Ken Rosewall

Ken Rosewall
Full name Kenneth Robert Rosewall
Country (sports)  Australia
Residence Sydney, Australia
Born (1934-11-02) 2 November 1934
Sydney, Australia
Height 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Turned pro 1956
Retired 1980
Plays Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
Prize money US$ 1,602,700
Int. Tennis HoF 1980 (member page)
Singles
Career record 550–175 (during Open Era, listed by ATP)
Career titles 133 (35 listed by the ATP)
Highest ranking No. 1 (1960)
Grand Slam Singles results
Australian Open W (1953, 1955, 1971, 1972)
French Open W (1953, 1968)
Wimbledon F (1954, 1956, 1970, 1974)
US Open W (1956, 1970)
Other tournaments
TOC W (1968)
Tour Finals RR – 3rd (1970)
WCT Finals W (1971, 1972)
Professional majors
US Pro W (1963, 1965)
Wembley Pro W (1957, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963)
French Pro W (1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966)
Doubles
Career record 211–113 (Open Era)
Career titles 14 listed by the ATP
Grand Slam Doubles results
Australian Open W (1953, 1956, 1972)
French Open W (1953, 1968)
Wimbledon W (1953, 1956)
US Open W (1956, 1969)
Mixed doubles
Career record 21–6
Career titles 1
Grand Slam Mixed Doubles results
French Open SF (1953)
Wimbledon F (1954)
US Open W (1956)
Team competitions
Davis Cup W (1953, 1955, 1956)

Kenneth Robert ("Ken") Rosewall AM, MBE (born 2 November 1934) is a former world top-ranking amateur and professional tennis player from Australia. He won a record 23 tennis Majors including 8 Grand Slam singles titles and before the Open Era a record 15 Pro Slam titles and a record 35 Major finals overall. He won the Pro Grand Slam in 1963. Rosewall won 9 slams in doubles with a career double grand slam. He is considered to be one of the top male tennis players of all time.[1][2] He had a renowned backhand and enjoyed a long career at the highest levels from the early 1950s to the early 1970s. Rosewall was one of the two best male players for about nine years and was the World No. 1 player for a number of years in the early 1960s. He was ranked among the top 20 players, amateur or professional, every year from 1952 through 1977. Rosewall is the only player to have simultaneously held Pro Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces (1962–1963). At the 1971 Australian Open he became the first male player during the open era to win a Grand Slam tournament without dropping a set.

A natural left-hander, he was taught by his father to play right-handed. Perhaps as a result of this unorthodox training (or in spite of it), he developed a powerful and effective backhand but never had anything more than an accurate but relatively soft serve. He was 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) tall, weighed 67 kg (148 lb) and was ironically nicknamed "Muscles" by his fellow-players because of his lack of them. He was, however, fast, agile, and tireless, with a deadly volley. His sliced backhand was his strongest shot, and, along with the very different backhand of former player Don Budge, has generally been considered one of the best, if not the best, backhands yet seen.[3]

The father of Brett and Glenn Rosewall, and grandfather of five, Rosewall now lives in northern Sydney.

Early life and tennis

Rosewall was born on 2 November 1934 in Hurstville, Sydney. His father, Robert Rosewall, was a grocer at Penshurst, New South Wales and when Ken was one year old they moved to the Rockdale where his father bought three clay tennis courts.[4] Ken started playing tennis at age three with a shortened racket and using both hands for forehand and backhand shots.[5] They practiced early in the morning, focusing on playing one type of shot for a period of weeks. He was a natural left-hander but was taught to play right-handed by his father. He played his first tournament when he was nine and lost to the eventual winner. At age eleven Rosewall won the Metropolitan Hardcourt Championships for under fourteen.[6] In 1949 at age 14 he became the junior champion at the Australian Hardcourt Championships in Sydney, the youngest player to win an Australian title.[7][8]

Tennis career

Amateur career: 1950 through 1956

In October 1950 at the age of 15 and still a junior player, Rosewall reached the semifinals of the 1950 New South Wales Metropolitan Championships (not to be confused with the New South Wales Championships), where he was defeated by the world-class adult player Ken McGregor.[9] The following year, he won his first men's tournament in Manly.

Ken Rosewall, as a 12 year old at White City, Sydney (1946)

In 1952, still only 17, Rosewall reached the quarterfinals of the U.S. Championships, upsetting the top-seeded Vic Seixas in the fourth round 3–6, 6–2, 7–5, 5–7, 6–3 before losing to Gardnar Mulloy in five sets.[10] In his end-of-year rankings, the British tennis expert Lance Tingay ranked Rosewall and Lew Hoad, his equally youthful doubles partner, jointly as the tenth best amateur players in the world.[11]

Rosewall was only 18 years old when, in 1953, he won his first singles title at a Grand Slam event after defeating compatriot Mervyn Rose at the Australian Championships.[12] He also won the French Championships and the Pacific Southwest Championships. He was the top seed at Wimbledon but lost the quarterfinal match to Kurt Nielsen.[13] Rosewall reached the semifinals at the U.S. Championships, where he was defeated by Tony Trabert in straight sets.[14] He lost again to Trabert in the Challenge Round of the Davis Cup in Melbourne, Australia 6–3, 6–4, 6–4. Rosewall, however, won the fifth and deciding rubber of that tie, defeating Seixas in four sets.[15] At the end of the year, Tingay placed Trabert first and Rosewall second in his annual amateur rankings.

In 1954, Rosewall defeated Trabert in a five-set semifinal at Wimbledon but lost the final to crowd-favorite Jaroslav Drobný 13–11, 4–6, 6–2, 9–7.[16]

Rosewall won the singles title at the Australian Championships for the second time in 1955, defeating Hoad in the final 9–7, 6–4, 6–4. At the U.S. Championships, Trabert defeated Rosewall in the final 9–7, 6–3, 6–3.

In 1956, Rosewall and Hoad captured all the Grand Slam men's doubles titles except at the French Championships, from which Rosewall was absent. For several years in their youthful careers, Rosewall and Hoad were known as "The Gold-dust Twins." In singles, Rosewall lost to Hoad in the final of two Grand Slam tournaments. At the Australian Championships, Hoad defeated Rosewall 6–4, 3–6, 6–4, 7–5 and at Wimbledon, Hoad won 6–2, 4–6, 7–5, 6–4. Rosewall, however, prevented Hoad from winning the Grand Slam when Rosewall won their final at the U.S. Championships 4–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–3.

During his amateur career, Rosewall helped Australia win three Davis Cup Challenge Rounds (1953, 1955 and 1956). Rosewall won 15 of the 17 Davis Cup singles rubbers he played those years, including the last 14 in a row.

Professional career: 1957 through March 1968

Ken Rosewall (front) and Lew Hoad in the 1954 final of the Eastern Grass Court Championships in South Orange, N.J., USA.

