Sui generis database right

A sui generis database right is considered to be a property right, comparable to but distinct from copyright, that exists to recognise the investment that is made in compiling a database, even when this does not involve the "creative" aspect that is reflected by copyright.[1]

Australia

No specific law exists in Australia protecting databases. Databases may only be protected if they fall under general copyright law. Australian copyright law regarding compilations is currently examined in case law, where an initial case, Telstra v Desktop Marketing Systems was successfully litigated by Telstra, establishing a database right; however this was overturned in a later ruling, IceTV v Nine Network, where sufficient creativity was established as the defining characteristic of copyright.

Brazil

Although Law No. 9610/1998 confers database owners exclusive rights specifically for copying, distribution and translation of databases, it also states that this right is contingent upon the database being the result of an intellectual creation, therefore offering no sui generis database rights.[2]

European Union

Main article: Database Directive

In European Union law, database rights are specifically coded (i.e. sui generis) laws on the copying and dissemination of information in computer databases. These rights were first introduced in 1996. On 11 March 1996 the Council of the European Union passed Directive 96/9/EC of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases,[3] giving specific and separate legal rights (and limitations) to certain computer records. The law calls these database rights. Rights afforded to manual records under EU database rights laws are similar in format, but not identical, to those afforded artistic works.

Database rights last for 15 years. Each time a database is substantially modified, however, a new set of rights are created for that database. An owner has the right to object to the copying of substantial parts of their database, even if data is extracted and reconstructed piecemeal. Database rights under the EU are created automatically, vested in the employers of creators (when the action of creation was part of employment), and do not have to be registered to have effect.

Database rights are independent of copyright: The arrangement, selection, and presentation of the data may be protected by copyright, while the database as a whole can be protected by database right.[4]

Russia

In article 1260 of the Civil Code of Russia, a database is a collection of independent materials presented in an objective form (articles, accounts, legal texts, judicial decisions, and other similar materials), which are systematically arranged in a way that these materials can be found and processed by a computer. A database need not be registered to enjoy legal protection, but the Civil Code of Russia provides for the registration of rights, which is useful if the claims are disputed in court.[5]

United Kingdom

On 1 January 1998, the Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997[6] came into force. This act makes a number of amendments to the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, extending copyright to databases (as defined by the 1997 act). In addition, contains new legislation that creates a database right.

Under regulations 13 and 14 of the regulations, database rights automatically subsist if there has been a "substantial investment in obtaining, verifying or presenting the contents" of the database.

Such rights remain in force under regulation 17(2) until the end of the 15th calendar year from the date on which the database was first made available to the public.

During that period, database right will be infringed by any person who, without consent, "extracts or re-uses all or a substantial part of the contents of the database", whether all at once or by repeated extractions of "insubstantial" parts. On the other hand, any lawful user of the database has a right under regulation 19(1) "to extract or re-use insubstantial parts of the data for any purpose", and that right cannot be restricted by the database owner (regulation 19(2)).

The term "substantial" is defined to mean "substantial in terms of quantity or quality or a combination of both".

United States

Uncreative collections of facts are outside of Congressional authority under the Copyright Clause (Article I, § 8, cl. 8) of the United States Constitution, therefore no database right exists in the United States. Originality is the sine qua non of copyright in the United States (see Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service). This has not stopped database owners lobbying for the introduction of such a right, but so far bills to introduce it in the US have been prevented by the successful lobbying of research libraries, consumer groups and firms who benefit from the free use of factual information.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997". UK Government. A property right ("database right") subsists, in accordance with this Part, in a database if there has been a substantial investment in obtaining, verifying or presenting the contents of the database. |section= ignored (help): United Kingdom implementation of the EU directive
  2. ↑ "Lei nº 9.610, de 19 de fevereiro de 1998". Brasil. Art. 87. O titular do direito patrimonial sobre uma base de dados terá o direito exclusivo, a respeito da forma de expressão da estrutura da referida base, de autorizar ou proibir: I – sua reprodução total ou parcial, por qualquer meio ou processo; II – sua tradução, adaptação, reordenação ou qualquer outra modificação; III – a distribuição do original ou cópias da base de dados ou a sua comunicação ao público; IV – a reprodução, distribuição ou comunicação ao público dos resultados das operações mencionadas no inciso II deste artigo. |section= ignored (help): Chapter VII: On database usage
  3. ↑ Official Journal of the European Communities No. L77, 27.3.96, page 20
  4. ↑ Directive 96/9/EC, Article 7, paragraph 4
  5. ↑ Protection of Databases in Russia
  6. ↑ http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/3032/made
  7. ↑ Merges, Robert P., (2000) One Hundred Years of Solicitude: Intellectual Property Law, 1900–2000. California Law Review, vol.88, no.6, pp.2187–2240, available at JSTOR
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