Indianola, Mississippi

Indianola, Mississippi
City
Sunflower County Courthouse
Nickname(s): 'Nola, I-town
Location of Indianola, Mississippi
Indianola, Mississippi Location in the United States
Coordinates: 33°26′53″N 90°38′51″W / 33.44806°N 90.64750°WCoordinates: 33°26′53″N 90°38′51″W / 33.44806°N 90.64750°W
Country	United States
State	Mississippi
County	Sunflower
Government
• Mayor	Steve Rosenthal
Area
• Total	8.7 sq mi (22.5 km^2)
• Land	8.6 sq mi (22.3 km^2)
• Water	0.1 sq mi (0.2 km^2)
Elevation	121 ft (37 m)
Population (2000)
• Total	12,066
• Density	1,400.3/sq mi (540.7/km^2)
Time zone	Central (CST) (UTC-6)
• Summer (DST)	CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP codes	38749, 38751
Area code(s)	662
FIPS code	28-34740
GNIS feature ID	0671704

Indianola is a city in Sunflower County, Mississippi, in the Mississippi Delta. The population was 12,066 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Sunflower County.^[1]

History

The town was originally named "Indian Bayou" in 1882 because the site along the river bank was formerly inhabited by a Choctaw Indian village. Between 1882 and 1886, the town's name was changed from "Indian Bayou" to "Eureka," then to "Belengate," and finally "Indianola," which was allegedly in honor of an Indian princess named "Ola." The town population developed at this site due to the location of a lumber mill on the river.

In 1891, Minnie Cox was appointed postmaster of Indianola, becoming the first black female postmaster in the United States. Her rank was raised from fourth class to third class in 1900, and she was appointed to a full four-year term. Cox's position was one of the most respected and lucrative public posts in Indianola, as it served approximately 3,000 patrons and paid $1,100 annually—a large sum at that time. White resentment to Cox's prestigious position began to grow, and in 1902 some white residents in Indianola drew up a petition requesting Cox’s resignation. James K. Vardaman, editor of the The Greenwood Commonwealth and a white supremacist, began delivering speeches reproaching the people of Indianola for “tolerating a negro [sic] wench as a postmaster.”^[2] Racial tensions grew, and threats of physical harm led Cox to submit her resignation to take effect January 1, 1903. The incident attracted national attention, and President Roosevelt refused to accept her resignation, feeling Cox had been wronged, and the authority of the federal government was being compromised. "Roosevelt stood resolute. Unless Cox's detractors could prove a reason for her dismissal other than the color of her skin, she would remain the Indianola postmistress".^[3] Roosevelt closed Indianola’s post office on January 2, 1903, and rerouted mail to Greenville; Cox continued to receive her salary. That same month, the United States Senate debated the Indianola postal event for four hours, and Cox left Indianola for her own safety and did not return. In February 1904, the post office was reopened, but demoted in rank from third class to fourth class.^[4]

In the early and mid-twentieth century a number of Blues musicians originated in the area, including B.B. King, who worked in the local cotton industry in Indianola in the 1940s before pursuing a professional musical career.

In July 1954, two months after the Supreme Court of the United States announced its unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education, ruling that school segregation was unconstitutional, the local plantation manager Robert B. Patterson met with a group of like-minded individuals in a private home in Indianola to form the White Citizens' Council.^[5] Its goal was to resist any implementation of racial integration in Mississippi.

The Indianola Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

Geography

Indianola is located at the junction of U.S. Routes 82 and 49W.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.7 square miles (23 km²), of which 8.6 square miles (22 km²) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km²) (1.03%) is water, including Indian Bayou, which runs the length of the city and beyond.

Indianola is 30 miles (48 km) from Greenwood.^[6]

The topography of Indianola is flat, with the only significant elevation changes along waterways such as Indian Bayou and one Indian mound located on Main Street east of U.S. 49.

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1890	249		—
1900	630		153.0%
1910	1,098		74.3%
1920	2,112		92.3%
1930	3,116		47.5%
1940	3,604		15.7%
1950	4,369		21.2%
1960	6,714		53.7%
1970	8,947		33.3%
1980	8,050		−10.0%
1990	11,809		46.7%
2000	12,066		2.2%
2010	10,683		−11.5%
Est. 2015	9,943	[7]	−6.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[8]

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 10,683 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 78.8% Black, 18.5% White, 0.2% Native American, 0.5% Asian, <0.1% from some other race and 0.4% from two or more races. 1.6% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

As of the census^[9] of 2000, there were 12,066 people, 3,899 households, and 2,982 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,400.3 people per square mile (540.5/km²). There were 4,118 housing units at an average density of 477.9 per square mile (184.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 25.73% White, 73.38% African American, 0.01% Native American, 0.46% Asian American, 0.16% from other races, and 0.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.71% of the population.