Promoter and former tennis great Jack Kramer tried unsuccessfully to sign the "Whiz Kids" (Lew Hoad and Rosewall) to professional contracts in late 1955. But one year later, Rosewall accepted Kramer's offer. Rosewall, during the Challenge Round of the Davis Cup, tried to convince his partner Hoad to do the same, but he rejected the proposition.[17]

1957

Rosewall played his first professional match on 14 January 1957, at Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne against the reigning king of professional tennis, Pancho Gonzales who won after a close five-set match.[18] The following day Rosewall defeated Gonzales in straight sets.[19] Rosewall explained later that there was a huge gap between the amateur level and the professional level. In their series of head-to-head matches in Australia and the U.S. (until May), Gonzales won 50 matches to Rosewall's 26. During this period, Rosewall also entered two tournaments, the Australian Pro at Sydney in February and the U.S. Pro at Cleveland, Ohio in April. At both events he was defeated in the semifinal in straight-sets by Frank Sedgman (second best pro in 1956) and Pancho Segura (third best pro in 1956), respectively.[20] At the Tournament of Champions, a round robin event held at Forest Hills in New York, Rosewall defeated Segura and Hoad but lost to Gonzales, Sedgman and Trabert to finish in joint third place.[20]

In September, Rosewall won the Wembley title, beating Segura in a five-set final. This was a significant victory for Rosewall because, of the top professional players, only Sedgman and Tony Trabert did not play. At the end of the year, Rosewall won an Australian tour featuring Lew Hoad, Sedgman, and Segura.[21]

1958

Rosewall was the runner-up at the Forest Hills Pro in June. Both he and Gonzales won five round robin matches and lost one but Gonzales claimed the title as he won their head-to-head encounter. Rosewall tied for second (with Pancho Gonzales and Sedgman) behind an undefeated Segura in the Masters Round Robin Pro in Los Angeles in July. Those tournaments were among the most important of the year.[22] In September, Rosewall had the opportunity to show that he was still one of the best players on clay. The previous year, no French Professional Championships (also known as the "World Pro Championships on Clay" when organised at Stade Roland Garros) had been held. This tournament returned in 1958, and Rosewall beat Jack Kramer, Frank Sedgman to reach the final in which he defeated an injured Lew Hoad in four sets to claim the title.[23]

1959

In the AMPOL points standings in February, based on a five tournament Australian circuit, Rosewall finished second with 12 points behind Hoad with 13.[24][25] For the first time since he turned professional, Rosewall had a favourable 6–4 win-loss record against Pancho Gonzales for the year. Rosewall won both editions of the Queensland Pro Championships in Brisbane, defeating Tony Trabert in the January final 6–2, 4–6, 3–6, 7–5, 6–1 and Gonzales in the December final 1–6, 7–5, 8–6, 8–6.[26]

1960

Rosewall (right) and Hoad playing doubles at the Wimbledon Championships in the mid-fifties

The following year Rosewall was incorporated in a new World Pro tour, from January to May, featuring Gonzales, Segura and new recruit Alex Olmedo. This tour was perhaps the peak of Gonzales's entire career. The finals standings were: 1) Gonzales 49 matches won – 8 lost, 2) Rosewall 32–25, 3) Segura 22–28, 4) Olmedo 11–44. Rosewall was therefore far behind Gonzales on this tour, the American having won almost all their direct confrontations (16 wins for Gonzales to 5 wins for Rosewall). Halfway through the North American part of the tour the standings were Gonzales 23–1 (his only match lost 6–4, 4–6, 13–11 to Olmedo in Philadelphia) and Rosewall 11–13.[27]

Just after Gonzales played and won a minor tournament on 16 May 1960 he decided to retire (as often it was temporary because rapidly needing money Gonzales was back on 30 December 1960). In the absence of Gonzales, Rosewall became the leader, winning six tournaments including the two main tournaments of the year, the French Pro at Roland Garros, defeating Hoad in the final in four sets, and Wembley Pro, defeating Segura.[28][29] Hoad won four tournaments making him second to Rosewall.

Measured to current standards Gonzales would not have been ranked number one because he had only played four and a half months in 1960 (one tour and one tournament): he wouldn't have accumulated enough "Race points" to be the first but in 50's or 60's standards he was, for many (McCauley in particular) the number one. At the time Hoad considered Gonzales the best (in L'Équipe in March 1961) and Rosewall didn't consider himself as the pro king but others thought that Rosewall's successes in the biggest tournaments made him the number one in the world (Robert Roy's ranking in L'Équipe). Robert Geist, in DER GRÖSSTE MEISTER: Die denkwürdige Karriere des australischen Tennisspielers Kenneth Robert Rosewall (THE GREATEST MASTER: The Memorable Career of Australian Tennis Player...) compromises by ranking them equal.

1961

After ten years of World touring, Rosewall decided to take several long breaks in order to spend time with his family and didn't enter any competition in the first half of 1961. He trained his long-time friend Hoad when the pros toured in Australia where Gonzales, back to the courts after a  7 1⁄2-month retirement, won another World tour featuring Hoad, Olmedo (replacing Rosewall), Gimeno and the two new recruits MacKay and Buchholz (Segura, Trabert, Cooper and Sedgman sometimes replaced the injured players). In the summer Rosewall returned to the circuit and won the two biggest events (because all the best players participated and the events had a (small) tradition): the French Pro at Roland Garros (clay) and Wembley Pro (wood). At Roland Garros the Australian captured the title by beating Gonzales in the final in four sets, and at Wembley he defeated Hoad in the final.[30]

After having won on clay and on wood Rosewall ended the season by winning on grass at the New South Wales Pro Championships in Sydney, defeating Butch Buchholz in the final, cementing his status as the best all-court player that year.[31]

Robert Roy of L'Équipe, Kléber Haedens and Philippe Chatrier of Tennis de France, Michel Sutter (who has published "Vainqueurs 1946–1991 Winners"), Christian Boussus (1931 Roland Garros amateur finalist), Peter Rowley, Robert Geist, Tony Trabert, John Newcombe, Rod Laver and also the New York Times and World Tennis magazine considered Rosewall as the new no. 1 in the world (see World number one male tennis player rankings)

1962

Ken Rosewall at an exhibition in Noordwijk in July 1956.

In 1962 Rosewall completely dominated the pro circuit; not only did he retain his Wembley and Roland Garros crowns, still the two biggest events by far in 1962, but he also won five (Adelaide, Melbourne, Geneva, Milan and Stockholm) of the next six biggest tournaments (in 1962 there were only small tours of lesser importance). He thus captured seven of the eight biggest events that year, the only one he lost was Zurich where he was defeated in the semifinals by Segura who in his turn left the title to Hoad. Rosewall also won two small tournaments in New Zealand and one more, the Australian TV Series (in the last one he was the player who won the most matches).

It seems that Rosewall lost only 8 matches in 1962 : Hoad twice (in the Adelaide Professional Indoor Tournament and in the Australian TV series tournament), Gimeno, Ayala, Buchholz, Segura, Anderson and Robert Haillet.

