Domestic partnership in California

Legal status of same-sex unions
Marriage
Performed

Argentina
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
Colombia
Denmark:
· Denmark proper
· Greenland
Finland*
France
Iceland
Ireland
Luxembourg
Mexico:
· CM, CH, CA,
· CL, GR3, JA,
· MC, MR, NA,
· PU3, QE3,
· QR, CDMX

Netherlands:
· Netherlands proper
New Zealand:
· New Zealand proper
Norway
Portugal
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom:
· England and Wales
· Scotland
· AX and DX, AC*
· BAT, IM, PN
United States:
· United States proper
· GU, MP, PR, VI
· some tribal jurisdictions
Uruguay

Recognized

  1. When performed in Mexican states that have legalized same-sex marriage
  2. When performed in the Netherlands proper
  3. Marriages performed in some municipalities and recognized by the state

* Not yet in effect

LGBT portal

A California domestic partnership is a legal relationship available to all same-sex couples, and to those opposite-sex couples where at least one party is age 62 or older. It affords the couple "the same rights, protections, and benefits, and... the same responsibilities, obligations, and duties under law..." as married spouses.[1]

Enacted in 1999, the domestic partnership registry was the first of its kind in the United States created by a legislature without court intervention. Initially, domestic partnerships enjoyed very few privileges—principally just hospital-visitation rights and the right to be claimed as a next of kin of the estate of a deceased partner. The legislature has since expanded the scope of California domestic partnerships to include all of the rights and responsibilities common to marriage. As such, California domestic partnerships are functionally equivalent to civil unions offered in several other states.

Filing an invalid California Declaration of Domestic Partnership is a serious offense and considered a misdemeanor.

Although the program enjoys broad support in California,[2] it has been the source of some controversy. Groups opposed to the recognition of same-sex families have challenged the expansion of domestic partnerships in court. Conversely, advocates of same-sex marriage contend that anything less than full marriage rights extended to same-sex partners is analogous to the "separate but equal" racial laws of the Jim Crow era.

Specifics

California has expanded the scope or modified some of the processes in domestic partnerships in every legislative session since the legislature first created the registry. Consult the California Secretary of State for the most current information.[3]

Scope

As of 2012, California affords domestic partnerships the same rights and responsibilities as marriages under state law. Among these:

Differences from marriage

While domestic partners receive all of the benefits of marriage under California state law, federal law does not recognize domestic partnerships. In addition, some countries that recognize same-sex marriages performed in California as valid in their own country, (e.g., Israel [5]), do not recognize same-sex domestic partnerships contracted in California.

The use of the word marriage itself constitutes a significant social difference compared to domestic partnership, and in the majority opinion of In Re Marriage Cases, the California Supreme Court agreed,[6] suggesting an analogy with a hypothetical that branded interracial marriages "transracial unions".[7]

A 2010 UCLA study published in the journal Health Affairs suggests various inequities (including "Inequities in marriage laws") might have "implications for who bears the burden of health care costs." That study finds that men in same-sex domestic partnerships in California are only 42% as likely to receive dependent coverage for their partners as their married peers, and that women in same-sex domestic partnerships in California are only 28% as likely to receive that coverage.[8][9]

Eligibility

Beginning January 1, 2012, domestic partnership eligibility requirements were significantly revised. Currently, a couple wishing to register must meet the following requirements:[10]

  1. Both persons are of the same sex.
    • Opposite sex couples may also establish a domestic partnership, provided one or both partners is above the age of 62, and one or both partners meet specified eligibility requirements under the Social Security Act.
  2. If under age 18, written consent from the underage partner's parent or legal guardian and a court order must be obtained. A certified copy of the court order must be mailed with the domestic partnership declaration form. If no parent or legal guardian exists or if no parent or legal guardian is capable of consenting, a court may provide the underage person consent to establish a domestic partnership.
  3. Neither partner is married to someone else or is a member of another domestic partnership (or an out-of-state legal equivalent) with someone else that has not been terminated, dissolved, or adjudged a nullity.
  4. The partners are not related by blood in a way that would prevent them from being married to each other in California.
  5. Both partners are capable of consenting to the domestic partnership.

