Records. Accessed April 28, 2016. "A Syracuse native, Mineo is now more known as the kid from Washington Heights, New York City who is selling out major performance venues all over America and across the pond in Europe."
  160. ↑ Feeney, Michael J. "Washington Heights singer Karina Pasian set to perform love song to city for 9/11 anniversary", New York Daily News, September 9, 2011. Accessed April 28, 2016.
  161. ↑ Guzman, Sandra. "'MANNY' OF THE YEAR: DOMINICAN ACTOR PEREZ IS SET TO STAR IN A DOZEN (!) NEW MOVIES", The New York Post, August 8, 2007. Accessed September 23, 2007. "Perez, who was raised in Providence, Rhode Island, where most of his family still lives, decided long ago that he was not moving to Los Angeles to make it. He lives in and loves Washington Heights."
  162. ↑ Biography of Freddie Prinze, Museum of Broadcast Communications. Accessed January 3, 2007.
  163. ↑ Rankin website bio, Accessed August 4, 2011. "Growing up in the multicultural hotbed of New York's Washington Heights neighborhood, he absorbed a broad array of musical influences, from AfroCuban to Top 40 to Jazz to Brazilian."
  164. ↑ "Head of Production – Manny Ramírez, baseball player for the Red Sox – Statistical Data Included", Baseball Digest, August, 2001 by Gordon Edes. "For a Dominican kid who grew up in the non-trendy side of Manhattan—that upper end of the island known as Washington Heights—Manny Ramírez tends to have his name dropped in the same sentence as the game's biggest stars, past and present, and isn't out of place in their company."
  165. ↑ "Alex Rodriguez: he arrived in New York to cries of both 'Hallelujah!' and 'Is he worth it?' but after his bumpy, bruised beginnings in the Bronx, baseball's heavy-hitting superstar has hit his stride", Interview (magazine), July 2004. "The kid who was born in Washington Heights, New York City, and grew up in Miami had no doubts about handling the pressure in a town where movie stars are second-class citizens to top-tier ballplayers."
  166. ↑ Russell, James R. "Notes of a Rebel Professor", FrontPage Magazine, March 22, 2006. Accessed April 28, 2016. "Among the 'little Eichmanns' working at the WTC when "the chickens came home to roost" were men and women from my old neighborhood, Washington Heights: Dominican immigrants who worked as janitors, as cooks at Windows on the World."
  167. ↑ Sandomir, Richard. "Daffy Days of Brooklyn Return for Vin Scully", The New York Times, October 5, 2006. Accessed April 28, 2016. "Scully’s lyrical voice has belonged to Los Angeles for so long that only older fans can recall Scully’s time with the Dodgers in Brooklyn from 1950 to 1957 after growing up in the Bronx and in Washington Heights. His last known address in New York was 869 West 180th Street; he took the subway to Ebbets Field during his first Dodgers season."
  168. ↑ Boland Jr., Ed. "F.Y.I.", The New York Times, June 15, 2003. Accessed April 28, 2016. "An article about TAKI 183, which appeared in The New York Times on July 21, 1971, revealed that he was a 17-year-old who lived on 183rd Street in Washington Heights."
  169. ↑ Grimes, William. "Tiny Tim, Singer, Dies at 64; Flirted, Chastely, With Fame", The New York Times, December 2, 1996. Accessed April 28, 2016. "Tiny Tim, whose real name was Herbert Khaury, was born in New York City and grew up in Washington Heights."
  170. ↑ Dr. Ruth: The Private Parts, accessed December 27, 2006. "Dr. Ruth and her husband, Fred Westheimer, still reside in the same three-bedroom apartment in Washington Heights where they raised their two children."
  171. ↑ Kahn, Ashley. "Jerry Wexler: The Man Who Invented Rhythm & Blues: Aretha Franklin producer, Atlantic Records co-chief and music business pioneer dies at age 91", Rolling Stone, August 15, 2008. Accessed August 17, 2008. "He was born Gerald Wexler in 1917 to a working class family, and grew up during the Depression in the upper Manhattan neighborhood of Washington Heights."
  172. ↑ A Brief Biography of Guy Williams, The Guy Williams Webshrine. Accessed April 30, 2016. "Guy was born Armando Catalano to Italian immigrant parents on 14 January 1924 in the Bronx,New York, USA. He grew up in the Washington Heights area of Manhattan."
  173. ↑ An Evening with Screenwriter/Novelist Rafael Yglesias, Emerson College. Accessed April 30, 2016. "Rafael Yglesias is an American novelist and screenwriter. He was born (May 12, 1954) and raised in Manhattan’s Washington Heights neighborhood."

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