List of Iron Age states
Iron Age |
---|
↑ Bronze Age |
Ancient Near East (1200 BC – 500 BC)
India (1200 BC – 200 BC) Europe (1200 BC – 1 BC)
China (600 BC – 200 BC) Korea (400 BC – 400 AD) Japan (100 BC – 300 AD) Philippines (1000 BC – 200 AD) Vietnam (1000 BC – 630 AD) Sub-Saharan Africa (1000 BC – 800 AD) |
Axial Age |
↓ Ancient history |
Historiography |
The Iron Age is the period generally occurring after the Bronze Age, marked by the prevalent use of iron, circa 1200 BC to 600 BC.
The early period of the age is characterized by the widespread use of iron or steel. The adoption of such material coincided with other changes in society, including differing agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles. The Iron Age as an archaeological term indicates the condition as to civilization and culture of a people using iron as the material for their cutting tools and weapons.[1] The Iron Age is the third principal period of the three-age system created by Christian Thomsen (1788–1865) for classifying ancient societies and prehistoric stages of progress.[2]
Development of states
The development of states—large-scale, populous, politically centralized, and socially stratified polities/societies governed by powerful rulers, marks one of the major milestones in the evolution of human societies. Archaeologists often distinguish between primary (or pristine) states and secondary states. Primary states evolved independently through largely internal developmental processes rather than through the influence of any other pre-existing state. The earliest known primary states appeared in Mesopatamia c. 3700 BC, in Egypt c. 3300 BC, in the Indus Valley c. 2500 BC, India c. 1700 BC, and in China c. 1600 BC. As they interacted with their less developed neighbors through trade, warfare, migration, and more generalized ideological influences, the primary states directly or indirectly fostered the emergence of secondary states in surrounding areas, for example, the Hittites in Anatolia, the Minoan and Mycenaean states of the Aegean, or the Nubian kingdoms in the Sudan. Professor Gil Stein at the University of Chicago Oriental Institute states "The excavations and archaeological surveys of the last few decades have vastly increased both the quantity and quality of what we know about ancient states and urbanism. Archaeologists have broadened the scope of their research beyond the traditional focus on rulers and urban elites. Current research now aims at understanding the role of urban commoners, craft specialists, and village-based farmers in the overall organization of ancient states and societies. Given the immense geographical scope encompassed by the term 'the Ancient World'".[3] This list's the main types state that existed in Africa, Americas, Central Asia, East Asia, Europe, Eurasian Steppe, South Asia, and West Asia, from the beginning of the Iron Age to the beginning of Classical antiquity a period of 600 years.
Africa
State | Capital/s | Type | Existed |
---|---|---|---|
Assyrian | Assur, Nineveh, Harran | Empire | 911 - 612 BC |
Aethiopia | Adulis | Kingdom | c. 13th - 5th centuries BC |
Carthage | Carthage | Kingdom | 814 - 650 BC |
Carthaganian | Carthage | Empire | 650 - 146 BC |
Cyrenaica | Cyrene | Kingdom | 631-525 BC |
D'mt | Yeha | Kingdom | 980 - 400 BC |
Egypt | Memphis,Thebes | Kingdom | 1069 - 525 BC |
Egyptian | Memphis, Thebes | Empire | 1550 - 1069 BC |
Garamantian | Garama | Tribal confederation/empire | 1000 BC - 700 AD |
Kush | Meroë | Kingdom | 1070 BC - 350 AD |