If a couple wishes to establish a confidential domestic partnership, both partners are required to share a common residence. There is no longer a common residence requirement for couples wishing to establish a standard (non-confidential) domestic partnership.

Example of California domestic partnership certificate.

Recognition of out-of-state same-sex unions

  1. A same-sex marriage lawfully performed in another state or foreign jurisdiction on or before November 4, 2008 was fully recognized and legally designated as marriage in California. This also applied to all lawful out-of-state and foreign same-sex marriages performed before California began granting marriage licenses to same-sex couples on June 17, 2008.
  2. A same-sex marriage lawfully performed in another state or foreign jurisdiction on or after November 5, 2008 was fully recognized in California, but Proposition 8 precluded California from designating these relationships with the word "marriage." These couples were afforded every single one of the legal rights, benefits, and obligations of marriage.[11]

On June 28, 2013, same-sex marriage resumed in California. A law enacted on July 7, 2014 ensures that same-sex marriages lawfully concluded out-of-state after November 4, 2008 are designated as such.[12]

Registration

Domestic partner registration is an uncomplicated process, more simple and less costly than entering into a marriage. Both parties must sign a declaration listing their names and address.[13] Both signatures must be notarized. The declaration must then be transmitted to the Secretary of State along with a $10 filing fee (plus an additional $23 fee for same-sex couples to help fund LGBT-specific domestic violence training and services).[14] In this regard it is not like a marriage or civil union. Those unions require a ceremony, solemnized by either religious clergy or civil officials, to be deemed valid.[15]

Dissolution

In most cases, a domestic partnership must be dissolved through filing a court action identical[16] to an action for dissolution of marriage. In limited circumstances, however, a filing with the Secretary of State may suffice. This procedure is available when the domestic partnership has not been in force for more than five years. The couple must also meet many other requirements that the dissolution be both simple and uncontested: no children (or current pregnancy) within the relationship, no real estate (including certain leases), and little joint property or debt. The parties must also review materials prepared by the Secretary of State, execute an agreement dividing assets and liability, and waive claims to domestic partner support. Where all the requirements are met, the partnership will terminate six months after the filing, unless either party revokes consent.

Recognition in other jurisdictions

On September 28, 2012, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled in that "Because the parties to California [registered domestic partnerships] have rights and responsibilities identical to those of marriage", it is proper to treat such relationships "as equivalent to marriage" in Massachusetts. The context was a child custody dispute between two women in a California domestic partnership.[17]

States which have civil unions or domestic partnership registries affording substantially similar legal protections generally recognize California domestic partnerships.

Legislative history

Attempts at the municipal level

The term "domestic partnership" was allegedly coined by Berkeley municipal employee Tom Brougham in an August 1979 letter, and both he and his partner put forward a proposal for creating this lower tier of legal relationship recognition for employee benefits to the Berkeley City Council and University of California, Berkeley. Their proposal would be adopted by San Francisco Supervisor Harry Britt.

In 1982, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed Britt's measure to extend health insurance coverage to domestic partners of public employees, largely because of the reaction to the early days of AIDS, but did not provide for a registry available to the general public. Mayor Dianne Feinstein vetoed the measure.[18] Eventually San Francisco and other communities, such as Berkeley, and some local agencies enacted a similar measure.

In December 1984, Berkeley was the first city to pass a domestic partner policy for city and school district employees after a year of work by the Domestic Partner Task Force chaired by Leland Traiman. Working with the Task Force was Tom Brougham, a Berkeley city employee who coined the term "domestic partner" and created the concept. All other domestic partner policies are patterned after Berkeley's.