There were 3,899 households out of which 39.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.8% were married couples living together, 31.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.5% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.5. In the city the population was spread out with 32.9% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 83.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,308, and the median income for a family was $31,186. Males had a median income of $27,310 versus $17,622 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,082. About 22.5% of families and 27.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.8% of those under age 18 and 21.5% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

Because Indianola is located at the intersection of U.S. Route 49W and U.S. Route 82, as of 2004 it is one of the last economically viable small towns in the Mississippi Delta. In the 1980s and 1990s the city government convinced a major retailer to build a distribution center near the intersection of the two highways. This development infused cash into the local economy and allowed semiskilled jobs to be established.^[10]

In August 2011, Delta Pride, a catfish processing company, closed its plant in Indianola.^[11]

Culture

Club Ebony in Indianola

B.B. King Museum and Delta Interpretive Center

J. Todd Moye, author of Let the People Decide: Black Freedom and White Resistance Movements in Sunflower County, Mississippi, 1945–1986, said that "Life in Indianola still moves at a pace established by its distinguishing characteristic, the picturesque and languid Indian Bayou that winds through downtown."^[10]

The blues

It is the birthplace of the blues musician Albert King. The blues harp player, Little Arthur Duncan, was born in Indianola in 1934.^[12] Henry Sloan lived in Indianola, and Charley Patton died near the city.

B.B. King grew up in Indianola as a child. He came to the blues festival named for him every year. King referenced the city with the title of his 1970 album Indianola Mississippi Seeds. The B.B. King Museum and Delta Interpretive Center, a $14 million facility dedicated to King and the blues, opened in September 2008.^[13] Many street names are named after King and his music, including B.B. King Road, Lucille St. (named after his guitar), and Delta Blues St.

Education

The Sunflower County Consolidated School District, headquartered in Indianola, operates public schools serving the city. Residents are zoned to Lockard Elementary School (K-2), Carver Elementary School (3-6), Robert L. Merritt Junior High School (7-9), and Gentry High School (10-12). The district operates two other 10-12 schools, Indianola Career and Technical Center and Indianola Academic Achievement Academy.^[14] Previously the facilities were in the Indianola School District.

Indianola Academy, a private school and former segregation academy, is in Indianola. As of 2012 most white teenagers in Indianola attend Indianola Academy instead of the public high schools. Sarah Carr of The Atlantic explained that there are two explanations of why the private academies in Indianola and other towns still exist. One says that the public schools suffered from poor leadership and wrongdoing and that the private academies thrive because of the failings of the public schools, and the other says that the white leadership starved the public schools of resources after the academies were enacted, leading to the failings of the public schools.^[15] There is one other private school, Restoration Ministries Christian Academy.

History of education

Prior to the school district merger, the Sunflower County School District had its headquarters in the Sunflower County Courthouse in Indianola.^[16][17] The district's educational services building is along U.S. Route 49 West in Indianola.^[18]

As of 1996, 90 per cent of students in the Indianola School District were black. Most of the white students who attend Indianola public schools transfer to private schools by junior high school.^[19]

Government and infrastructure

Indianola Post Office

The Mississippi Department of Corrections operates a probation and parole office in the Courthouse Annex in Indianola.^[20]

The United States Postal Service operates the Indianola Post Office.^[21] A mural, entitled White Gold in the Delta by WPA Section of Painting and Sculpture artist Bealah Bettersworth, was installed in the post office in 1939. It depicted cotton harvesting scenes. Murals were produced from 1934 to 1943 in the United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture, later called the Section of Fine Arts, of the U.S. Treasury Department. The original artist Walter Anderson was unable to complete the mural, and Bettersworth was selected. The mural was eventually destroyed.

Transportation

Indianola Municipal Airport is located in unincorporated Sunflower County, near Indianola.^[22] is operated by the city.^[23]

Notable people

• Mary Alice, actress.
• Coolidge Ball, first African-American athlete at Ole Miss.
• Craig Claiborne, New York Times culinary writer.
• William Harold Cox, federal district court judge.
• Little Arthur Duncan, blues musician.
• Jazz Gillum, blues musician.
• Bill L. Harbert, businessman.
• Albert King, blues musician.
• B. B. King, blues musician.
• Sam Lacey, professional basketball player.
• Howard McCalebb, sculptor.
• Brew Moore, jazz musician.
• Michael Spurlock, San Diego Chargers wide receiver.
• A. Maceo Walker, pioneering African-American businessman.
• Joseph Edison Walker, resident from 1906 to 1919, physician and businessman, founder of Universal Life Insurance Company and Tri-State Bank in Memphis, Tennessee
• Tyrone Washington, professional basketball player.
• Ellis Wyms, American football player.
• Steve Yarbrough, writer.