1963

In an Australasian tour (Australia and New Zealand) played on grass Rosewall defeated Laver 11 matches to 2. A US tour followed with Rosewall and Laver, Gimeno, Ayala and two Americans: Butch Buchholz and Barry MacKay (Hoad was not chosen because there would have been too many Australians). In the first phase of this tour, lasting two and a half months, each player faced each other about eight times. Rosewall ended first (31 matches won – 10 lost in front of Laver (26–16), Buchholz (23–18), Gimeno (21–20), MacKay (12–29) and Ayala (11–30)). In this round-robin phase Rosewall beat Laver in the first 5 meetings, ensuring thus a 13-match winning streak (in counting the last 8 matches in Australasia) and Laver won the last 3. Then a second and final phase of the tour opposed the first (Rosewall) and the second (Laver) of the first phase to determine the final winner (the third (Buchholz) met the fourth (Gimeno)). In 18 matches Rosewall beat Laver 14 times to conquer the US tour first place (Gimeno beat Buchholz 11–7). In mid-May the tournament season started. In those occasions Rosewall only beat Laver 4–3 and won 5 tournaments (the same as Laver), but in particular he won the three main tournaments of the year 1963: chronologically the U.S. Pro at Forest Hills (without Gimeno and Sedgman) on grass where he defeated Laver in three straight sets,[32] the French Pro at Coubertin on wood where his opponent in the final was again Laver who later praised his victor: "I played the finest tennis I believe I've ever produced, and he beat me",[33] The Wembley Pro on wood (Hoad finalist). In those tournaments Rosewall won 3 times while Laver reached 2 finals and 1 quarterfinal (Wembley), "Rocket" (Laver's nickname) becoming thus the second player in the world. Rosewall then beat Laver 34 matches to 12. The fact that Rosewall also won the major events clearly indicates that he was the number one in 1963 but also that the best pros were almost certainly the best players in the world during the previous years.

1964

In 1964 Rosewall won one major pro tournament: the French Pro over Laver on wood (at Coubertin). At the end of the South African tour, Rosewall also beat Laver in three straight sets in a Challenge Match considered by some as a World Championship match, held in Ellis Park, Johannesburg. In the official pro points rankings (7 points for the winner, 4 points for the finalist, 3 points for third, 2 for fourth place and 1 point to each quarterfinalist) taking into account 19 pro tournaments, Rosewall ended No. 1 in 1964 with 78 points beating No. 2 Laver (70 points) and No. 3 Gonzales (48 points). Nevertheless, that ranking a) brushed aside at least 10 tournaments because McCauley has traced at least 29 pro tournaments played by the touring pros (plus some minor tournaments) and several short tours and b) granted each tournament the same points and then was unfair to the big events where Laver was globally superior to Rosewall.

The majority of tennis observers (Joe McCauley, Robert Geist, Michel Sutter) and the players themselves agreed this points rankings for they considered Rosewall the number one in 1964. Rod Laver himself after his triumph over Rosewall at Wembley said "I’ve still plenty of ambitions left and would like to be the World's No.1. Despite this win, I am not there yet – Ken is. I may have beaten him more often than he has beaten me this year but he has won the biggest tournaments except here. I’ve lost to other people but Ken hasn’t.".[34]

Laver made a great season and could too claim the top rank. He captured two of the major pro tournaments, a) the U.S. Pro (outside Boston) over Rosewall (suffering from food poisoning) and Gonzales and b) Wembley pro over Rosewall in one of their best match ever (Gonzales has won the probably fourth greatest tournament of that year, the U.S. Pro Indoors, at White Plains, defeating in succession Anderson, Laver, Hoad and Rosewall). Laver was equal to Rosewall in big direct confrontations, 2 all (Coubertin and Johannesburg for Rosewall, US Pro and Wembley for Laver).

Rosewall had the edge over Laver if we consider their clashes against their greatest rival, Gonzales : that year Rosewall has beaten Gonzales 11 times out of 14 while Laver was beaten by Gonzales 8 times out of 13. But Laver won one more tournament (including small 4-man events) than Rosewall (11 to 10) and he was superior to Rosewall in minor direct confrontations, defeating Rosewall 13 times out of 15 making thus a 1964 Laver-Rosewall win-loss record of 15–4. So the pros leadership began to change.

1965

Next year until mid-September Rosewall and Laver were quite equal, the latter winning more tournaments including the US Pro Indoors at New York City and the Masters Pro at Los Angeles but Rosewall struck two great blows during the summer of 1965 by winning very easily the U.S. Pro on the Longwood C.C. (outside Boston) grass courts crushing Gonzales, 6–3 6–2 6–4, and Laver, 6–4 6–3 6–3, in the last rounds and again Laver, 6–3 6–2 6–4, in the French Pro on the fast wooden courts at Coubertin. But from Wembley to the end of the year, Laver became irresistible and Rosewall had to recognise Laver's supremacy.

1966

1966 was the year of the greatest rivalry between the two Australians who dominated tennis. They shared all the titles and the finals of the five greatest tournaments. Rosewall won the Madison Square Garden (the biggest prize money ever to date) and his cherished French Pro tournaments over Laver, the latter capturing Forest Hills Pro, the U.S. Pro (outside Boston) and Wembley Pro with Rosewall finalist (or second) each time. Of the main tournaments contested by the troupe, Laver won 9, Rosewall 8 and Gimeno 3. If we include lesser tournaments Laver won 15, Rosewall 9 and Gimeno 6. In head-to-head matches between Rosewall and Laver, both player won 7 each. Rosewall was then the clear undisputed vice-king of the courts.

1967

Rosewall's decline began in 1967. Not only did Laver—almost invincible on fast courts and at that time the undisputed professional tennis king—reach the apogee of his career, but Gimeno threatened Rosewall's second place. The 20 main tournaments of the year were shared by a) Laver, ten titles including the five biggest ones, all played on fast courts (U.S. Pro, French Pro, Wembley Pro, Wimbledon Pro, Madison Square Garden, World Pro in Oklahoma, Boston Pro (not to be confused with the U.S. Pro), Newport R.R., Johannesburg Ellis Park, Coubertin Pro in April (not to be confused with the French Pro at Coubertin in October), b) Rosewall, six titles (Los Angeles, Berkeley, U.S. Pro Hardcourt in St Louis, Newport Beach, Durban and Cape Town), c) Gimeno, three titles (Cincinnati, East London, Port Elizabeth) and d) Stolle, one tournament (Transvaal Pro). Including lesser tournaments Laver's supremacy was even more obvious: 1) Laver 18 tournaments plus two small tours, 2) Rosewall seven tournaments, 3) Stolle four tournaments and 4) Gimeno three tournaments. In head-to-head matches Rosewall trailed Laver 5–8 and was equal with Gimeno 7–7.

Before 1967 Gimeno always trailed Rosewall in direct confrontations but that year they split their matches. Rosewall defeated Gimeno in Los Angeles, Madison Square Garden, St Louis, Newport, Johannesburg (challenge match), Durban and Wembley whereas Gimeno won in Cincinnati, U.S. Pro, East London, Port Elizabeth, Johannesburg (tournament), Marseille, French Pro. Having won more tournaments than Gimeno, Rosewall deserved nevertheless the second place behind Laver, the latter being for the first year the #1 by far after the 1964–1966 close rivalry between the two Australians.

Forbidden to contest the greatest traditional events, Davis Cup and Grand Slams, during nearly eleven and a half years from 1957 to 30 March 1968, Rosewall reached his best level during this period, in particular from 1960 to 1966, by winning at least 62 tournaments (including 16 less-than-eight-man events) and seven small tours.