Libu | Tribal confederation | 1550 - 146BC | |
Macrobia | Tribal kingdom | c. 8th - 4th centuries BC | |
Nok | Tribal chiefdom/kingdom | 1000 BC - 300 AD | |
Punt | Kingdom | 2400 - 1069 BC | |
Americas
State | Capital/s | Type | Existed |
---|---|---|---|
Maya | Various | Kingdom city states | 2000 BC - 900 AD |
Olmec | La Venta, Tenochtitlán | Kingdom city states | 1400-400 BC |
Paracas | Tribal Chiefdoms | 800 - 100 BC | |
Pueblo | Various | Tribal chiefdoms | 12th century BC - 14th century AD |
Zapotec | Kingdom city states | 700 BC - 1521 AD | |
Europe
Ancient history |
---|
Preceded by Prehistory |
Ancient Near East |
Classical antiquity |
East Asia |
South Asia |
See also |
Followed by the Postclassical Era |
North and West
State | Capital/s | Type | Existed |
---|---|---|---|
Hallstatt | Various | Tribal chiefdoms | 700 BC - 500 BC |
Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe | Various | Tribal confederations, Tribal kingdoms, Tribal chiefdoms | 450-50 BC |
South and East
State | Capital/s | Type | Existed |
---|---|---|---|
Alba Longa | Lavinium | Kingdom | 1200-753 BC |
Alashiya | Enkomi, Kalavasos | Kingdom | 1450-1050 BC |
Arcadia | Kingdom | 1000-743 BC | |
Argolis | Argos | Kingdom | 1200-379 BC |
Athens | Athens | Kingdom city state | 1556-683 BC |
Athens | Athens | Republican city state | 683-87 BC |
Boeotia | Thebes | Kingdom | 1100-750 BC |
Corinth | Corinth | City state | 700-338 BC |
Dacia | Sarmizegetusa, Regia | Tribal kingdom | 700 BC - 106AD |
Daunia | Tribal kingdom | 7th century - 89 BC | |
Epirus | Amvrakia, Passaron, Phoenice | Kingdom | 1183 - 168 BC |
Etruria | Veii | Kingdom | 768 - 264 BC |
Getae | Not specified | Tribal Kingdom | 7th century BC -4th century AD |
Iapydes | Various | Tribal confederation | 9th century - 34 BC |
Illyria | Scodra | Kingdom | 2000-168 BC |
Lacedaemon | Sparta | Kingdom | 1300-950 BC |
Liburnia | Tribal thalassocracy [4] | 11th century - 34 BC | |
Locria | Amphissa, Naupactus | Kingdom | 1250-386 BC |
Lucania | Tribal kingdom | 1000-356 BC[5] | |
Macedon | Aigai, Pella | Kingdom | 860-146 BC |
Magna Graecia | Various | Kingdom city states | 740 - 89 BC |
Messapia | Hyria | Tribal kingdom | 8th century - 89 BC |
Messenia | Messene | Kingdom | 1300-724 BC |
Mycenaea | Mycenae | Kingdom city states | 1600 - 1100 BC |
Oenotria | Metabon | Tribal kingdom | 1000 - 325 BC |
Oscans | Ausones | Tribal kingdom | 1000 - 4th centuries BC |
Padanian Etruria | Various | Federated city states | 9th century - 5th century BC |
Iapyges | Gnapia | Tribal kingdom | 11th century - 89 BC |
Rome | Rome | Kingdom | 753 - 509 BC |
Sabinum | Tribal kingdom | c. 760 - 494 BC | |
Samnium | Bovianum | Tribal confederation | c. 600 - 82 BC |
Sicani | Tribal confederation | c. 13th century - 300 BC | |
Sicels | Tribal Kingdom | c. 11th century - 425 BC | |
Sparta | Sparta | Kingdom | 950-146 BC |
Tartessos | Tartessus | Tribal kingdom | 1000-450 BC [6] |
Thrace | Bizye. Svetopolis | Tribal chiefdom | 1500 - 450 BC |
Tyrrhenia | Various | Kingdom city states | 1100 - 764 BC |
Veneti | Tribal kingdom | c. 10th century - 231 BC | |
Eurasian Steppe and Central Asia
name | capital | state type | existed |
---|---|---|---|
Aria | Kingdom/client | 700 BC - 300 BC | |
Bactria | Bactra | Tribal kingdom/client | 2140 - 550 BC |
Balhara | Balkh | Tribal kingdom | 12th century - 7th century BC |
Bulgar | Balkh/Phanagoria | Tribal confederation | 7th century BC - 7th century AD |
Caspiane | Tribal kingdom/client | 650 BC - 387 AD | |
Chorasmia | Tribal confederation | 1290-180 BC | |