In 1985, West Hollywood became the first US city to enact a domestic partnership registry open to all citizens. Eventually other cities, such as San Francisco, Berkeley, and Santa Cruz, followed suit.[19]

Despite successes in a handful of localities, supporters of legal recognition same-sex couples could not overcome the limited geographical scope and relatively modest range of programs administered at the county and city level. In the 1990s, they turned their attention to the state legislature.

Early attempts in the state legislature

Mirroring the experience of California’s local efforts, the state legislature did not initially succeed in providing health insurance coverage for domestic partners or creating a domestic partner registry for the general public.

Establishment and incremental expansion

Assembly Bill 26 of 1999

Simultaneously with the Domestic Partnership Act of 1999, Assemblymember Carole Migden introduced Assembly Bill 26 of 1999. As originally drafted, it covered all adult couples, like its unsuccessful senate counterpart. Before bringing the bill to the Assembly floor, however, Migden narrowed its scope. Based on objections from Governor Gray Davis, who did not want a competing alternative to marriage for opposite-sex couples, Migden eliminated coverage for opposite-sex couples where either participant was less than 62 years of age. The bill passed, and Davis approved it on October 2, 1999. It provided for a public registry, hospital visitation rights, and authorized health insurance coverage for domestic partners of public employees.[24] While modest in scope, Assembly Bill 26 marked the first time a state legislature created a domestic partnership statute without the intervention of the courts. (Hawaii’s legislature enacted a more expansive reciprocal beneficiaries scheme in 1997 in response to an unfavorable lower court ruling; Vermont enacted a sweeping civil union bill in 2000 at the direction of its state Supreme Court.)

Assembly Bill 25 of 2001

In the first successful expansion of the domestic partnership act, Assemblymembers Carole Migden and Robert Hertzberg, joined by state Senator Sheila Kuehl, introduced a bill that added 18 new rights to the domestic partnership scheme. It also relaxed the requirements for opposite-sex couples, requiring only one of the participants to be over 62 years of age. The expanded rights included standing to sue (for emotional distress or wrongful death), stepparent adoption, a variety of conservatorship rights, the right to make health care decisions for an incapacitated partner, certain rights regarding distribution of a deceased partner’s estate, limited taxpayer rights, sick leave to care for partners, and unemployment and disability insurance benefits. Governor Gray Davis signed the bill into law on October 22, 2001.[25]

Other bills in the 2001–2002 legislative session

During the 2001–2002 session, California enacted five more bills making minor changes:

Wholesale expansion

The introduction of The California Domestic Partner Rights and Responsibilities Act of 2003 (or Assembly Bill 205 of 2003) marked a major shift in the legislature’s approach to domestic partnerships. Earlier efforts afforded domestic partners only certain enumerated rights, which the legislature expanded in piecemeal fashion. This bill, introduced by Assemblymembers Jackie Goldberg, Christine Kehoe, Paul Koretz, John Laird, and Mark Leno, created the presumption that domestic partners were to have all of the rights and responsibilities afforded spouses under state law. The bill did carve out certain exceptions to this premise, principally involving the creation and dissolution of domestic partnerships and certain tax issues. It also, for the first time, recognized similar relationships, such as civil unions, created in other states. Because the legislation dramatically changed the circumstances of existing domestic partnerships, the legislature directed the Secretary of State to inform all previously registered domestic partnerships of the changes and delayed the effect of the law for an additional year, until January 1, 2005. Governor Gray Davis signed the bill into law on September 19, 2003.[31]

Subsequent changes and clarifications

Since enacting The California Domestic Partner Rights and Responsibilities Act of 2003, the legislature has passed several bills aimed at clarifying how certain spousal provisions should be treated in the context of domestic partnerships and made some modest changes. This subsequent legislation includes:

