Dione (moon)

Not to be confused with the asteroid called 106 Dione.
For other uses, see Dione.
Dione

Dione photographed in natural light by the
Cassini spacecraft in 2008
Discovery
Discovered by Giovanni Cassini
Discovery date March 21, 1684
Designations
Saturn IV
Adjectives Dionean
Orbital characteristics
377396 km
Eccentricity 0.0022[1]
2.736915 d[1]
Inclination 0.019° (to Saturn's equator)
Satellite of Saturn
Physical characteristics
Dimensions 1128.8 × 1122.6 × 1119.2 km[2]
Mean radius
 561.4±0.4 km[2]
3964776.51 km2[3]
Mass (1.095452±0.000168)×1021 kg[4] (3.28×10−4 Earths)
Mean density
 1.478±0.003 g/cm³[2]
0.232 m/s2
0.51 km/s
2.736915 d
(synchronous)
zero
Albedo 0.998±0.004 (geometric)[5]
Temperature 87 K (−186°C)
10.4 [6]

    Dione (/daɪˈoʊni/;[7] Greek: Διώνη) is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Italian astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1684.[8] It is named after the Titaness Dione of Greek mythology. It is also designated Saturn IV.

    Name

    Giovanni Domenico Cassini named the four moons he discovered (Tethys, Dione, Rhea and Iapetus) Sidera Lodoicea ("the stars of Louis") to honor king Louis XIV. Cassini found Dione in 1684 using a large aerial telescope he set up on the grounds of the Paris Observatory.[9] The satellites of Saturn were not named until 1847, when William Herschel's son John Herschel published Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope, suggesting that the names of the Titans (sisters and brothers of Cronus) be used.[10]

    Orbit

    Dione orbits Saturn with a semimajor axis about 2% less than that of the Moon. However, reflecting Saturn's greater mass, Dione's orbital period is one tenth that of the Moon. Dione is currently in a 1:2 mean-motion orbital resonance with moon Enceladus, completing one orbit of Saturn for every two orbits completed by Enceladus. This resonance maintains Enceladus's orbital eccentricity (0.0047), providing a source of heat for Enceladus's extensive geological activity, which shows up most dramatically in its cryovolcanic geyser-like jets.[11] The resonance also maintains a smaller eccentricity in Dione's orbit (0.0022), tidally heating it as well.[12]

    Dione has two co-orbital, or trojan, moons, Helene and Polydeuces. They are located within Dione's Lagrangian points L4 and L5, 60 degrees ahead of and behind Dione respectively.

    Physical characteristics and interior

    Size comparison of Earth, the Moon, and Dione.

    At 1122 km (697 mi) in diameter, Dione is the 15th largest moon in the Solar System, and is more massive than all known moons smaller than itself combined.[13] About two thirds of Dione's mass is water ice, and the remaining is a dense core, probably silicate rock.[14]

    Data gathered by Cassini indicates that Dione has an internal liquid water ocean (a situation similar to that of its orbital resonance partner, Enceladus). Downward bending of the surface associated with the 1.5 km high ridge Janiculum Dorsa can most easily be explained by the presence of such an ocean.[15] Gravity and shape data points to a 99 ± 23 km thick ice shell crust on top of a 65 ± 30 internal liquid water global ocean.[16][17] Neither moon has a shape close to hydrostatic equilibrium; the deviations are maintained by isostasy. Dione's ice shell is thought to vary in thickness by less than 5%, with the thinnest areas at the poles, where tidal heating of the crust is greatest.[17]

    Though somewhat smaller and denser, Dione is otherwise very similar to Rhea. They both have similar albedo features and varied terrain, and both have dissimilar leading and trailing hemispheres. Dione's leading hemisphere is heavily cratered and is uniformly bright. Its trailing hemisphere, however, contains an unusual and distinctive surface feature: a network of bright ice cliffs.

    Scientists recognise Dionean geological features of the following types:

    The ice cliffs (formerly 'wispy terrain')

    Fractures bisecting older craters on Dione. Those running from upper right to lower left are the Carthage Fossae, whereas Pactolus Catena runs more horizontally at lower right.

    When the Voyager space probe photographed Dione in 1980, it showed what appeared to be wispy features covering its trailing hemisphere. The origin of these features was mysterious, because all that was known was that the material has a high albedo and is thin enough that it does not obscure the surface features underneath. One hypothesis was that shortly after its formation Dione was geologically active, and some process such as cryovolcanism resurfaced much of its surface, with the streaks forming from eruptions along cracks in Dione's surface that fell back to the surface as snow or ash. Later, after the internal activity and resurfacing ceased, cratering continued primarily on the leading hemisphere and wiped out the streak patterns there.

    This hypothesis was proven wrong by the Cassini probe flyby of December 13, 2004, which produced close-up images. These revealed that the 'wisps' were, in fact, not ice deposits at all, but rather bright ice cliffs created by tectonic fractures (chasmata). Dione has been revealed as a world riven by enormous fractures on its trailing hemisphere.