Colchis | Phasis | Kingdom | 1300 BC - 2nd century AD |
Dahae | Tribal confederation | 700 - 530 BC | |
Dingling | Tribal chiefdoms | 650-209 BC | |
Hyrcania | Tribal kingdom | c. 9th century - 550 BC | |
Iberia | Tribal confederation | 1000 - 302 BC | |
Magyar | Tribal confederation/principality | 1100 BC - 895 AD | |
Margiana | Tribal kingdom | 9th century - 6th century BC | |
Massagatae | Tribal confederation | 8th century - 46 BC | |
Melanchlaeni | Tribal confederation | 650 - 350 BC | |
Qiang | Tribal chiefdoms/confederation | 2000 BC- 150 BC | |
Sattagydia | not specified | Kingdom | c. 7th century - 480 BC |
Scythia | Neopolis | Tribal kingdom | 690 - 250 BC |
Sogdia | Marakanda | Tribal confederation | 8th century - 327 BC |
Tocharia | Neopolis | Tribal kingdom city states | 650 - 176 BC |
Xianyun | Nomadic tribal federation | 824-209 BC | |
Yuezhi | Nomadic tribal confederation | 650-20 BC | |
East Asia
name | capital | state type | existed |
---|---|---|---|
Ba | Yíchéng | Tribal confederation | 13th century - 311 BC |
Cai | Shàngcài),Xīncài,Xiàcài | Marquisate/client | 980 - 447 BC |
Cao | Táoqiū | Dukedom/client | 1053 - 487 BC |
Chen | Wǎnqiū | Dukedom/client | 1046-479 BC |
Chu | Danyang,JiangYing,JiYing,Shouchun, | Viscountcy/kingdom/client | 1030-223 BC |
Deng | Dengzhou | Marquisate/client | 1200-678 BC |
Donghu | Nomadic tribal confederation | 1400-150 BC | |
Eastern Guo | Dengzhou | Marquisate/client | 1046-767 BC |
Gojoseon | Asadal, Wanggeom-seong | Kingdom | 2333-108 BC |
Guan | Guan | Kingdom city state | 1046 - 1040 BC |
Gumie | Gumie | Kingdom | 1046 - 480 BC |
Han | Hancheng | Marquisate/client | 1046-764 BC |
Huang | Can'hu, Yicheng, Hubei | Marquisate/client | 891-648 BC |
Jin | Tang, Quwo, Jiang, Xintian | Dukedom/client | 1042-376 BC |
Kỷ line | Not specified | Kingdom | 853-755 BC |
Japan | Heijō-kyō, Heian-kyō, Tokyo | Principalities/empire | 660 BC - present day |
Lu | Qufu | Marquisate/dukedom/client | 1042-249 BC |
Pi | Xuecheng | Earldom/client | 1046-418 BC |
Qi | Qi | Dukedom | 1600-445 BC |
Qi | Linzi | Dukedom/client | 1046-221 BC |
Qin | Qin, Quanqiu, Qian, Pingyang | Marquisate/dukedom/client | 858-221 BC |
Quan | Dukedom/client | 1250-704 BC | |
Quanrong | Nomadic Tribal Confedracy | 954-301 BC | |
Shang | Anyang | Kingdom | 1600-1046 BC |
Shěn | Shěn | Earldom/marquisate | 1050-500 BC |
Shu | Kingdom | 1046-316 BC | |
Song | Shangqiu | Dukedom and vassal | 1058-286 BC |
Sui | Suizhou | Marquisate and client | 771-221 BC |
Sumpa | Tribal chiefdom/client | 1600 BC - 7th century AD | |
Tan | Mingshui | Viscountcy and vassal | 1046-684 BC |
Teng | Tengzhou | Viscountcy | 1046-414 BC |
Văn Lang | Anyang | Confederation/kingdom | 2879-258 BC |
Western Guo | Yongdi,Shangyang,Xiayang | Countship/dukedom | 1046-687 BC |
Wey | Shangqiu | Dukedom and vassal | 1046-687 BC |
Wu | Gusu | Dukedom and vassal | 1046-473 BC |
Xingtai | Marquisate/client | 1046-632 BC | |
Xu | Gusu | Viscountacy/client | 2000-512 BC |
Yan | Ji | Kingdom/principality | 1046-222 BC |
Zheng | Zheng, Xinzheng | Kingdom | 806-375 BC |
Zhou | Haojing, Luoyi | Kingdom | 1046-256 BC |
Zou | Viscountacy/dukedom | 1012-350 BC | |
South Asia
name | capital | state type | existed |
---|---|---|---|
Anarta | Dvaraka | Kingdom | 1100-550 BC |
Anga | Champa or Campā | Kingdom | 1380-550 BC |
Asmaka | Potana | Kingdom | 1150-300 BC |
Avanti | Mahissati,Ujjaini | Kingdom | 900-322 BC |
Āryāvarta | Multiple | Confederated tribal kingdoms | 1750 - 600 BC |
Chedi | Suktimati | Kingdom | 1250-344 BC |