Public opinion

California public opinion has long supported legal protections for same-sex couples. In early 1997, two and half years before any statewide recognition occurred, polls showed two-thirds of Californians supported the limited provisions in unsuccessful bills debated in the legislature at the time. There was also strong support (59 percent) for broader provisions (pension, health, leave and survivor benefits) that weren’t enacted until more than four years later.[41]

Polls consistently show a marked contrast between support for domestic partnerships and same-sex marriage. In 1997, roughly 38 percent of Californians supported same-sex marriage. More polls show an increase in support for same-sex marriage, but few polls suggest that there is any more support for same-sex marriage than a statistical tie with opponents.[42] On November 4, 2008, Californians voted, 52.2% to 47.8%, to eliminate the right of same sex couples to marry.[43] However, a recent 2012 poll showed vast increase in support of same sex marriage with 59% of Californians supporting same sex marriage and 80% supporting legal recognition of same sex couples. The 2012 poll found for the first time a majority support for same-sex marriage when non-marriage domestic partnerships were presented as an option.[44]

Challenges to domestic partnerships

Despite broad support, California’s domestic partnership program has engendered opposition.

Referendum

California law provides for referendums, petition drives that would place any legislative enactment on the ballot for review. Following the passage of The California Domestic Partner Rights and Responsibilities Act of 2003, state senator William “Pete” Knight (author of the successful Proposition 22 initiative) and Assemblymember Ray Haynes sought to put the new legislation to a popular vote. The referendum failed to qualify for the ballot.[45]

Litigation

Opponents of legal recognition for same-sex couples filed two lawsuits in the Superior Court of California. In the first case, state senator William “Pete” Knight sued Governor Gray Davis (later substituting Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger) on the grounds that A.B. 205 impermissibly amended Proposition 22, which Knight authored. Randy Thomasson (an opponent of gay rights and head of the Campaign for California Families) filed a similar lawsuit, which challenged both A.B. 205 and the earlier domestic-partner expansion in A.B. 25. Both lawsuits, consolidated into a single action, failed at the trial and appellate courts. In the wake of those decisions, opponents of legal recognition for LGBT families launched at least two recall efforts against Judge Loren McMaster, who presided over the trial-court hearings. The recall efforts also failed.[46]

Along similar legal lines, defendants in a wrongful-death action brought by the survivor of a domestic partnership mounted a defense based partly on the ground that the legislative enactments giving a domestic partner standing to sue for wrongful death ran afoul of Proposition 22 (among other defenses). That defense failed on appeal.[47]

Proponents of same-sex marriage, including the City and County of San Francisco, have challenged the state’s opposite-sex marriage requirements on constitutional grounds. In pursuing these claims, the plaintiffs argue that even the broad protections of California’s domestic partnership scheme constitute a “separate but unequal” discriminatory framework. In May 2008, the Supreme Court of California ruled in their favor in In re Marriage Cases, overruling Proposition 22 and effectively legalizing same-sex marriage in California.

Constitutional amendments

Immediately following the passage of The California Domestic Partner Rights and Responsibilities Act of 2003, a petition drive began to amend the California Constitution to forbid any recognition—including domestic partnerships—of LBGT relationships.[48] The measure failed to qualify for the ballot.

For a month in early 2004, San Francisco issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples. The Supreme Court of California halted that process and later declared the marriages void. Regardless, four separate groups began petition drives to amend the California Constitution to prevent same-sex marriage and repeal domestic-partnership rights.[49] The renewed efforts peaked in 2005,[50] but have continued since. These groups have filed a total of 20 petitions, but none of the proposed amendments has qualified for the ballot.[51]

In 2008, two of these groups moved[52] to qualify ballot initiatives to amend the California Constitution on the November 2008 ballot. One qualified as Proposition 8. The amendment eliminates the right of same-sex couples to marry, but does not repeal any rights granted to domestic partnerships and registration for domestic partnerships remains legal in California.[53] In late 2008, Proposition 8 was passed by the voters, in 2009, the legality of Proposition 8 was upheld by the California Supreme Court in Strauss v. Horton holding that same-sex couples have all the rights of heterosexual couples, except the right to the "designation" of marriage and that such a holding does not violate California's privacy, equal protection, or due process laws; the In Re Marriage Cases still apply.[54] Proposition 8 then was challenged in federal court on August 4, 2010 in the Perry v. Schwarzenegger trial, as it was found to have violated the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the 14th Amendment of the Federal Constitution.

