League of German Girls

League of German Girls
Formation 1930
Extinction 1945
Type Female youth organization
Legal status Defunct, Illegal
Region served
Nazi Germany
Leader Baldur von Schirach, Trude Mohr
Parent organization
 Nazi Party
Members of the BDM, 1935

The League of German Girls or (cognate) Band of German Maidens[1] (German: Bund Deutscher Mädel, abbreviated BDM) was the girls' wing of the Nazi Party youth movement, the Hitler Youth. It was the only legal female youth organization in Nazi Germany.

At first, the League consisted of two sections: the Jungmädel, or Young Girls' League, for girls ages 10 to 14, and the League proper for girls ages 14 to 18. In 1938, a third section was introduced, the Faith and Beauty Society (BDM-Werk Glaube und Schönheit), which was voluntary and open to girls between the ages of 17 and 21.

With the surrender of Nazi Germany in 1945, the organization de facto ceased to exist. On 10 October 1945, it was outlawed by the Allied Control Council along with other Nazi Party organizations. Under Section 86 of the German Criminal Code, the Hitler Youth is an "unconstitutional organization" and the distribution or public use of its symbols, except for educational or research purposes, is not permitted.

History

Hitler Youth and League of German Girls in China, 1935

The Bund Deutscher Mädel had its origins as early as the 1920s, in the first Mädchenschaften or Mädchengruppen, also known as Schwesternschaften der Hitler-Jugend (Sisterhood of the Hitler Youth). In 1930 it was founded as the female branch of the Hitler Youth movement.[2] Its full title was Bund Deutscher Mädel in der Hitler-Jugend (League of German Girls in the Hitler Youth). In the final electioneering campaigns of 1932, Hitler inaugurated it with a mass meeting featuring the League; on election eve, the League and Hitler Youth staged "evening of entertainment."[3] It did not attract a mass following until the Nazis came to power in January 1933.

Soon after taking office as 'Reichsjugendführer' on 17 June 1933, Baldur von Schirach issued regulations that suspended or forbid existing youth organizations ('concurrence'). Those youth groups were compulsorily integrated into the BDM, which was declared to be the only legally permitted organization for girls in Germany. Many of the existing organizations closed down to avoid this. These Nazi activities were a part of the Gleichschaltung starting in 1933. The Reichskonkordat between the Catholic Church and Nazi Germany, signed on July 20, 1933, gave a certain shelter to the Catholic youth ministry, but they were the object of much bullying.

The "Gesetz über die Hitlerjugend" (law concerning the Hitler Youth) dated 1 December 1936, forced all eligible juveniles to be a member of HJ or BDM. They had to be ethnic Germans, German citizens and free of hereditary diseases.[4] Girls had to be 10 years of age to enter this League.

The BDM was run directly by Schirach until 1934, when Trude Mohr, a former postal worker, was appointed to the position of BDM-Reichsreferentin, or National Speaker of the BDM, reporting directly to Schirach. After Mohr married in 1937, she was required to resign her position (the BDM required members to be unmarried and without children in order to remain in leadership positions), and was succeeded by Dr. Jutta Rüdiger, a doctor of psychology from Düsseldorf, who was a more assertive leader than Mohr but nevertheless a close ally of Schirach, and also of his successor from 1940 as HJ leader, Artur Axmann. She joined Schirach in resisting efforts by the head of the NS-Frauenschaft (Nazi Woman's League), Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, to gain control of the BDM. Rüdiger led the BDM until its dissolution in 1945.[5]

As in the HJ, separate sections of the BDM existed, according to the age of participants. Girls between the ages of 10 and 14 years old were members of the Young Girl's League (Jungmädelbund, JM), and girls between the ages of 14 and 18 were members of the Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM) proper.[6] In 1938, a third section was added, known as Faith and Beauty (Glaube und Schönheit), which was voluntary and open to girls between 17 and 21 and was intended to groom them for marriage, domestic life, and future career goals. Ideally, girls were to be married and have children once they were of age, but importance was also placed on job training and education.

At the beginning of World War II, the Reichsarbeitsdienst became compulsory also for young women. It lasted half a year. Many young women became 'Blitzmädel' (Wehrmachthelferin or female combat soldiers) during World War II.