Chola | Urayur/Kaveripattinam | Kingdom | 2645-110 BC |
Danda | Janasthana | Kingdom | 1100 - 450 BC |
Dasarna | Kingdom | 1150 - 600 BC | |
Drangiana | Tribal chiefdom | 950 - 600 BC | |
Gurjara | Kingdom | 1000 - 550 BC | |
Haryanka | Rajagriha, later Pataliputra | Kingdom | 684 - 413 BC |
Himalaya | Kingdom | 600 - 322 BC | |
Kalinga | Dantapura/Rajapura[7] | Kingdom | 1376 - 285 BC |
Kamboja | Rajapura | Kingdom | 1450 - 195 BC |
Kasmira | Asirgarh Qila | Kingdom | 1250 - 322 BC |
Kekeya | Kingdom | 1250 - c. 4th century BC | |
Kimpurusha | Kingdom | 1000 - 325 BC | |
Kirata | Tribal kingdom | 1350 - c. 300 BC | |
Kosala | Shravasti | Kingdom | 1300 - 266 BC |
Kuru | Āsandīvat, Indraprastha | Kingdom | 1376 - 285 BC |
Lanka | Lankapura | Kingdom | 1200 - 543 BC |
Madra | Sagala | Kingdom | 1350 - 350 BC |
Magadha | Rajagriha or Rajgir | Kingdom | 1200-800 BC |
Malla | Kusavati, Pava | Republic | 780 - 323 BC |
Matsya | Viratanagara | Kingdom | 1250 -318 BC |
Nepa | Kingdom | 750 - 323 BC | |
Panchala | Ahichatra, Kampilya | Kingdom | 1200 - 700 BC |
Panchala | Ahichatra, Kampilya | Republic | 700 - 308 BC |
Pandya | Madurai | Kingdom | 1350 - 460 BC |
Parvata | Kingdom | c. 9th century - 325 BC | |
Pragjyotisha | Kingdom | c. 11th century - 350 BC | |
Pundra | Pundravardhana | Kingdom | 1300 BC - 550 AD |
Saurashtra | Kingdom | 950- 355 BC | |
Shakya | Kapilavatthu | Monarchical Republic | 800 - 320 BC |
Sindhu | Vrsadarbhpura | Kingdom | 1300 - 320 BC |
Suhma | not specified | Kingdom | c. 8th century - 4th century BC |
Surasena | Methora | Kingdom | 1300 - 323 BC |
Trigarta | Prasthala | Kingdom | 1150-322 BC |
Vanga | Gange | Kingdom | 1300 BC - 580 AD |
Vatsa | Kauśāmbī | Kingdom | 1100-323 BC |
Vidarbha | Kundinapuri | Kingdom | 1200-322 BC |
Virata | Kundinapuri | Kingdom | 1300-322 BC |
Vriji | Vaishali | Confederacy | 1250 - 322 BC |
Yaksha | Narmada | Kingdom | 1200 - 350 BC |
West Asia
name | capital | state type | existed |
---|---|---|---|
Ammon | Rabbath Ammon | Kingdom | 1000 - 332 BC |
Anshan | Anshan | Kingdom | 717 - 646 BC |
Aram-Damascus | Damascus | Kingdom | 1184 - 732 BC |
Aramea | Tribal chiefdom's/kingdom | 2300 – 700 BC | |
Arzawa | Apasa | Federation | 15th – 12th Century BC |
Awsan | Ḥajar Yaḥirr | Kingdom | 7th century BC - 100 AD |
Arme-Shupria | Van | Kingdom | 1290 - 1190 BC |
Assyria | Assur | Kingdom | 1975 - 934 BC |
Assyrian Empire | Assur,Nineveh,Harran | Empire | 911 - 612 BC |
Bashan | Bashan | Confederation | 1330 - 928 BC |
Bit-Istar | Kingdom | 12th century - 710 BC | |
Chaldea | Bit Yakin | Kingdom | 1100 - 539 BC |
Corduene | Principality/kingdom/client | 800 BC - 653 AD | |
Cilicia | Tarsus | Kingdom | 795 - 546 BC |
Drangiana | Tribal chiefdom | 950 - 600 BC | |
Diauehi | Zua, Ultu | Kingdom | 1118-760 BC |
Dilmun | Qal'at | Kingdom | 2600-675 BC |
Doris | Doris | Kingdom | 1200-580 BC |
Edom | Rabbath Ammon | Kingdom | 1200 - 125 BC |
Elamite Empire | Susa | Empire | 1210-535 BC |
Ellipi | Kingdom | 850-609 BC | |
Eshnuna | Eshnunna | Kingdom city state | 2000 - 8th century BC |
Hadhramaut | Kingdom | 700 BC - 320 AD | |
Haram | Haram | Kingdom city state | 600 - 175 BC |
Hittite Empire | Hattussa | Empire | 1600 - 1178 BC |
Ionia | Delos | Kingdom city states | 1070-545 BC |
Israel and Judah | United Kingdom | 1000 - 930 BC | |
Israel | Kingdom | 930- 720 BC | |
Judah | Kingdom | 930- 586 BC | |
Lukka | Tribal kingdom | 2000-1183 BC | |
Lullubi | Lulubuna | Tribal kingdom | 2400-650 BC |
Lycia | Xanthos, Patara | Kingdom | 1183-546 BC |