Internal Revenue Service Ruling

In late May 2010, the Internal Revenue Service reversed a 2006 ruling, and declared that, with respect to community property, domestic partners in California must be treated the same as heterosexual couples due to a change to the California community property tax law in 2007.[55] The IRS ruled the approximately 58,000 couples who are registered as domestic partners in California must combine their income for federal tax purposes, and then each report half of the total income and half of the total withholdings on their separate tax returns. If one of the partners makes significantly more than the other, the net result is a lower tax obligation for the couple.[56] In December 2010, the Internal Revenue Service issued a revised edition of its Publication 555, Community Property, explicitly applying this ruling to registered domestic partners in Nevada as well, the other community property states with such registries, as well as, in California, both registered domestic partners and same-sex couples recognized by the state as married.

References

  1. ↑ "Family Code Section 297-297.5". Leginfo.ca.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  2. ↑ California Opinion Index: A Digest on How the California Public Views Gay and Lesbian Rights Issues. The Field Poll: San Francisco (March 2006).
  3. ↑ "Domestic Partners Registry - California Secretary of State". Ss.ca.gov. 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  4. ↑ Ellis v. Arriaga, 162 CA4th 1000, 109 (2008) overturning Velez v. Smith (2006)
  5. ↑ Gessen, Masha. "Search - Global Edition - The New York Times". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  6. ↑ In Re Marriage Cases, California Supreme Court Decision, page 81.
  7. ↑ "Gay Marriage Recognition Bill Signed In California". cbs13.com. 2009-10-29. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
  8. ↑ Ponce, Ninez A.; Susan D. Cochran; Jennifer C. Pizer; Vickie M. Mays (2010). "The Effects Of Unequal Access To Health Insurance For Same-Sex Couples In California". Health Affairs. 29 (8): 1539–1548. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0583. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
  9. ↑ "UCLA study finds health insurance inequities for same-sex couples". UCLA. June 25, 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
  10. ↑ Leno. "SB 651 Senate Bill - CHAPTERED". Leginfo.ca.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  11. ↑ (PDF) http://www.eqca.org/atf/cf/%7B34f258b3-8482-4943-91cb-08c4b0246a88%7D/SB%2054%20FAQ.PDF. Retrieved 2013-12-03. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ↑ http://jurist.org/paperchase/2014/07/california-governor-signs-bill-making-states-marriage-law-gender-neutral.php
  13. ↑ "Domestic Partners Registry". California Secretary of State. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
  14. ↑ "Forms & Fees - Domestic Partners Registry". California Secretary of State. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
  15. ↑ "Marriage Info to Officiants Website". California Department of Public Health. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
  16. ↑ "Terminating a California Registered Domestic Partnership" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  17. ↑ "SJC: Massachusetts Recognizes California Registered Domestic Partnerships". GLAD. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  18. ↑ Bishop, Katherine. "San Francisco Grants Recognition to Couples Who Aren't Married," New York Times 31 May 1989.
  19. ↑ Becker, Lewis. "Recognition of Domestic Partnerships by Governmental Entities and Private Employers," National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law. 1.1 (1995): 91-92.
  20. ↑ AB 627. Legislative Counsel of California. 1995–1996 Session.
  21. ↑ AB 54. Legislative Counsel of California. 1997–1998 Session.