Open-closed career: April 1968 through July 1972

1968

During the 1968 season several categories of players coexisted:

Ken Rosewall (1970)

In 1968 there were a) an amateur circuit including the Davis Cup (closed to any "contract" professional until 1973) and the Australian Championships, b) two pro circuits: WCT and NTL, which met at four tournaments, and c) an open circuit (with a little more than 10 tournaments). At the beginning of the open era WCT founder Dave Dixon did not allow his players to enter tournaments where NTL players were present: there were no WCT players at the first two open tournaments, the British Hard Court Championships and French Open, while all the NTL players were present. The first tournament where NTL and WCT players competed against each other, was the U.S. Pro, held at Longwood in June. Several events were still reserved to the amateur players between 1968 and 1972.

Two tournaments were at the top in 1968: Wimbledon (a 128-man field), and the US Open (a 100-man field), both played on grass, where all the best players competed. Other notable tournaments that year were the Queen's Club tournament and the greatest pro tournaments where all the NTL and WCT pros competed (but without amateur or registered players) as the U.S. Pro (outside Boston, on grass), the French Pro (coming back to Roland Garros after the 5-edition interlude at Coubertin), the first Pacific Southwest Open in Los Angeles (64-man field) with all the best players present, the Jack Kramer Tournament of Champions at Wembley in November and the Madison Square Garden Pro in December with the four best pros of each organisation.

In this context Rosewall played almost all NTL pro tournaments in 1968, the four "NTL-WCT" tournaments and some open tournaments. He entered his first open tournament at 33 years at Bournemouth on clay (the WCT players did not take part) and defeated Gimeno and Laver to win the first open tennis title. At the French Open, the first Grand Slam tournament of the Open Era, Rosewall confirmed his status of best claycourt player in the world by defeating Laver in the final in four sets.[35] Defeats followed against some of the upcoming 1967 amateur players (Roche twice on grass at the US Pro and at Wimbledon, Newcombe on clay at the French Pro and Okker on grass at the U.S. Open) but his end of the year was better. He reached the semifinals of the US Open, was finalist to Laver at the Pacific Southwest Open, defeating the new US Open winner, Arthur Ashe, and in November captured the Wembley Pro tournament over WCT player, John Newcombe. At age 34 Rosewall was still ranked No. 3 in the world behind Laver and Ashe according to Lance Tingay and Bud Collins.

1969

His true decline, having begun in 1967, was confirmed in 1969. Rosewall was no longer the best claycourt player as Laver had stolen his crown in the final of the French Open at Roland Garros. Rosewall was ranked No. 4 that year by Collins and Tingay and won three tournaments (Bristol, Chicago, Midland).

At age 35 he had won almost all the great events except for Wimbledon, and subsequently this tournament became Rosewall's priority. The Wimbledon crown had eluded him during his 11-year professional career (1957–1967), when he was excluded from entering the event, at a time when he was at his best—particularly between 1961 and 1965 (except 1964) when he was arguably the best grasscourt player in the world. Realizing that if he reached the last rounds of the French Open he could be too tired to play well at Wimbledon (as had happened in 1968 and 1969, when he lost in the fourth and third rounds respectively), Rosewall decided not to play the French Open any more in the seventies in order to be in optimal condition for Wimbledon.

1970

Being an NTL player at the beginning of 1970 he didn't play the Australian Open held at the White City Stadium in Sydney in January because NTL boss, George McCall, and his players thought that the prize money was too low for a Grand Slam tournament. In March, a tournament, sponsored by Dunlop, was organised at the same site, with a higher quality field because of better prize-money and a better date. The same class players as in the Australian Open were present and in addition not only the NTL pros participated but also some independent pros, such as Ilie Năstase, who usually did not make the trip to Australia. Laver won the tournament after defeating Rosewall in a five-set final watched by a crowd of 8,000.[36] As both the NTL and the WCT boycotted the Roland Garros tournament because it refused to pay guarantees Rosewall also missed the second Grand Slam tournament of the year.[37][38] All the best players met again at Wimbledon. This time a rested Rosewall reached the final and took the Newcombe, his  9 1⁄2-year-old junior, to five sets but ultimately succumbed.[39] In July Rosewall became a WCT player after that organization took over the NTL and its players.[40] Two months later at the U.S. Open, one of the two 1970 Grand Slams with all the best players, Rosewall took revenge in their semifinal match in three straight sets before defeating Tony Roche in the final to win his sixth Grand Slam tournament.

Ken Rosewall in Scheveningen (1970)

To fight against the WCT and NTL promoters, who controlled their own players and did not allow them to compete where they wanted, Kramer introduced the Grand Prix tennis circuit in December 1969, open to all players. The first Grand Prix circuit was held in 1970 and comprised 20 tournaments from April to December. These tournaments gave points according to their categories and the players' performances with the top six ranked players invited to a season-ending tournament called the Masters. All the amateurs and independent pros fully invested themselves in this circuit while the contract pros firstly played their own circuit and eventually played in some Grand Prix tournaments. Rosewall and Laver performed well in both circuits. Rosewall was ranked third in the Grand Prix standings and finished third in the Masters behind winner Stan Smith and his 1970 nemesis Laver.[41] Rosewall earned $140,455 in prize money.

After his 1967–1969 steady decline, 1970 saw a rejuvenated Rosewall who was just one set short of winning the Wimbledon and U.S. Open double.

1970 was a year where no player dominated the circuit, the seven leading tournaments were won by seven different players, and different arguments were given to designate the World No. 1. Some, among them Newcombe and the panel of journalists which made the 1971 WCT draw, considered Laver the best player because he won most tournaments (15), earned the most prize money and had a dominantly positive head-to-head record against both Rosewall (5–0) and Newcombe (3–0). But Laver failed at Wimbledon and the U.S. Open, the two big tournaments, losing each time in the round of 16. Other tennis pundits, as Joe McCauley (World Tennis) or Lance Tingay (Daily Telegraph), narrowly ranked Newcombe first because he won the most prestigious tournament, Wimbledon with Rosewall second and Laver respectively third and fourth. But considering that Wimbledon and the U.S. Open were the two big events of 1970 Newcombe (Wimbledon winner) and Rosewall (U.S. Open winner) were the main choices for the number one player in the world. Judith Elian of the French sports paper L'Équipe ranked Rosewall as the number one player ahead of Newcombe and the panel of experts for the 'Martini and Rosso' Cup also had Rosewall first, narrowly over Laver. Meanwhile, in his book (see above) Robert Geist ranked the three Australians equal number ones.

1971

After his runner-up finishes at Sydney and Wimbledon and his victory at the US Open in 1970, Rosewall continued his good performances in 1971 in the great grass court tournaments. One year after the first Dunlop Open was held in Sydney, Rosewall was back in Sydney in March, this time for the Australian open held on the White City Courts. Because it was sponsored by Dunlop in 1971, all the World Championship Tennis (WCT) players (including the National Tennis League players since spring 1970) entered (John Newcombe, Rosewall, Rod Laver, Tony Roche, Tom Okker, Arthur Ashe) as well as some independent pros. Only Stan Smith (Army's service), Cliff Richey, Clark Graebner, and the not-yet-good-on-grass players Ilie Năstase and Jan Kodeš were missing. Rosewall won the tournament, his second consecutive Grand Slam win and his seventh overall Grand Slam title, without losing a set and defeated Roy Emerson and Okker before beating Ashe in the final in straight sets.