While these ages are general guidelines, there were exceptions for members holding higher (salaried) leadership positions, starting at the organizational level of "Untergau". As regards lower (honorary) positions, even members of the JM could apply for them after two years of membership and would then obtain such a position typically at the age of 13. The higher leadership, however, was recruited from members over 18 and was expected to maintain salaried office for no more than 10 years, and to leave the BDM at the age of 30 by the latest.[7] As a general rule, members had to leave when they married and especially when they had children.

Uniform and emblems

Traditions-Arm-Dreiecken, regional sleeve badges, gold is HJ, silver is Bund Deutscher Mädel
Badges of the Bund Deutscher Mädel

The BDM uniform was a full blue skirt, middy blouse and heavy marching shoes. In 1939, a new uniform was introduced for regional and national leaders within the League of German Girls, and along with the new uniforms came new rank insignia for leaders. These new rank insignia took the form of a silver, and for higher ranks, gold bullion embroidered open-winged eagle on a black (white, on the summer tunic) shield with various types of borders to indicate grade. They were worn on the left chest of the tunic. [8]

Leaders

Trude Mohr was appointed the first Reichsreferentin in June 1934.[9] Her main initiative was to nourish a new way of living for the German youth, stating[10]

Our volk need a generation of girls which is healthy in body and mind, sure and decisive, proudly and confidently going forward, one which assumes its place in everyday life with poise and discernment, one free of sentimental and rapturous emotions, and which, for precisely this reason, in sharply defined feminity, would be the comrade of a man, because she does not regard him as some sort of idol but rather as a companion! Such girls will then, by necessity, carry the values of National Socialism into the next generation as the mental bulwark of our people.

In 1937 after marrying Obersturmführer Wolf Bürkner,[11] she became pregnant and resigned her duties.[10]

Jutta Rüdiger (1910–2001) was a special case.[12] She joined the BDM only in 1933, at the age of 23 and after having finished her doctorate in psychology. She obtained honorary positions instantly in 1933 and early 1934, was promoted to her first salaried position (leader of Untergau Ruhr-Lower Rhine) in June 1935 and was appointed Reichsreferentin for the BDM (head of the BDM) in November 1937 (aged 27),[13] succeeding Trude Mohr, who had vacated the position on her marriage, as Nazi policy required. She kept this position even until the German defeat, when she had reached the age of 34.

Clementine zu Castell-Rüdenhausen (b. 1912), a countess and member of the higher Franconian aristocracy, was appointed leader of Gau Unterfranken in 1933, at the age of 21, which also seems to have been the age when she joined the BDM, as no earlier date of membership nor any previous lower positions are recorded in her case. She was appointed head of "Faith and Beauty" in January 1938, a few days before her 26th birthday, and was discharged in September 1939 because of her marriage with Wilhelm "Utz" Utermann in October 1939. She was followed by an Austrian member, Annemarie Kaspar (b. 1917), who had been appointed Untergauführerin at the age of 20 in March 1938 and became head of B&B two weeks before her 22nd birthday. She too married and was discharged in May 1941, to be replaced in June 1941 by Martha Middendorf (b. 1914), who was 27 at the time of her appointment and was discharged already in February 1942, as she too had married. From this time on, Jutta Rüdiger, who was no candidate for marriage but living in lifelong partnership with her comrade Hedy Böhmer, took over to lead the B&B directly, thus holding both leadership positions until 1945.

Training and activities

Berlin girls of the BDM, haymaking, 1939
BDM, gymnastics performance,1941

The BDM used campfire romanticism, summer camps, folklorism, tradition, and sports to indoctrinate girls within the National Socialist belief system, and to train them for their roles in German society: wife, mother, and homemaker.[14] Their Home Evenings revolved around domestic training, but Saturdays involved strenuous outdoor exercise and physical training.[15] The purpose of these activities was to promote good health, which would enable them to serve their people and their country.[16] The "home evenings"—ideally to be conducted in specially built homes—also included world view training, with instruction in history.[17] This instruction would include learning the Horst Wessel song, the Nazi holidays, stories about Hitler Youth martyrs, and facts about their locality and German culture and history.[18] Physical education included track and field sports like running and the long jump, gymnastics (e.g. somersaulting and tightrope walking), route-marching, and swimming.[18] The importance of self-sacrifice for Germany was heavily emphasized; a Jewish woman, reflecting on her longing to join the League of German Girls, concluded that it had been the admonishment for self-sacrifice that had drawn her most.[19] The League was particularly regarded as instructing girls to avoid Rassenschande or racial defilement, which was treated with particular importance for young females.[20]