Lydia | Sardis | Kingdom | 1200-680 BC |
Lydian Empire | Sardis | Empire | 680-546 BC |
Mannai | Izirtu | Kingdom | 1110-616 BC |
Magan | Kingdom | 2200-550 BC | |
Media | Ecbatana | Kingdom | 750-678 BC |
Median Empire | Ecbatana | Empire | 678-549 BC |
Mysia | Pergamene | Kingdom | 1320 - 301 BC [8] |
Nairi | Multiple | Tribal confederation | 1190-890 BC |
Namar | Namar | Kingdom | 2350-750 BC |
Neo-Babylonian Empire | Babylon | Empire | 626 - 539 BC |
Neo-Hitit | Multiple | Kingdom city states | 1200-800 BC |
Paphlagonia | Gangra | Kingdom | 1480 - 183 BC[9] |
Parsua | Tribal chiefdom/kingdom[10] | 860-600 BC | |
Persis | Tribal kingdom | 10th century - 550 BC | |
Philistia | Ashdod, Ekron, Gaza | Kingdom city states | 1175-732 BC |
Phoenicia | Byblos, Tyre, Berytus, Sidon | Kingdom city states | 1800-539 BC |
Phrygia | Kingdom | 1200-700 BC | |
Qedar | Adumattu | Tribal confederation/client | 870 BC - 250 AD |
Quwê | Kingdom/client kingdom | 895-625 BC | |
Sabaea | Ma'rib | Kingdom | 1100-275 BC |
Sam'al | Samal | Principality/kingdom | 1200-680 BC |
Saparda | Kingdom | 7200-670 BC | |
Tabal | Kanesh | Kingdom | 1180 - 609 BC |
Tarhuntassa | Tarhuntassa | Kingdom | 1350 - 1200 BC |
Troas | Troy | Kingdom | 3000-700 BC |
Tuwanuwa | Tuwanuwa | Kingdom city state | 1000 - 700 BC |
Urartu | Arzashkun, Tushpa | Kingdom | 860 - 590 BC |
Zabdicene | Principality/client | 780 BC - 5th century AD | |
Zikirti | Kingdom | 750 - 521 BC | |
See also
- List of Bronze Age states (c.3300-1200 BC)
- List of Classical Age states (c.600 BC-200 AD)
- List of states during Late Antiquity (c.200-700)
- List of states during the Middle Ages (c.700-1500)
- List of former sovereign states
- List of ancient great powers
- List of medieval great powers
- List of modern great powers
- Ancient Africa
- Ancient Americas
- History of Central Asia
- Ancient China
- History of East Asia
- Ancient Europe
- History of India
- Ancient Iran
- Ancient Middle East
- Ancient Near East
- History of South Asia
- List of largest empires
- Lists of state leaders by year
References
- ↑ The Junior Encyclopædia Britannica: A reference library of general knowledge. (1897). Chicago: E.G. Melvin.
- ↑ C. J. Thomsen and Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae first applied the system to artifacts.
- ↑ Stein, Gil J (2001). Understanding Ancient State Societies in the Old World. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. pp. 353–379.
- ↑ "State definiation". 2014. Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
- ↑ Pritchard, James Cowles. "Kingdoms of Italy: Research into the Physical History of Mankind". 1999-2014. The History Files. Retrieved 18 March 2014. horizontal tab character in
|title=
at position 21 (help) - ↑ "Ancient Kingdoms of Iberia, Spain & Portugal". 2014. Regnal Chronologies. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
- ↑ "Far East Kingdoms, South Asia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ↑ "Kingdoms of Anatolia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
- ↑ "Middle East Kingdoms Ancient Anatolia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
- ↑ Eduljee, K D. "Zoroastrian Heritage The Zagros". 2012. The Heritage Site. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
External links
- A Chronology of World Political History
- Empires Through Out History
- Ancient Asia Minor-Anatolia
- History Files
- Regnal Chronologies Ancient States
- Livius Ancient History Articles
- World History Maps (Individual) from 1300 BC to 1500 AD