Rosewall and most other WCT players did not play the French Open; yet, Rosewall still tried to reach his seventies goal by winning Wimbledon. In the quarterfinals, Rosewall needed about four hours to defeat Richey in five sets whereas Newcombe quickly defeated Colin Dibley. In the semifinals, the older Rosewall was no match for the fitter Newcombe and lost in straight sets. Later in the summer, Rosewall and some other WCT players (Laver, Andrés Gimeno, Emerson, Cliff Drysdale, Fred Stolle, and Roche) did not play the US Open because of the growing conflict between the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) and the WCT. His children's illnesses was an additional reason for Rosewall not playing this tournament.

As a contract pro, Rosewall was not allowed to play the Davis Cup and thus concentrated mainly on the WCT circuit organised similarly to the Grand Prix circuit which was the equivalent for the independent pros: 20 tournaments (including the Australian Open), each giving the same points amount. The top eight players in ranking points were invited to the WCT Finals, an eight-man tournament, equivalent of the Grand Prix Masters for the WCT players, played in November in Houston and Dallas, USA. When the WCT players were off they could play tournaments on the Grand Prix circuit. Some tournaments such as Berkeley, which had a stronger field than the US Open, were organized by both organisations. But the war between the ILTF and WCT climaxed in a ban by the ILTF beginning on 1 January 1972, of the WCT players from the Grand Prix circuit.

Rosewall ended third on the 1971 WCT circuit behind Laver and Okker and qualified for the WCT Finals. He won the title, taking his revenge over Newcombe for his Wimbledon defeat, in the quarterfinal, defeating Okker in the semifinals and beating Laver in a four-sets final in what was considered at the time as the best match, with their 1970 Sydney final, between the two rivals since their 1968 French Open final.[42][43] As a WCT player Rosewall played few Grand Prix tournaments but he had earned enough points to play the Grand Prix Masters held about ten days after his WCT Finals. He refused the invitation as he was tired after a long season and took his holidays at the end of the year.

In 1971 Rosewall won eight tournaments and 76 out of 97 matches (78%) and in direct confrontations trailed Newcombe 1–3, Laver 2–3 but led Smith 1–0. Collins and Elian ranked Rosewall third after Newcombe and/or Smith. Tingay ranked Rosewall 4th, Rino Tommasi 1st, and the Martini-Rossi award was given jointly to Smith and Newcombe. Geist ranked Rosewall co-No. 1 tied with Newcombe and Smith. That year, as in 1970, there was no clear undisputed World No. 1.

1972

1972 saw a return to separate circuits because all traditional ILTF events held from January to July were forbidden to the WCT players. This included the Davis Cup but also Roland Garros and Wimbledon. The 1972 Australian Open organizers used a trick to avoid the ban of the WCT players. They held the tournament from 27 December 1971, four days before the ban could be applied, to 3 January 1972. Thus all contract as well as independent pros could enter but few were interested because it was held during Christmas and New Year's Day period. The draw included only eight non-Australian players. Rosewall reached the final in which he defeated Mal Anderson to win his fourth Australian title and the eight, and last, Grand Slam title of his career.[44][45] A fragile agreement in the spring of 1972 let the WCT players come back to the traditional circuit in August (in Merion, WCT players Okker and Roger Taylor played). The US Open, won by Ilie Năstase, was the greatest event of the year as only in this tournament were all the best players present with the exception of Tony Roche who suffered from a tennis elbow. Later that year two other tournaments had good fields with WCT and independent pros: the Pacific Southwest Open at Los Angeles and, to a lesser extent, Stockholm, both won by Stan Smith.

In many 1972 rankings there were six or seven WCT players in the world top 10 (the three or four independent pros were Smith, Năstase, Orantes and sometimes Gimeno) so the $100,000 season-ending WCT Finals held in May in Dallas were considered as one of the major events of the year. The final, played between Rosewall and Laver, was considered one of the two best matches played in 1972, the other being the Wimbledon final, and the best Rosewall-Laver match of the open era. It was broadcast nationally in the U.S., viewed by twenty-three million people, and became known as the “match that made tennis in the United States.” Rosewall won the last major title of his long career by defeating Laver in an epic five-set match which was decided by a tiebreak.[46][47][48] (Laver wrote that the two Australians had played better matches between them in the pre-open days, citing their 1963 French Pro final as the pinnacle; McCauley considered their 1964 Wembley final).

Because of the ILTF's ban once again Rosewall could not enter Wimbledon.

True open career: August 1972 through 1980

1972

From August 1972 players could enter almost all the tournaments they wanted and the real open era began (at Forest Hills they created the ATP)

Rosewall won seven tournaments in 1972, including the depleted Australian Open and became the oldest Grand Slam male singles champion (37 years and 2 months old) in the open era,[lower-alpha 1] and was ranked, by Judith Elian or Tingay or McCauley, No. 3 behind Smith and Ilie Năstase (Bud Collins permuting Năstase and Rosewall). He lost in the second round of the 1972 U.S. Open against Mark Cox.

1973

For Rosewall the beginning of 1973 was identical to the second half of 1972: a desert. He recorded possibly his worst defeat in his whole career at the 1973 Australian Open (again with a weak field because as in 1972 among the Top 20 only Rosewall and Newcombe participated) when seeded first he was defeated by German Karl Meiler in his first match (second round) in straight sets: 2–6, 3–6, 2–6. Between May 1972 (victory at Dallas) and April 1973 (victory at Houston, River Oaks) Rosewall captured only two minor titles, Tokyo WCT (not giving points for the WCT Finals) and Brisbane (in December 1972) where he was the only Top 20 player. If 1967 has been the first year of a relative decline with however many highlights, 1973 (and more accurately his "after-Dallas 1972") has been the real start of Rosewall's true decline : admittedly he was still one of the best players but not one fighting for the first place.

Rosewall did not play Wimbledon that year as the edition was boycotted by the ATP players. After an absence of 17 years Rosewall returned to Davis Cup play in November when he played a doubles match with Rod Laver in the interzonal final against Czechoslovakia.[49]

His best performances in 1973 were firstly his semifinal at the US Open (as in 1972 the greatest event of the year) and secondly his third place at the WCT Finals (he was beaten by Ashe in the semifinals and defeated Laver for 3rd place). He also won at Houston WCT, Cleveland WCT, Charlotte WCT, Osaka and Tokyo. He was still ranked in the top 10. Tommasi ranked Rosewall 4, Tingay 6, ATP 6, Collins 5, and McCauley 7.

