Common walkingstick

Common walkingstick
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Phasmatodea
Family: Diapheromeridae
Genus: Diapheromera
Species: D. femorata
Binomial name
Diapheromera femorata
(Say, 1824)

The common walkingstick or northern walkingstick (Diapheromera femorata) is a species of phasmid or stick insect found across North America. The average length of this species is 75mm (3 in) for males and 95mm (3.7 in) for females.

The insect is found in deciduous forest throughout North America, where it eats many types of plant foliage. Even though the common walkingstick is a generalist it does tend to prefer foliage from oak and hazelnut trees.[1] Outbreaks of these insects sometimes occur in local areas;[2] however, the insects have no wings, and dispersal from tree to tree is limited.[3]

Description

A pair of mating D. femorata in the Hudson Highlands region of New York

The common walkingstick is a slender, elongated insect that camouflages itself by resembling a twig. The sexes differ, with the male usually being brown and about 75 mm (3 in) in length while the female is greenish-brown, and rather larger at 95 mm (3.7 in). There are three pairs of legs, but at rest, the front pair is extended forward beside the antennae, forming an extension of the twig-like effect. Neither sex has wings, the antennae are two thirds of the length of the body, and each of the cerci (paired appendages at the tip of the abdomen) has a single segment.[1][4]

Distribution

This walkingstick is native to North America. Its range extends from the Atlantic coast from Maine to Florida, as far west as New Mexico and northwards to North Dakota. It also occurs in Canada (where it is the only stick insect) being present in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec.[5]

Ecology

D. femorata is herbivorous and feeds mainly on the leaves of trees. They are leaf skeletonisers, eating the tissues between the leaf veins, pausing for a while and then walking on to new leaves. They can feed at any time of day but the greatest feeding activity has been noted between nine PM and three AM. Early-stage nymphs are often found on American hazel (Corylus americana) and black cherry (Prunus serotina), but where these are scarce, often choose white oak (Quercus alba). Older individuals are often found on black oak (Quercus velutina).[5] Another food tree is the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). Adults are present in August and September in the northern part of the range, but because of their tendency to feed high in the canopy, the insects are seldom seen.[6]

The stick insect life cycle is hemimetabolous, proceeding through a series of nymphal stages. Breeding takes place in late summer after the nymph has moulted for the last time and become an adult. Egg-laying takes place about a week after mating and the eggs, measuring 2.5 mm (0.1 in) across, are dropped singly to the forest floor.[3] Here they overwinter in the leaf litter, hatching the following May or even a year later. If conditions are dry, the newly hatched young may fail to extricate themselves from their egg-capsules. Ones that succeed in doing so climb up the trunks of trees, start to feed on the foliage, and pass through four to six moults as they grow.[3]

References

  1. 1 2 Wirth, Chris (31 December 2011). "Species Diapheromera femorata: Northern Walkingstick". BugGuide. Iowa State University Entomology. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  2. ↑ Baker, E. (2015). "The worldwide status of stick insects (Insecta: Phasmida) as pests of agriculture and forestry, with a generalised theory of phasmid outbreaks". Agriculture and Food Security. BMC. 4 (22). doi:10.1186/s40066-015-0040-6. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 Craighead, Frank Cooper; Schaffner, John Valentine (1950). Insect Enemies of Eastern Forests. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 97–98.
  4. ↑ "Diapheromera femorata: common walkingstick". Florida Nature. Retrieved 2007-08-22.
  5. 1 2 Harrington, Lindsay; Sannino, Dave (2011). "Diapheromera femorata: Common American Walkingstick". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  6. ↑ Dunn, Gary A. (1996). Insects of the Great Lakes Region. University of Michigan Press. p. 80. ISBN 0-472-06515-7.
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