Kenpō

"Kempo" redirects here. For Japanese era, see Kempo (era).
Kenpō
Also known as Kempo
Focus Striking
Country of origin China China/Japan Japan
Creator Unknown
Kenpō
Chinese name
Chinese 拳法
Japanese name
Kanji 拳法
Hiragana けんぽう

Kenpō (拳法) is the name of several Japanese martial arts. The word kenpō is a Japanese translation of the Chinese word "quán fǎ". This term is often informally transliterated as "kempo", as a result of applying Traditional Hepburn romanization,[1] but failing to use a macron to indicate the long vowel. The generic nature of the term combined with its widespread, cross-cultural adoption in the martial arts community has led to many divergent definitions.[2]

Japanese Kenpo

Main article: Shorinji Kempo

Shorinji Kempo (少林寺拳法 shōrinji-kempō, meaning "Shaolin Temple Fist Method") is considered as a modified version of Shaolin Kung Fu (using the same kanji).[3] It was established in 1947 by Doshin So (宗 道臣 Sō Dōshin), a Japanese martial artist and former military intelligence agent.[4]

Okinawan Kenpo

Some Okinawan martial arts groups use the term kenpō as an alternate name for their karate systems or for a distinct but related art within their association. This can be illustrated by the official full name of Motobu-ryu style named as "Nihon Denryu Heiho Motobu Kenpo" ("Japan's traditional tactics Motobu Kenpo") and by the International Shorin-ryu Karate Kobudo Federation,[5] where Shōrin-ryū is the actual karate style practiced, whereas "hakutsuru kenpo", or "hakutsuru kenpo karate" is a related but distinctive style also taught by the association. Both the "n" and "m" romanizations are used by various groups.

American Kenpo

Kenpo has also been used as a modern term: a name for multiple martial arts that developed in Hawaii due to cross-cultural exchange between practitioners of Okinawan martial arts, Chinese martial arts, Filipino martial arts, Japanese martial arts and multiple additional influences.[6] In the United States, kenpo is often referred to as Kenpo Karate. The most widespread styles have their origin in the teachings of James Mitose and William Kwai Sun Chow. Mitose spent most of his early years training in Japan learning his family style, Kosho-Ryū (Old pine tree school). James Mitose would later bring that style to Hawaii where he would teach Chow, who would go on to instruct Ed Parker and Bobby Lowe. The system of kenpo taught by Mitose employed hard linear strikes and kicks, pressure point manipulation, circular movement patterns, and joint locking and breaking.

Parker is the most prominent name in the Mitose lineage. A student of Chow in Hawaii for nearly six years, Parker moved to the US mainland to attend Brigham Young University. In 1957, he began teaching the kenpo that he had learned from Chow, and throughout his life modified and refined the art until it became Ed Parker's American Kenpo.[7] It employs a blend of circular movements and hard linear movements. Parker created techniques with names such as Thundering Hammers, Five Swords, Prance Of The Tiger, and Flashing Mace to provide a memorisation tool to the student.

These arts have spread around the world through multiple lineages, not all of which agree on a common historical narrative.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hepburn romanization provides for use of the letter "m" when ん precedes a labial consonant such as "p"
  2. ↑ "Kempo's Tai Chi Connection". Kung Fu Magazine. Retrieved 2010-02-06.
  3. ↑ Blue Johnson (7 October 2013). "Shorinji Kempo: Shaolin Kung Fu's Kicking Cousin". Black Belt. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  4. ↑ "Black Belt June 1979". Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-05-13.
  5. ↑ "ISKKF". Worldbudokan.com. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
  6. ↑ Rathbone, Jim. "James Mitose and the Path of Kenpo" 2006 White Tiger Productions.
  7. ↑ "Kenpo Karate Setting History Right 1960-1962". Kenpokarate.com. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
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