Nuclear power in Romania
Active plants
Future plantsRomania currently has 1,400 MW of nuclear power capacity by means of one active nuclear power plant with 2 reactors, which constitutes around 18% of the national power generation capacity of the country. This makes Romania the 23rd largest user of nuclear power in the world.
Cernavodă nuclear plant
Late in the 1970s, the Romanian Government decided to build a five-unit nuclear power plant in Cernavodă. Romania decided to use Canadian technology (CANDU reactor technology from AECL) and build heavy water reactors, using heavy water produced at Drobeta-Turnu Severin as its neutron moderator and water from the Danube for cooling. The nuclear power plant has two fully operational reactors and another three reactors that are partially finished. Unit One was finished in 1996 and produces 705.6 MW[1] of electricity. Unit Two was finished in 2007[2] and produces 706 MW of electricity. Unit Three and Unit Four were expected to be operational by the year 2015 and the total electricity production of the units will be around 1,500 MW. The total cost of the units is expected to be around US$ 6 billion. On 7 March 2008, Nuclearelectrica, ArcelorMittal, CEZ, Electrabel, Enel, Iberdrola and RWE agreed to set up a company dedicated to the completion, commissioning and operation of Units 3 and 4. The company is expected to be registered in May 2008.[3]
When all the four reactors will be fully functional the Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant will produce around 40% of Romania's total electricity needs. In 2002 and 2006, Romania made efforts to complete unit 3 and 4, respectively. The cost estimate put completion of both reactors at EUR 2.5 billion, with seven companies investing into the project, including the state run Societatea Nationala Nuclearelectrica. The six other companies include ArcelorMittal, CEZ, Electrabel, ENEL, Iberdrola, and RWE. With investment from all these companies, unit 3 would be completed in 2014 and unit 4 in 2015. In March 2008, the Romanian government suggested that it might build another four-unit power plant by 2020.[4] The company that operates and maintains the power plant is Nuclearelectrica.
20 January 2011, GDF Suez, Iberdrola and RWE pulled out of the project, following ČEZ which had already left in 2010, citing "Economic and market-related uncertainties surrounding this project, related for the most part to the present financial crisis, are not reconcilable now with the capital requirements of a new nuclear power project".[5]
Nuclear waste
Currently, nuclear waste is stored at the reactors for up to ten years. Then the waste is transported to dry storage, which is based on the Macstor system designed by AECL. The government has conducted studies into a permanent geological repository.[6]
Plans for other power plants
There are also plans for the construction of a second nuclear power plant in Transylvania that will either have 2 reactors of 1,200 MW each or 4 reactors of 600 MW each with an electricity generating capacity of 2,400 MW[7] and will be constructed after 2020.[8] Currently, several locations for this plant are being considered, some on the Someș River.[9] The French company Areva has been mentioned as a possible constructor for the new plant.[10]
A March 2008 statement by the head of SNN "Nuclearelectrica" said that up to four more units by 2020 at a new site were proposed, and early in 2009 site selection was still under way. In May it was announced that Târnăveni municipality in Târgu Mureș district of Transylvania, and on the Mureș River in central Romania was favoured, with a site in the nearby Sibiu district on the Olt River as second choice. Three sites on the Someș River in Transylvania have also been mentioned, for 2400 MWe of capacity to be built after 2020. Areva has been approached to contribute to planning, with a view to a second plant being commissioned by 2030.[11]
Energy production
| Nuclear | Total consumption | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | 0.91 | 58.06 | 1.57% |
| 1997 | 5.13 | 54.65 | 9.39% |
| 1998 | 4.9 | 51.14 | 9.58% |
| 1999 | 4.81 | 48.51 | 9.92% |
| 2000 | 5.22 | 49.65 | 10.51% |
| 2001 | 5.04 | 51.3 | 9.82% |
| 2002 | 5.11 | 52.18 | 9.79% |
| 2003 | 4.54 | 52.42 | 8.66% |
| 2004 | 5.27 | 53.99 | 9.76% |
| 2005 | 5.28 | 56.91 | 9.28% |
| 2006[13] | 5.63 | 62.69 | 8.98% |
| 2007 | ? | ? | ? |
| 2008 | ? | ? | ? |
| 2009 | ? | ? | 18%[9] |
References
- ↑ 2007 News Releases - Second CANDU Unit in European Union Officially In Service
- ↑ Cernavoda 2 achieves initial criticality
- ↑ "Draft agreement finalized for Romanian reactors". World Nuclear News. 2008-03-07. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
- ↑ "Nuclear Power in Romania." Australian Uranium Association. March 2008. <http://www.uic.com.au/nip93.htm>
- ↑ rwe.com 20 January 2011: GDF SUEZ, RWE and Iberdrola have decided not to continue to participate in the Cernavoda nuclear project in Romania. See also "UPDATE 2-RWE, Iberdrola, GDF Suez exit Romania nuclear plan". Reuters. 20 January 2011.
- ↑ "Nuclear Power in Romania." World Nuclear Association. March 2008. <http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf93.html>
- ↑ Second nuclear plant to have 2,400 MW installed capacity (Romanian)
- ↑ Romania builds second nuclear power plant (Romanian)
- 1 2 http://www.adevarul.ro/financiar/Franta_ar_dori_sa_construiasca_a_doua_centrala_nucleara_din_Romania_-_oficial_francez_0_206979743.html
- ↑ http://www.adevarul.ro/financiar/Videanu_picteaza_in_culorile_Frantei_a_doua_centrala_nucleara_din_Romania_0_302370235.html
- ↑ "Nuclear power in Romania" <http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf93.html>
- ↑ "International Energy Annual (IEA) - long-term historical international energy statistics"
- ↑ Electric energy production by type of energy plant, National Institute of Statistics