Imidazopyridine

Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine—an example of imidazopyridine and a core structure of zolpidem and some compounds described below.

The imidazopyridines are a class of drugs defined by their chemical structure. In general, they are GABA_A receptor agonists, however recently proton pump inhibitors, aromatase inhibitors, NSAIDs and other classes of drugs in this class have been developed as well. Despite usually being similar to them in effect, they are not chemically related to benzodiazepines. As such, GABA_A-agonizing imidazopyridines, pyrazolopyrimidines, and cyclopyrrones are sometimes grouped together and referred to as "nonbenzodiazepines." Imidazopyridines include:

Anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics (GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulators):

• Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines:
  • Alpidem (original brand name Ananxyl)—anxiolytic that was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 1995 due to hepatotoxicity.
  • DS-1—a GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator selective for the α₄β₃δ subtype, which is not targeted by other GABAergics such as benzodiazepines or other nonbenzodiazepines.^[1]
  • Necopidem—an anxiolytic. It has not found clinical use.
  • Saripidem—a sedative and anxiolytic. It is not used clinically.
  • TP-003—a subtype-selective partial agonist at GABA_A receptors, binding to GABA_A receptor complexes bearing either α₂, α₃ or α₅ subunits, but only showing significant efficacy at α₃.
  • Zolpidem (original brand name Ambien)—a widely used hypnotic. Generic versions are widely available.
• Imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines:
  • Bamaluzole—an GABA_A receptor-agonizing anticonvulsant that was never marketed.^[2]

Antipsychotics:

• Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines:
  • Mosapramine (brand name クレミン, Cremin)—an atypical antipsychotic used in Japan.^[3]

Drugs used for peptic ulcer disease (PUD), GERD and gastroprokinetic agents (motility stimulants):

• Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines:
  • CJ-033466—an experimental gastroprokinetic acting as a selective 5-HT₄ serotonin receptor partial agonist.^[4]
  • Zolimidine—a gastroprotective agent.^[5]
  • Linaprazan—a potassium-competitive acid blocker which demonstrated similar efficacy as esomeprazole in healing and controlling symptoms of GERD patients with erosive esophagitis.^[6]
  • SCH28080—the prototypical potassium-competitive acid blocker which has not found clinical use because of liver toxicity in animal trials and elevated liver enzyme activity in the serum of human volunteers.^[7]
• Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines:
  • Tenatoprazole—it blocks the gastric proton pump leading to decline of gastric acid production.

NSAIDs, analgesics and antimigraine drugs:

• Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines:
  • Miroprofen—a derivative of propionic acid.
• Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines:
  • Telcagepant—a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist which was in clinical trials as a remedy for migraine. Its development was terminated.^[8]

Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system:

• Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines:
  • Olprinone (loprinone)—a cardiac stimulant.^[9]

Drugs for treatment of bone diseases:

• Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines:
  • Minodronic acid (brand names Bonoteo, Recalbon)— a third-generation bisphosphonate used for the treatment of osteoporosis.^[10]

Antineoplastic agents:

• Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines:
  • Fadrozole (brand name Afema)—an aromatase inhibitor.
• Imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines:
  • 3-Deazaneplanocin A—S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine synthesis inhibitor and histone methyltransferase EZH2 inhibitor.

References

1. Wafford, KA; van Niel, MB; Ma, QP; Horridge, E; Herd, MB; Peden, DR; Belelli, D; Lambert, JJ (January 2009). "Novel Compounds Selectively Enhance Delta Subunit Containing GABA A Receptors and Increase Tonic Currents in Thalamus". Neuropharmacology. 56 (1): 182–9. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.08.004. PMID 18762200.
2. David J. Triggle (1996). Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC. ISBN 0-412-46630-9.
3. Takahashi, N; Terao, T; Oga, T; Okada, M (1999). "Comparison of Risperidone and Mosapramine Addition to Neuroleptic Treatment in Chronic Schizophrenia". Neuropsychobiology. 39 (2): 81–5. doi:10.1159/000026565. PMID 10072664.
4. Mikami, T; Ochi, Y; Suzuki, K; Saito, T; Sugie, Y; Sakakibara, M (April 2008). "5-Amino-6-chloro-N-[(1-isobutylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-2-methylimidazo[1,2-alpha]pyridine-8-carboxamide (CJ-033,466), a Novel and Selective 5-hydroxytryptamine-4 Receptor Partial Agonist: Pharmacological Profile in vitro and Gastroprokinetic Effect in Conscious Dogs". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 325 (1): 190–9. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.133850. PMID 18198343.
5. Belohlavek, D; Malfertheiner, P (1979). "The Effect of Zolimidine, Imidazopyridine-derivate, on the Duodenal Ulcer Healing". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 54: 44. PMID 161649.
6. Kahrilas, PJ; Dent, J; Lauritsen, K; Malfertheiner, P; Denison, H; Franzén, S; Hasselgren, G (December 2007). "A Randomized, Comparative Study of Three Doses of AZD0865 and Esomeprazole for Healing of Reflux Esophagitis". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 5 (12): 1385–91. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2007.08.014. PMID 17950677.
7. Ravinder Reddy, B; Basavaraja, H S; Shivaprasad LV J, S. "Reversible Proton Pump Inhibitors: A Superior Edge — Features". Pharmabiz.com. Saffron Media Pvt. Ltd I. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
8. Merck Announces Second Quarter 2011 Financial Results
9. Uemura Y, Tanaka S, Ida S, Yuzuriha T (December 1993). "Pharmacokinetic Study of Loprinone Hydrochloride, a New Cardiotonic Agent, in Beagle Dogs". J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 45 (12): 1077–81. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1993.tb07184.x. PMID 7908977.
10. Shridhar Hegde; Michelle Schmidt (2009). "To Market, To Market - 2009. 16. Minodronic acid". Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry. 45: 509–510. doi:10.1016/s0065-7743(10)45028-9.