    The Cassini orbiter performed a closer flyby of Dione at 500 km (310 mi) on October 11, 2005, and captured oblique images of the cliffs, showing that some of them are several hundred metres high.

    Craters

    Dione before Enceladus.

    Dione's icy surface includes heavily cratered terrain, moderately cratered plains, lightly cratered plains, and areas of tectonic fractures. The heavily cratered terrain has numerous craters greater than 100 kilometres (62 mi) in diameter. The plains areas tend to have craters less than 30 kilometres (19 mi) in diameter. Some of the plains are more heavily cratered than others. Much of the heavily cratered terrain is located on the trailing hemisphere, with the less cratered plains areas present on the leading hemisphere. This is the opposite of what some scientists expected; Shoemaker and Wolfe[18] proposed a cratering model for a tidally locked satellite with the highest cratering rates on the leading hemisphere and the lowest on the trailing hemisphere. This suggests that during the period of heavy bombardment, Dione was tidally locked to Saturn in the opposite orientation. Because Dione is relatively small, an impact causing a 35 kilometer crater could have spun the satellite. Because there are many craters larger than 35 kilometres (22 mi), Dione could have been repeatedly spun during its early heavy bombardment. The pattern of cratering since then and the bright albedo of the leading side suggests that Dione has remained in its current orientation for several billion years.

    Like Callisto, Dione's craters lack the high-relief features seen on the Moon and Mercury; this is probably due to slumping of the weak icy crust over geologic time.

    Atmosphere

    Cassini enhanced-color composite of Dione, showing the darker, fractured terrain of the trailing hemisphere. The Padua Chasmata trace an arc on the left, interrupted near the top by central peak crater.

    On April 7, 2010, instruments on board the unmanned Cassini probe, which flew by Dione, detected a thin layer of molecular oxygen ions (O+
    2    ) around Dione, so thin that scientists prefer to call it an exosphere rather than a tenuous atmosphere.[19][20] The density of molecular oxygen ions determined from the Cassini plasma spectrometer data ranges from 0.01 to 0.09 per cm3.[20][21]

    The Cassini probe instruments were unable to directly detect water from the exosphere due to high background levels,[20] but it seems that highly charged particles from the planet's powerful radiation belts could split the water in the ice into hydrogen and oxygen.[19]

    Exploration

    Dione was first imaged by the Voyager space probes. It has also been probed five times from close distances by the Cassini orbiter. There was a close targeted flyby, at a distance of 500 km (310 mi) on 11 October 2005;[22] another flyby was performed on 7 April 2010 also at a distance of 500 km.[23] A third flyby was performed on 12 December 2011 at a distance of 99 km (62 mi). The following flyby was on 16 June 2015 at a distance of 516 km (321 mi),[24] and the last Cassini flyby was performed on 17 August 2015 at a distance of 474 km (295 mi).[25][26]

    In May 2013, it was announced that NASA's spacecraft Cassini had provided scientists with evidence that Dione is more active than previously realized. Using topographic data, NASA teams deduced that crustal depression associated with a prominent ridge on the leading hemisphere is best explained if there was a subsurface liquid ocean.[15][27][28] The mountain Janiculum Dorsa has a height of 1 to 2 km (0.6 to 1.2 miles); Dione's crust seems to pucker 0.5 km (0.3 miles) under it, suggesting that the icy crust was warm when the ridge formed, probably due to the presence of a subsurface ocean, which increases tidal flexing.[29]

    Dione and the rings of Saturn
    Enhanced-color map (25.9 MB); the trailing hemisphere (left) may be darkened by magnetospheric radiation; the leading hemisphere is coated with E Ring deposits.
    Enhanced-color maps: northern and southern hemispheres
    Enhanced-color maps: trailing and leading hemispheres
    Crescent Dione from Cassini, October 11, 2005. The crater near the limb at top is Alcander, with larger crater Prytanis adjacent to its left. At lower right, several of the Palatine Chasmata fractures are visible, one of which can be seen bisecting the smaller craters Euryalus (right) and Nisus.