1974–1982

1974 was the first year since 1952 that Rosewall did not win a single tournament. However, he entered nine tournaments (the one at Hong Kong not finished because of rain) and reached three finals including Wimbledon and US Open. This was his last Wimbledon final, at the age of 39. Despite the strong support of the crowd, who were eager to see him finally claim a Wimbledon title, he lost to the 18 years younger Jimmy Connors.[50][51] Due to the two last strong performances he was ranked between second (Tingay) and the seventh place (Collins) by many tennis journalists. He ranked only 8th in the ATP rankings because he played too few tournaments knowing that he succumbed to the charms of the World Team Tennis "organisation". Rosewall coached the Pittsburgh Triangles team in 1974.

He still stayed in the Top 10 (ATP, Collins, Tommasi) or the Top 15 in 1975 winning 5 tournaments (Jackson, Houston-River Oaks, Louisville, Gstaad, Tokyo Gunze Open) and his two singles in Davis Cup against New Zealand (this event has been finally open to contract pros in 1973 : that year Rosewall was selected by Neale Fraser for the semifinals doubles). Rosewall made his last attempt at Wimbledon, at over 40, and as in his first Wimbledon Open (in 1968) he lost in the same round (4th) and against the same player (Tony Roche).

In 1976 Rosewall dropped out of the Top 10 but stayed in the Top 20 as he won three tournaments: Brisbane, Jackson WCT and Hong Kong (over Năstase then the 3rd player in the world).

1977 was Rosewall's last year in the Top 20, which means he was one of the best players for 26 years (in the Top 20 from 1952 to 1977). In January he reached the semifinal of the 1977 Australian Open, losing in four sets to eventual champion Roscoe Tanner.[52] He won his last two tournaments titles in Hong Kong and Tokyo (Gunze Open) respectively at the age of 43.[53][54] Rosewall played in the Sydney Indoor Tournament in October 1977. Approaching his 43rd birthday he beat the No. 3 in the world Vitas Gerulaitis in a straight-sets semifinal and put in a credible performance losing to Jimmy Connors in the final in three straight sets. The following year he lost in the semifinals at 44 years of age. Afterwards, he gradually retired. In October 1980 at the Melbourne indoor tournament, at nearly 46 years of age, Rosewall defeated American Butch Walts, ranked World No. 49, in the first round before losing to Paul McNamee. Rosewall made a very brief comeback at 47 years of age in a non-ATP tournament, the New South Wales Hardcourt Championships in Grafton in February, where he reached the final, losing to Brett Edwards 6–4, 6–2.

Rivalries

Gonzales and Laver are the two players that Rosewall most often met. His meetings with Laver are better documented and detailed than those with Gonzales. Except the first year (1963) and the last year they played (1976), the statistics of their meetings show a domination by Laver; but they are biased before when Rosewall was the better of the two Australians in 1963. In the Open Era a match score of 23–9 in favour of Laver can be documented, overall a score of 80–64.

Including tournaments and one-night stands, Rosewall and Gonzales played at least 182 matches, all of them as professionals, with some results from the barnstorming pro tours either lost or partially recorded. A match score of 107–75 in favor of Gonzales can be documented.

Playing style and assessment

In his 1979 autobiography, Kramer writes that "Rosewall was a backcourt player when he came into the pros, but he learned very quickly how to play the net. Eventually, for that matter, he became a master of it, as much out of physical preservation as for any other reason. I guarantee you that Kenny wouldn't have lasted into his forties as a world-class player if he hadn't learned to serve and volley." His one-handed backhand which he usually played with backspin was rated as one of the best backhand shots in the history of the game.[55][56][57]

Kramer includes the Australian in his list of the 21 greatest players of all time.[lower-alpha 2]

During his long playing career he remained virtually injury-free, something that helped him to still win tournaments at the age of 43 and remain ranked in the top 15 in the world. Although he was a finalist 4 times at Wimbledon, it was the one major tournament that eluded him.

Rosewall was a finalist at the 1974 US Open at 39 years 310 days old, making him the oldest player to participate in two Grand Slam finals in the same year. Before that, in 1972 Rosewall won the Australian Open final at age 37 and 2 months making him the oldest player to date to win a Grand Slam male singles title.

In 1995 Pancho Gonzales said of him: "He became better as he got older, more of a complete player. With the exception of me and Frank Sedgman, he could handle everybody else. Just the way he played, he got under Hoad's skin, but he had a forehand weakness and a serve weakness." In 182 matches against Gonzales he won 75 and lost 107. In 70 matches against Lew Hoad he won 45 and lost 25.

Career statistics

Grand Slam tournament finals

Singles : 8 titles, 8 runners-up

Outcome Year Championship Surface Opponent Score
Winner 1953 Australian Championships Grass Australia Mervyn Rose 6–0, 6–3, 6–4
Winner 1953 French Championships Clay United States Vic Seixas 6–3, 6–4, 1–6, 6–2
Runner-up 1954 Wimbledon Grass Egypt Jaroslav Drobný 11–13, 6–4, 2–6, 7–9
Winner 1955 Australian Championships Grass Australia Lew Hoad 9–7, 6–4, 6–4
Runner-up 1955 U.S. Championships Grass United States Tony Trabert 7–9, 3–6, 3–6
Runner-up 1956 Australian Championships Grass Australia Lew Hoad 4–6, 6–3, 4–6, 5–7
Runner-up 1956 Wimbledon Grass Australia Lew Hoad 2–6, 6–4, 5–7, 4–6
Winner 1956 U.S. Championships Grass Australia Lew Hoad 4–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–3
↓ Open Era ↓
Winner 1968 French Open Clay Australia Rod Laver 6–3, 6–1, 2–6, 6–2
Runner-up 1969 French Open Clay Australia Rod Laver 4–6, 3–6, 4–6
Runner-up 1970 Wimbledon Grass Australia John Newcombe 7–5, 3–6, 2–6, 6–3, 1–6
Winner 1970 US Open Grass Australia Tony Roche 2–6, 6–4, 7–6, 6–3
Winner 1971 Australian Open Grass United States Arthur Ashe 6–1, 7–5, 6–3
Winner 1972 Australian Open Grass Australia Malcolm Anderson 7–6, 6–3, 7–5
Runner-up 1974 Wimbledon Grass United States Jimmy Connors 1–6, 1–6, 4–6
Runner-up 1974 US Open Grass United States Jimmy Connors 1–6, 0–6, 1–6

Performance timeline

Grand Slam Tournament Amateur Pro Open Era Titles / Played Career Win-Loss Career Win %
1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957–1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
Australian 1R QF W SF W F banned 3R A W W 2R A A SF SF QF 3R 4 / 14 47–10 82.46
French A 2R W 4R A A banned W F A A A A A A A A A 2 / 5 24–3 88.89
Wimbledon A 2R QF F SF F banned 4R 3R F SF A A F 4R A A A 0 / 11 47–11 81.03
U.S. A QF SF SF F W banned SF QF W A 2R SF F A A 3R A 2 / 12 57–10 85.07
Total: 8 / 42 175–34 83.73