  22. ↑ 1059. Legislative Counsel of California. 1997–1998 Session.
  23. ↑ SB 75. Legislative Counsel of California. 1999–2000 Session.
  24. ↑ AB 26. Legislative Counsel of California. 1999–2000 Session.
  25. ↑ AB 25. Legislative Counsel of California. 2001–2002 Session.
  26. ↑ SB 1049. Legislative Counsel of California. 2001–2002 Session.
  27. ↑ AB 2216. Legislative Counsel of California. 2001–2002 Session.
  28. ↑ AB 2777. Legislative Counsel of California. 2001–2002 Session.
  29. ↑ SB 1575. Legislative Counsel of California. 2001–2002 Session.
  30. ↑ SB 1661. Legislative Counsel of California. 2001–2002 Session.
  31. ↑ AB 205. Legislative Counsel of California. 2003–2004 Session.
  32. ↑ AB 2208. Legislative Counsel of California. 2003–2004 Session.
  33. ↑ SB 565. Legislative Counsel of California. 2005–2006 Session.
  34. ↑ SB 973. Legislative Counsel of California. 2005–2006 Session.
  35. ↑ SB 1827. Legislative Counsel of California. 2005–2006 Session.
  36. ↑ SB 2051. Legislative Counsel of California. 2005–2006 Session.
  37. ↑ Ma. "AB 102 Assembly Bill - CHAPTERED". Leginfo.ca.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  38. ↑ "AB 2055 (De La Torre): Unemployment insurance: benefits: eligibility: reserve accounts: domestic partners". Aroundthecapitol.com. 2006-11-26. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  39. ↑ "Domestic Partnership Equality Act | SB 651 | 2011 - Equality California". Eqca.org. Archived from the original on 2013-12-10. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  40. ↑ "Insurance Non-Discrimination Act | SB 757 | 2011 - Equality California". Eqca.org. Archived from the original on 2013-12-10. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  41. ↑ DiCamillo, Mark and Mervin Field. “Statewide survey.” The Field Institute: San Francisco 1997.
  42. ↑ Baldassare, Mark. “Californians & the Future.” Public Policy Institute of California: San Francisco. Sep. 2006.
  43. ↑ California Secretary of State, Election Results "".
  44. ↑ "Release #2406: Big Increase in California Voters Who Favor Allowing Same-Sex Marriage. Six in Ten (59%) Now Approve." (PDF). Field Poll. 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
  45. ↑ “Initiative Update as of December 15, 2003.” California Secretary of State; also, “Referendum on California's Historic Domestic Partner Law Fails to Qualify for Ballot.” Equality California: San Francisco 22 Dec. 2003."Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-03-17. Retrieved 2006-12-12.
  46. ↑ Gardner, Michael. “Gay marriage opponents aim to recall judge.” San Diego Union Tribune 31 Dec. 2004.
  47. ↑ Armijo v. Miles (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 1405.
  48. ↑ “Initiative Update as of October 2, 2003.” California Secretary of State. Archived December 15, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  49. ↑ (Archived) Position statement: VoteYesMarriage.com; Position statement: Archived May 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. ProtectMarriage.com.
  50. ↑ Buchanan, Wyatt. "The Battle Over Same Sex Marriage." San Francisco Chronicle 12 Aug 2005: B1.
  51. ↑ Office of Attorney General. Initiative Measures, Inactive.
  52. ↑ Initiative Update as of February 19, 2008. California Secretary of State.
  53. ↑ Leff, Lisa (2008-02-15). "Same-sex Marriage Amendment Sought". Associated Press.
  54. ↑ http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/opinions/archive/S168047.PDF -- For a review see: Thomas Kupka, Names and Designations in Law, in: The Journal Jurisprudence 6 (2010) 121-130.
  55. ↑ Michael J. Montemurro (2010-05-05). "PLR-149319-09" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  56. ↑ Meckler, Laura (2010-06-05), "Gay Couples Get Equal Tax Treatment", The Wall Street Journal, retrieved 2010-06-06
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