Media

The Enterprise-Tocsin has its offices in Indianola.^[24]

The local radio station, WNLA-AM was at one time owned and operated by Edward O. Fritts, who would later serve for many years as the President of the National Association of Broadcasters.

In the media

• Indianola serves as the basis for the fictional "Loring, Mississippi" in works by Steve Yarbrough, including The End of California.
• Parts of the film The Chamber, starring Gene Hackman, were filmed in downtown Indianola. The film was adapted from the John Grisham novel of the same name.
• From 1932 until 1934, Hortense Powdermaker conducted an anthropological study of the African-American community in Indianola, which served as the basis for her book, After Freedom: A Cultural Study In the Deep South and mentioned in her book "Stranger and Friend. The Way of an Anthropologist".
• John Dollard spent five months in Indianola conducting research for his 1937 book, Caste and Class in a Southern Town, which examined how those factors affected race relations in the rural South. While Indianola was not named in the book, the eponymous "Southern Town" was based on the data he collected there.
• Art students at Gentry High School in Indianola earned a listing in Guinness World Records on June 7, 2003, by creating the world’s largest comic strip in their school parking lot. The giant Lucky Cow comic strip was big enough to cover 35 school buses, measuring 135 ft. wide and 47.8 ft. high.^[25]
• Indianola was used in the novel The Green Mile as the basis for medical exams and various misc. story plots.

Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Indianola has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.^[26]

References

1. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
2. Deanna Boyd and Kendra Chen. "Minnie M. Cox: A Postmaster's Story". The History and Experience of African Americans in America’s Postal Service. Smithsonian National Postal Museum.
3. Williams, Horace Randall and Ben Beard (2009). This Day in Civil Rights History. New South Books. p. 49.
4. "Minnie Cox: A First for Mississippi". African American Registry.
5. Roberts, Gene and Hank Klibanoff (2006). The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 66. ISBN 0-679-40381-7.
6. Rubin, Richard. "Should the Mississippi Files Have Been Re-opened? No, because." The New York Times. August 30, 1998. Retrieved on March 25, 2012.
7. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". Retrieved July 2, 2016.
8. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
9. "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
10. Moye, J. Todd. Let the People Decide: Black Freedom and White Resistance Movements in Sunflower County, Mississippi, 1945–1986. University of North Carolina Press, November 29, 2004. 28. Retrieved from Google Books on February 26, 2012. ISBN 0-8078-5561-8, ISBN 978-0-8078-5561-4.
11. Parham, Wayne. "Delta Pride closes its Indianola catfish plant." The Enterprise-Tocsin. Retrieved on August 16, 2011.
12. Jason Ankeny. "Little Arthur Duncan". AllMusic. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
13. Havighurst, Craig (October 16, 2008). "B.B. King's Hometown Museum". The Wall Street Journal.
14. "Schools." Indianola School District. Retrieved on August 17, 2010.
15. Carr, Sarah. "In Southern Towns, 'Segregation Academies' Are Still Going Strong." The Atlantic. December 13, 2012. Retrieved on March 29, 2013.
16. Home page. Sunflower County School District. Retrieved on August 17, 2010. "200 Main Street / Courthouse Indianola, Mississippi 38751"
17. "Demographics for Sunflower County Schools Archived 2013-03-23 at WebCite." Sunflower County School District. Retrieved on August 17, 2010.
18. "Educational Services Building Archived 2013-03-23 at WebCite." Sunflower County School District. Retrieved on August 17, 2010.
19. Sanchez, Rene. "Academies Are Final Bastions Of Separateness Series: IN SEARCH OF THE SOUTH; SURVIVORS OF THE SIXTIES Series Number: 4/6." The Washington Post. July 17, 1996. A01. Retrieved on August 17, 2010. "There are five public schools. Nearly nine of 10 students enrolled in them are black. And the small number of whites who do send their children to public schools usually switch to the academy once they reach junior high."
20. "Sunflower County." Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on September 14, 2010.
21. "Post Office Location - INDIANOLA." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on September 14, 2010.
22. FAA Airport Master Record for IDL (Form 5010 PDF) - Retrieved on September 23, 2010.
23. "Poplarville, Hattiesburg among airports receiving grants." WDAM. March 12, 2010. Retrieved on September 23, 2010.
24. "about us." (Archive) The Enterprise-Tocsin. Retrieved on March 4, 2011. "Our office is located at 114 Main St, Indianola."
25. "Mississippi Delta High School Students Set World Record For Largest Comic Strip". markpett.com. Retrieved August 2014. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
26. Climate Summary for Indianola, Mississippi

External links