Holiday trips offered by HJ and BDM – i.e. skiing in winter and tent camps in summer – were affordable; children from poor families got subsidies. These offers were popular.[21]

The League encouraged rebellion against parents.[22] Der Giftpilz presented the propaganda of a German girl being ordered to visit a Jewish doctor by her mother; the girl protested on the grounds of what she had learned at BDM meetings, and while at the office, remembered the warnings in time to escape being molested by the doctor.[23] This caused her mother to agree that the BDM had clearly been in the right.[23]

Ilsa McKee noted that the lectures of Hitler Youth and the BDM on the need to produce more children produced several illegitimate children, which neither the mothers nor the possible fathers regarded as problematic.[24] These and other behaviors taught led parents to complain that their authority was being undermined. In 1944, a group of parents complained to the court that the leaders of the League were openly telling their daughters to have illegitimate children.[25] Public opinion attributed a great deal of sexual laxity to the members.[26] The preparation camps for the 'Landdienst' (land service) of girls and boys often lay nearby. 900 of the girls participating in the 1936 Reichsparteitag in Nürnberg came back pregnant. In 1937, a prohibition came out saying that camping was forbidden to the BDM.[27]

The Jungmädel were only taught, while the BDM was involved in community service, political activities and other activities considered useful at that time.[28]

Before entering any occupation or advanced studies, the girls, like the boys in Hitler Youth, had to complete a year of land service ("Landfrauenjahr").[29] Although working on a farm was not the only approved form of service, it was a common one; the aim was to bring young people back from the cities, in the hope that they would then stay "on the land" in service of Nazi blood and soil beliefs.[30] Another form of service was as a domestic work in a family with many children.[31]

The 'Faith and Beauty' organizations offered groups where girls could receive further education and training in fields that interested them. Some of the works groups that were available were arts and sculpture, clothing design and sewing, general home economics, and music.[18]

Das deutsche Mädel was the Nazi magazine directed at these girls.[32]

Wartime service

The outbreak of war altered the role of the BDM, though not as radically as it did the role of the boys in the HJ, who were to be fed into the German Wehrmacht (armed forces) or the National Labor Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst, RAD, six months) as soon as they turned 18. The BDM helped the war effort in many ways. Younger girls collected donations of money, as well as goods such as clothing or old newspapers for the Winter Relief and other Nazi charitable organizations. Many groups, particularly BDM choirs and musical groups, visited wounded soldiers at hospitals or sent care packages to the front. Girls knitted socks, grew gardens, and engaged in similar tasks.[33]

Girls also helped stage the celebrations after the de facto capitulation of France (see Second Armistice at Compiègne, 22 June 1940).[34]

The older girls volunteered as nurses' aides at hospitals, or to help at train stations where wounded soldiers or refugees needed a hand. After 1943, as Allied air attacks on German cities increased, many BDM girls went into paramilitary and military services ("Wehrmachtshelferin"), where they served as Flak Helpers, signals auxiliaries, searchlight operators, and office staff. Unlike male HJs, BDM girls took little part in the actual fighting or operation of weaponry, although some Flak Helferinnen operated anti-aircraft guns.

Many older girls, with Hitler Youth were sent to Poland as part of the Germanisation efforts.[35] These girls, along with Hitler Youth, were first to oversee the eviction of Poles to make room for new settlers and ensure they did not take much from their homes, as furniture and the like were to be left there for the settlers.[6] Their task were then to educate ethnic Germans, either living in Poland or resettled there from the Baltic states, according to German ways.[35] This included instruction in the German language, as many spoke only Polish or Russian.[36] They also had to organize the younger ones into the League.[35] Because many Hitler Youth leaders were drafted into the military, the task of organizing the boys into Hitler Youth also fell heavily on the League.[37] They were also to provide help on the farm and in the household.[37] As the only contact with German authorities, they were often requested to help with the occupation authorities,[38] and they put on various entertainments such as songfests to encourage the down-spirited new settlers.[39] Some members were sent to the colony of Hegewald for such efforts even when they had to receive gas masks and soldier escorts.[40]

Conversely, the young Polish girls who were selected for "racially valuable traits" and sent to Germany for Germanization were made to join the League as part of the Germanization.[41]

By 1944, the drafting of boys resulted in most of the "land service" help with the harvest being performed by girls.[29]

In the last days of the war, some BDM girls, just like some boys of the male Hitler Youth (although not nearly as many), joined with the Volkssturm (the last-ditch defense) in Berlin and other cities in fighting the invading Allied armies, especially the Russians. Officially, this was not sanctioned by the BDM's leadership which opposed an armed use of its girls even though some BDM leaders had received training in the use of hand-held weapons (about 200 leaders went on a shooting course which was to be used for self-defense purposes). After the war, Dr. Jutta Rüdiger denied that she had approved BDM girls using weapons, and this appears to have been the truth.