Pro-Slam tournament finals

* Singles : 15 titles, 4 runners-up

Result Year Tournament Surface Opponent Score
Winner 1957 Wembley Championship Indoor United States Pancho Segura 1–6, 6–3, 6–4, 3–6, 6–4
Winner 1958 French Pro Championship Clay Australia Lew Hoad 3–6, 6–2, 6–4, 6–0
Winner 1960 French Pro Championship Clay Australia Lew Hoad 6–2, 2–6, 6–2, 6–1
Winner 1960 Wembley Championship Indoor United States Pancho Segura 5–7, 8–6, 6–1, 6–3
Winner 1961 French Pro Championship Clay United States Pancho Gonzales 2–6, 6–4, 6–3, 8–6
Winner 1961 Wembley Championship Indoor Australia Lew Hoad 6–3, 3–6, 6–2, 6–3
Winner 1962 French Pro Championship Clay Spain Andrés Gimeno 3–6, 6–2, 7–5, 6–2
Winner 1962 Wembley Championship Indoor Australia Lew Hoad 6–4, 5–7, 15–13, 7–5
Winner 1963 U.S. Pro Championship Grass Australia Rod Laver 6–4, 6–2, 6–2
Winner 1963 French Pro Championship Wood (i) Australia Rod Laver 6–8, 6–4, 5–7, 6–3, 6–4
Winner 1963 Wembley Championship Indoor Australia Lew Hoad 6–4, 6–2, 4–6, 6–3
Winner 1964 French Pro Championship Wood (i) Australia Rod Laver 6–3, 7–5, 3–6, 6–3
Runner-up 1964 Wembley Championship Indoor Australia Rod Laver 5–7, 6–4, 7–5, 6–8, 6–8
Winner 1965 U.S. Pro Championship Grass Australia Rod Laver 6–4, 6–3, 6–3
Winner 1965 French Pro Championship Wood (i) Australia Rod Laver 6–3, 6–2, 6–4
Winner 1966 French Pro Championship Wood (i) Australia Rod Laver 6–3, 6–2, 14–12
Runner-up 1966 Wembley Championship Indoor Australia Rod Laver 2–6, 2–6, 3–6
Runner-up 1966 U.S. Pro Championship Grass Australia Rod Laver 4–6, 6–4, 2–6, 10–8, 3–6
Runner-up 1967 Wembley Championship Indoor Australia Rod Laver 6–2, 1–6, 6–1, 6–8, 2–6

Performance timeline

Pro Slam Tournament Professional Titles / Played Career Win-Loss Career Win %
1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
U.S. Pro SF A A A A A W SF W F SF 2 / 6 12–4 75.00
French Pro NH W SF W W W W W W W SF 8 / 10 30–2 93.75
Wembley Pro W SF SF W W W W F SF F F 5 / 11 29–6 82.86
Total: 15 / 27 71–12 85.54
Other events
Wimbledon Pro NH NH NH NH NH NH NH NH NH NH F 0 / 1 2–1 66.67

Records

All-time records

Championship Years Record accomplished Player tied
Pro Slam1963Won the calendar year Professional Grand Slam [58][59]Rod Laver
Pro Slam and Grand Slam 1953-1974 23 combined Major titles overall Stands alone
Pro Slam and Grand Slam 1953-197435 combined Major finals overallStands alone
Pro Slam and Grand Slam 1953-197452 combined Major semifinals overallStands alone
Pro Slam and Grand Slam 1953-197457 combined Major quarterfinals overall Stands alone
Pro Slam tournaments 1957-6727 appearances overall Stands alone
Pro Slam tournaments 1957-6615 titles overall Stands alone
Pro Slam tournaments 1957-6719 finals overall Stands alone
Pro Slam tournaments 1957-6727 semifinals overall Stands alone
Pro Slam tournaments 1957-67 27 quarterfinals overall Stands alone
Pro Slam tournaments 1957-67 85.54% 71-12 match win percentage overall Stands alone
Australian Championships1954Youngest singles champion 18 years, 2 months.[60] Stands alone
Australian Championships1953-197219 year gap between first and last singles title Stands alone [61]
Australian Championships1971Won title without losing set Don Budge
John Bromwich
Roy Emerson
Roger Federer
French Championships1953-196815 year gap between first and last singles title Stands alone
French Pro-Championship1958-1966 8 titles overall Stands alone
French Pro-Championships1960-1966 7 consecutive titles Stands alone
French Pro-Championships1958-1967 93.75% 30-5 match win percentage Stands alone
U.S. Championships1956-197014 year gap between first and last singles title Stands alone
Wembley Pro-Championships1960-1963 4 consecutive titles Rod Laver
All tournaments1951-197020 wood court titles Stands alone
Career1951-77 25 non-consecutive 1+ singles title seasons Stands alone
Career1953-73 21 consecutive 1+ singles title seasons Stands alone
Career1952-76 25 consecutive years in the top 10 [62] Stands alone

Open Era records

Championship Years Record accomplished Player tied
Australian Open1971Won title without losing a setRoger Federer
Australian Open 1972Oldest singles champion (37 years, 2 months)[60] Stands alone
US Open1970 Oldest singles champion (35 years, 10 months) Stands alone
US Open1974 Oldest player in a Grand Slam final (39years, 5 months) Stands alone
WCT Finals1971–19722 consecutive titlesJohn McEnroe
WCT Finals1971–1973 87.50% (7-1) winning percentage Stands alone

Note: The draw of Pro majors was significantly smaller than the traditional Grand Slam tournaments; usually they only had 16 or even fewer professional players. Though they were the top 16 ranked players in the world at the time, this meant only four rounds of play instead of the modern six or seven rounds.

Personal life

Ken Rosewall married Wilma McIver at St. John's Cathedral, Brisbane, Queensland on 6 October 1956. It was described in press reports as Brisbane's society wedding of the year with over 2000 people in attendance outside the church, and 800 guests in the Cathedral.[63] The couple then moved to Turramurra, New South Wales and have lived there ever since.

Ken Rosewall was a non Executive Director of the failed stockbroking firm BBY and his son, Glenn Rosewall, was the company's Executive Director.[64]

Honours

In the Queen's Birthday Honours of 1971, he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).[65] In the Australia Day Honours of 1979, he was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM). Rosewall was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1980. In 1985 he was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame.[66] He is an Australian Living Treasure.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Arthur Gore won Wimbledon at the age of 41 years in the year 1909 and is the oldest Grand Slam singles winner in the history of tennis.
  2. ↑ Writing in 1979, Kramer considered the best ever to have been either Don Budge (for consistent play) or Ellsworth Vines (at the height of his game). The next four best were, chronologically, Bill Tilden, Fred Perry, Bobby Riggs, and Pancho Gonzales. After these six came the "second echelon" of Rod Laver, Lew Hoad, Ken Rosewall, Gottfried von Cramm, Ted Schroeder, Jack Crawford, Pancho Segura, Frank Sedgman, Tony Trabert, John Newcombe, Arthur Ashe, Stan Smith, Björn Borg, and Jimmy Connors. He felt unable to rank Henri Cochet and René Lacoste accurately but felt they were among the very best.