    See also

    References

    1. 1 2 http://exp.arc.nasa.gov/downloads/celestia/data/solarsys.ssc Exp.arc.nasa.gov Retrieved on 05-21-07 Archived March 9, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
    2. 1 2 3 Roatsch, T.; Jaumann, R.; Stephan, K.; Thomas, P. C. (2009). "Cartographic Mapping of the Icy Satellites Using ISS and VIMS Data". Saturn from Cassini-Huygens. pp. 763–781. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6_24. ISBN 978-1-4020-9216-9.
    3. ↑ Phil Davis? (April 1, 2011). "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Saturn: Moons: Dione: Facts & Figures". NASA. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
    4. ↑ Jacobson, R. A.; Antreasian, P. G.; Bordi, J. J.; Criddle, K. E.; Ionasescu, R.; Jones, J. B.; Mackenzie, R. A.; Meek, M. C.; Parcher, D.; Pelletier, F. J.; Owen, Jr., W. M.; Roth, D. C.; Roundhill, I. M.; Stauch, J. R. (December 2006). "The Gravity Field of the Saturnian System from Satellite Observations and Spacecraft Tracking Data". The Astronomical Journal. 132 (6): 2520–2526. Bibcode:2006AJ....132.2520J. doi:10.1086/508812.
    5. ↑ Verbiscer, A.; French, R.; Showalter, M.; Helfenstein, P. (9 February 2007). "Enceladus: Cosmic Graffiti Artist Caught in the Act". Science. 315 (5813): 815. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..815V. doi:10.1126/science.1134681. PMID 17289992. Retrieved 20 December 2011. (supporting online material, table S1)
    6. ↑ Observatorio ARVAL (April 15, 2007). "Classic Satellites of the Solar System". Observatorio ARVAL. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
    7. ↑ In USA dictionary transcription, US dict: dī·ō′·nē.
    8. ↑ Cassini, G. D. (1686–1692). "An Extract of the Journal Des Scavans. Of April 22 st. N. 1686. Giving an Account of Two New Satellites of Saturn, Discovered Lately by Mr. Cassini at the Royal Observatory at Paris". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 16 (179–191): 79–85. doi:10.1098/rstl.1686.0013. JSTOR 101844.
    9. ↑ Fred William Price – The planet observer's handbook – page 279
    10. ↑ As reported by William Lassell, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 42–43 (January 14, 1848)
    11. ↑ Porco, C. C.; Helfenstein, P.; Thomas, P. C.; Ingersoll, A. P.; Wisdom, J.; West, R.; Neukum, G.; Denk, T.; Wagner, R. (10 March 2006). "Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus". Science. 311 (5766): 1393–1401. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1393P. doi:10.1126/science.1123013. PMID 16527964.
    12. ↑ Jia-Rui Cook (May 29, 2013). "Cassini Finds Hints of Activity at Saturn Moon Dione". NASA. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
    13. ↑ See note g Triton (moon)#Notes
    14. ↑ Piazza, Enrico. "About Saturn & Its Moons: Dione". NASA - Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2015-08-19.
    15. 1 2 Hammond, N. P.; Phillips, C. B.; Nimmo, F.; Kattenhorn, S. A. (March 2013). "Flexure on Dione: Investigating subsurface structure and thermal history". Icarus. 223 (1): 418–422. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.12.021.
    16. ↑ Howell, E. (2016-10-05). "Another Saturn Moon May Hide Subsurface Ocean". Seeker.com. Discovery Communications, LLC. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
    17. 1 2 Beuthe, M.l; Rivoldini, A.; Trinh, A. (2016-09-28). "Enceladus' and Dione's floating ice shells supported by minimum stress isostasy". Geophysical Research Letters. doi:10.1002/2016GL070650.
    18. ↑ Shoemaker, E. M.; and Wolfe, R. F.; Cratering time scales for the Galilean satellites, in Morrison, D., editor; Satellites of Jupiter, University of Arizona Press, Tucson (AZ) (1982), pp. 277–339
    19. 1 2 Ghosh, Pallab (2 March 2012). "Oxygen envelops Saturn's icy moon". BBC News. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
    20. 1 2 3 Robert L. Tokar; Robert E. Johnson; Michelle F. Thomsen; Edward C. Sittler; Andrew J Coates; et al. (10 January 2012). "Detection of Exospheric O2+ at Saturn's Moon Dione". Geophysical Research Letters. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..3903105T. doi:10.1029/2011GL050452. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
    21. ↑ Sven Simon; Joachim Saur; itz M. Neubauer; Alexandre Wennmacher; Michele K. Dougherty (2011). "Magnetic signatures of a tenuous atmosphere at Dione". Geophysical Research Letters. 38 (L15102): 5. Bibcode:2011GeoRL..3815102S. doi:10.1029/2011GL048454. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
    22. ↑ Martinez, Carolina (2005-10-17). "Cassini Views Dione, a Frigid Ice World". NASA. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
    23. ↑ Cassini Doubleheader: Flying By Titan and Dione (April 2010). NASA - Cassini Solstice MIssion.
    24. ↑ Landau, Elizabeth; Preston Dyches. "Cassini zooms past Dione". Retrieved 22 August 2015.
    25. ↑ Dyches, Preston (August 13, 2015). "Cassini to Make Last Close Flyby of Saturn Moon Dione". NASA News. Retrieved 2015-08-19.
    26. ↑ Spacecraft Makes Final Close Flyby of Saturn Moon Dione Today. Space.com Calla Cofield. August 17, 2015.
    27. ↑ Collins, G. C., ed. (2010). Testing Candidate Driving Forces for Faulting on Dione: Implications for Nonsynchronous Rotation and a Freezing Ocean. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2010, abstract #P24A-08.
    28. ↑ Phillips, C. B.; Hammond, N. P.; Roberts, J. H.; Nimmo, F. (2012). Subsurface Structure and Thermal History of Icy Satellites from Stereo Topography. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2012, abstract #P22B-03.
    29. ↑ "Cassini Finds Hints of Activity at Saturn Moon Dione". NASA News. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
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