Some BDM girls were recruited into the Werwolf groups which were intended to wage guerrilla war in Allied-occupied areas.

Dissolution

The 'Kontrollratsgesetz Nr. 2' (enacted 10 October 1945) by the Allied Control Council forbade the NSDAP and all its sub-organizations, including the BDM. Their properties were confiscated.[42]

See also

References

  1. ↑ DeMarco, N. (2001) This World This Century: Working with Evidence Collins Educational
  2. ↑ Hitler Youth: Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM)
  3. ↑ H.R. Kedward, Fascism in Western Europe 1900–45, p 65 New York University Press New York 1971
  4. ↑ "Der Jungmädeldienst", published February 1940, Berlin
  5. ↑ Michael Kater, Hitler Youth, Harvard University Press 2004, chapter 3
  6. 1 2 Walter S. Zapotoczny , "Rulers of the World: The Hitler Youth"
  7. ↑ Gisela Miller-Kipp (ed.), "Auch Du gehörst dem Führer": die Geschichte des Bundes Deutscher Mädel (BDM) in Quellen und Dokumenten, Juventa publ., Weinheim et al. 2001, p. 56f.
  8. ↑
  9. ↑ "Education in Nazi Germany", Lisa Pine. Berg, 2011. ISBN 1-84520-264-3, ISBN 978-1-84520-264-4. p. 121
  10. 1 2 "Women in Austria", Anton Pelinka, Erika Thurner. Transaction Publishers, 1998. ISBN 0-7658-0404-2, ISBN 978-0-7658-0404-4. pp. 20–23
  11. ↑ "Auch Du gehörst dem Führer": die Geschichte des Bundes Deutscher Mädel (BDM) in Quellen und Dokumenten
  12. ↑ For her and the following see Miller-Kipp (2001), pp. 41 ff.
  13. ↑ Junge Freiheit, 49/99 (in German)
  14. ↑ Guy Nasuti, "The Hitler Youth: An Effective Organization for Total War"
  15. ↑ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p 101 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
  16. ↑ Leila J. Rupp, Mobilizing Women for war, p134, ISBN 0-691-04649-2, OCLC 3379930
  17. ↑ "Nazi Worldview Education for Girls"
  18. 1 2 3 Richard Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich, p 278, ISBN 0-03-076435-1
  19. ↑ Claudia Koonz, The Nazi Conscience, p 143 ISBN 0-674-01172-4
  20. ↑ "The Jewish Question in Education"
  21. ↑ Klönne: Jugend im Dritten Reich. Munich 1995, p. 128.
  22. ↑ Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Politics p196 ISBN 0-312-54933-4
  23. 1 2 "Inge’s Visit to a Jewish Doctor"
  24. ↑ George Lachmann Mosse, Nazi culture: intellectual, cultural and social life in the Third Reich p 277 ISBN 978-0-299-19304-1
  25. ↑ Richard Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich, pp. 248–9, ISBN 0-03-076435-1
  26. ↑ Richard Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich, p 280, ISBN 0-03-076435-1
  27. ↑ Michael H. Kater reports in his book Hitler Youth (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., London 2004, ISBN 0-674-01496-0) one case that a pregnant BDM girl named 13 boys as possible fathers
  28. ↑ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p 107 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
  29. 1 2 Arvo L. Vercamer "HJ-Landdienst"
  30. ↑ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p 110-1 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
  31. ↑ Richard Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich, p 237, ISBN 0-03-076435-1
  32. ↑ "Material from "Das deutsche Mädel"
  33. ↑ Arvo L. Vercamer, "Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM)"
  34. ↑ Jay W. Baird, The Mythical World of Nazi War Propaganda, p 123 ISBN 0-8166-0741-9
  35. 1 2 3 Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p 215 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
  36. ↑ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p 217 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
  37. 1 2 "BDM-"
  38. ↑ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p 219 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
  39. ↑ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p 218 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
  40. ↑ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p339, ISBN 0-679-77663-X
  41. ↑ Richard C. Lukas, Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945. Hippocrene Books, New York, 2001.
  42. ↑ www.verfassungen.de Full text (in German)

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