References

  1. ↑ Greatest Player Of All Time: A Statistical Analysis by Raymond Lee, Friday, 14 September 2007
  2. ↑ "Ray Bowers on Tennis Server (2000)". Tennisserver.com. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  3. ↑ Greatest Shots in Tennis History, The Backhand: Ken Rosewall
  4. ↑ Rosewall & Rowley 1976, p. 15
  5. ↑ Rosewall & Rowley 1976, p. 1
  6. ↑ Rosewall & Rowley 1976, p. 2
  7. ↑ "Tennis Title to N.S.W.". The News. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 3 September 1949. p. 7.
  8. ↑ "Lawn Tennis.". The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 25 October 1949. p. 14.
  9. ↑ "Straight Sets Win To Worthington.". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. National Library of Australia. 12 October 1950. p. 14.
  10. ↑ "Bright Australian Future". TIME. 15 September 1952. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  11. ↑ Collins, Bud (2010). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (2nd ed.). New York: New Chapter Press. pp. 717, 718. ISBN 978-0942257700.
  12. ↑ "Singles Title To Rosewall.". Advocate (Burnie, Tas. : 1890 - 1954). Burnie, Tas.: National Library of Australia. 19 January 1953. p. 5.
  13. ↑ Monday, 13 Jul. 1953 (13 July 1953). "A Carnation for Victor". TIME. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  14. ↑ Monday, 14 Sep. 1953 (14 September 1953). "Melbourne Preview?". TIME. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  15. ↑ "Davis Cup, World Group Challenge Rounds, 1953". Daviscup.com. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  16. ↑ Monday, 12 Jul. 1954 (12 July 1954). "Old Drob". TIME. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  17. ↑ Hoad & Pollack 1958, p. 184
  18. ↑ "He starts a bit shakily, but then... our Ken gives US star fight of his life.". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 15 January 1957. p. 16.
  19. ↑ "A fighting Ken makes it one-all.". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 16 January 1957. p. 22.
  20. 1 2 McCauley (2003), p. 206
  21. ↑ McCauley (2003), p. 207
  22. ↑ McCauley (2003), p. 209
  23. ↑ McCauley (2003), p. 211
  24. ↑ McCauley (2003), pp. 90–91, 211
  25. ↑ "Sedgman Leads Professionals.". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). ACT: National Library of Australia. 28 January 1959. p. 20.
  26. ↑ McCauley (2003), pp. 211, 215
  27. ↑ McCauley (2003), p. 99
  28. ↑ McCauley (2003), pp. 102, 218
  29. ↑ "Rosewall Gets £1,300 For Tennis Wins.". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). ACT: National Library of Australia. 27 September 1960. p. 23.
  30. ↑ ""Wonder Kids" At It Again.". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). ACT: National Library of Australia. 19 September 1961. p. 20.
  31. ↑ "Easy Singles Win For Ken Rosewall.". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). ACT: National Library of Australia. 11 December 1961. p. 16.
  32. ↑ "Laver Loses To Rosewall.". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). ACT: National Library of Australia. 2 July 1963. p. 24.
  33. ↑ The Education of a Tennis Player, by Rod Laver, page 151
  34. ↑ The History of Professional Tennis, by Joe McCauley, page 128
  35. ↑ "Rosewall takes French title.". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). ACT: National Library of Australia. 10 June 1968. p. 10.
  36. ↑ "Tennis thriller – Layer wins 'greatest game ever'.". The Canberra Times. National Library of Australia. 23 March 1970. p. 20.
  37. ↑ John Barrett, ed. (1971). World of Tennis '71 : a BP yearbook. London: Queen Anne Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-362-00091-7.
  38. ↑ "European men dominate tennis.". The Canberra Times. National Library of Australia. 3 June 1970. p. 32.
  39. ↑ "It almost came up roses for Rosewall". Sports Illustrated. 13 July 1970.
  40. ↑ "Tennis takeover.". The Canberra Times. National Library of Australia. 30 July 1970. p. 28.
  41. ↑ John Barrett, ed. (1971). World of Tennis '71 : a BP yearbook. London: Queen Anne Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-362-00091-7.
  42. ↑ John Barrett, ed. (1972). World of Tennis '72. London: Queen Anne Press. pp. 147–148, 152. ISBN 9780362001037. OCLC 86035663.
  43. ↑ "Winner Takes $50,000 Loser, $1 Million". Sports Illustrated. December 6, 1971.
  44. ↑ "Rosewall is still champion.". The Canberra Times. National Library of Australia. 4 January 1972. p. 16.
  45. ↑ Dave Seminara (16 January 2012). "A Surprising Victory in 1972 Stands the Test of Time". The New York Times.
  46. ↑ "Rosewall at 37 Still Has Enough Tennis". The Milwaukee Journal. 15 May 1972. p. 12.
  47. ↑ John Barrett, ed. (1973). World of Tennis '73 : a BP and Commercial Union yearbook. London: Queen Anne Press. pp. 45–51. ISBN 9780671216238.
  48. ↑ Steve Tignor (12 March 2015). "1972: The Rod Laver vs. Ken Rosewall WCT Final in Dallas". www.tennis.com. Tennis.com.
  49. ↑ "Rosewall set for Davis Cup.". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). ACT: National Library of Australia. 1 December 1972. p. 20.
  50. ↑ Jon Henderson (7 January 2007). "Connors blows away graceful Rosewall". www.theguardian.com. The Observer.
  51. ↑ "Connors Tops Rosewall For Wimbledon Crown". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. AP. 7 July 1974. p. 1C.
  52. ↑ "Tanner, Vilas In Finals Of Australian Tourney". Times Daily. UPI. 9 January 1977. p. 24.
  53. ↑ "ATP player profile – Ken Rosewall". www.atpworldtour.com. ATP.
  54. ↑ "$13,000 win to veteran Ken". The Age. 14 November 1977. p. 29.
  55. ↑ Peter Burwash (17 September 2013). "Learning from the Past: Ken Rosewall's Backhand". www.tennis.com. Tennis.com.
  56. ↑ Clay Iles (20 June 2004). "A slice of history". www.telegraph.co.uk. The Telegraph.
  57. ↑ Steve Tignor (10 October 2012). "Catching the Tape: The Artist Known as Muscles". www.tennis.com. Tennis.com.
  58. ↑ Geist, Robert (1999). Ken Rosewall: Der Grosse Meister. Austria. p. 137.
  59. ↑ Lee, Raymond (September 2007). "Greatest Player of All Time: A Statistical Analysis". Tennis Week Magazine.
  60. 1 2 "Great AO Champions". AustralianOpen.com. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
  61. ↑ Pearce, Linda (13 January 2003). "Ken Rosewall, a professional gentleman". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  62. ↑ Seminara, Dave. "A Surprising Victory in 1972 Stands the Test of Time". 16 January 2012. NY Times Newspaper. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  63. ↑ The Sun Herald. (Sydney) 7th October, 1956.
  64. ↑ Elysse Morgan, Michael Janda and Ian Verrender (2015-05-19). "BBY administration leaves brokers, investors and staff in limbo". ABC News.
  65. ↑ "Is new knights and two Dames.". The Canberra Times. National Library of Australia. 12 June 1971. p. 1.
  66. ↑ "Ken Rosewall AM MBE". Sport Australia Hall of Fame. Retrieved 18 December 2013.

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