Palm Springs, California

For other uses, see Palm Springs (disambiguation).
Palm Springs, California
Charter city
City of Palm Springs

Downtown Palm Springs

Location in Riverside County, California
Coordinates: 33°49′49″N 116°32′43″W / 33.83028°N 116.54528°W / 33.83028; -116.54528Coordinates: 33°49′49″N 116°32′43″W / 33.83028°N 116.54528°W / 33.83028; -116.54528[1]
Country  United States
State  California
County Riverside
Incorporated April 20, 1938[2]
Government
 • Mayor Robert Moon[3]
Area[4]
 • Total 94.975 sq mi (245.984 km2)
 • Land 94.116 sq mi (243.761 km2)
 • Water 0.859 sq mi (2.224 km2)  0.90%
Elevation[1] 479 ft (146 m)
Population (April 1, 2010)[5]
 • Total 44,552
 • Estimate (2013)[5] 46,281
 • Density 470/sq mi (180/km2)
Time zone Pacific (UTC−8)
 • Summer (DST) PDT (UTC−7)
ZIP codes 92262–92264
Area codes 442/760
FIPS code 06-55254
GNIS feature IDs 1652768, 2411357
Website palmsprings-ca.gov

Palm Springs is a desert resort city in Riverside County, California, United States, within the Coachella Valley. It is located approximately 55 mi (89 km) east of San Bernardino, 107 mi (172 km) east of Los Angeles, 123 mi (198 km) northeast of San Diego, and 268 mi (431 km) west of Phoenix, Arizona. The population was 44,552 as of the 2010 census. Palm Springs covers approximately 94 square miles (240 km2), making it the largest city in the county by land area.

Biking, golf, hiking, horseback riding, swimming, and tennis in the nearby desert and mountain areas are major forms of recreation in Palm Springs. The city is also famous for its mid-century modern architecture and design elements.[6]

History

Founding

Native American settlement

Archaeological research has shown that the Cahuilla people have lived in the area for the past 350–500 years. The Cahuilla name for the area was "Se-Khi" (boiling water). When the Agua Caliente Reservation was established by the United States government in 1896, the reservation land was composed of alternating sections (640 acres) of land laid out across the desert in a checkerboard pattern. The alternating non-reservation sections were granted to the Southern Pacific Railroad as an incentive to bring rail lines through the open desert.

Presently the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians is composed of several smaller bands who live in the modern day Coachella Valley and San Gorgonio Pass areas. The Agua Caliente Reservation occupies 32,000 acres (13,000 ha), of which 6,700 acres (2,700 ha) lie within the city limits, making the Agua Caliente band the city's largest landowner. (Tribal enrollment is currently estimated at between 296 and 365 people.)

Mexican explorers

As of 1821 Mexico was independent of Spain and in March 1823 the Mexican Monarchy ended. That same year (in December) Mexican diarist José María Estudillo and Brevet Captain José Romero were sent to find a route from Sonora to Alta California; on their expedition they first recorded the existence of "Agua Caliente" at Palm Springs, California.[7][8]:30 With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the region was ceded to the United States in 1848.

Later 19th century

Early names and European settlers

One possible origin of palm in the place name comes from early Spanish explorers who referred to the area as La Palma de la Mano de Dios or "The Palm of God's hand".[9] The earliest use of the name "Palm Springs" is from United States Topographical Engineers who used the term in 1853 maps.[10] According to William Bright, when the word "palm" appears in Californian place names, it usually refers to the native California fan palm, Washingtonia filifera, which is abundant in the Palm Springs area.[11] Other early names were "Palmetto Spring" and "Big Palm Springs".[12]

The first European resident in Palm Springs itself was Jack Summers, who ran the stagecoach station on the Bradshaw Trail in 1862.[13]:44, 149 Fourteen years later (1876), the Southern Pacific railroad was laid 6 miles to the north, isolating the station.[13]:17 In 1880, local Indian Pedro Chino was selling parcels near the springs to William Van Slyke and Mathew Bryne in a series of questionable transactions; they in turn brought in W. R. Porter to help market their property through the "Palm City Land and Water Company".[8]:275 By 1885, when San Francisco attorney (later known as "Judge") John Guthrie McCallum began buying property in Palm Springs, the name was already in wide acceptance. The area was named "Palm Valley" when McCallum incorporated the "Palm Valley Land and Water Company" with partners O.C. Miller, H.C. Campbell, and James Adams, M.D.[8]:280[14][15]

Land development and drought

McCallum, who had brought his ill son to the dry climate for health, brought in irrigation advocate Dr. Oliver Wozencroft and engineer J. P. Lippincott to help construct a canal from the Whitewater River to fruit orchards on his property.[8]:276–9 He also asked Dr. Welwood Murray to establish a hotel across the street from his residence. Murray did so in 1886 (he later became a famous horticulturalist).[8]:280 The crops and irrigation systems suffered flooding in 1893 from record rainfall, and then an 11-year drought (1894–1905) caused further damage.[7]:40

20th century

Resort development

A 1950s postcard publicizing one of the many hotels sprouting in Palm Springs during the early-to-mid-20th century

The city became a fashionable resort in the 1900s[16] when health tourists arrived with conditions that required dry heat. Because of the heat, however, the population dropped markedly in the summer months.[17] In 1906 naturalist and travel writer George Wharton James' two volume The Wonders of the Colorado Desert described Palm Springs as having "great charms and attractiveness"[18]:278–81 and included an account of his stay at Murray's hotel.[19] As James also described, Palm Springs was more comfortable in its microclimate because the area was covered in the shadow of Mount San Jacinto to the west[14] and in the winter the mountains block cold winds from the San Gorgonio pass.[20] Early illustrious visitors included John Muir and his daughters, U.S. Vice President Charles Fairbanks, and Fanny Stevenson, widow of Robert Louis Stevenson; still, Murray's hotel was closed in 1909 and torn down in 1954.[7]:45

Nellie N. Coffman and her physician husband Harry established The Desert Inn as a hotel and sanitarium in 1909.[21][22] It was expanded as a modern hotel in 1927 and continued on until 1967.[7]:Ch. 13[23][24] Coffman herself was a "driving force" in the city's tourism industry until her death in 1950.[25]

James' Wonders of the Colorado Desert was followed in 1920 by J. Smeaton Chase's Our Araby: Palm Springs and the Garden of the Sun, which also served to promote the area.[26] In 1924 Pearl McCallum (daughter of Judge McCallum) returned to Palm Springs and built the Oasis Hotel with her husband Austin G. McManus; the Modern/Art Deco resort was designed by Lloyd Wright and featured a 40-foot tower.[7]:68–9[27]

The San Jacinto Mountains border Palm Springs to the west.

The next major hotel was the El Mirador, a large and luxurious resort that attracted the biggest movie stars; opening in 1927, its prominent feature was a 68-foot tall Renaissance style tower.[7]:Ch. 23[28] Silent film star Fritzi Ridgeway's 100-room Hotel del Tahquitz was built in 1929, next to the "Fool's Folly" mansion built by Chicago heiress Lois Kellogg.[29] Golfing was available at the O'Donnell 9 hole course (1926) and the El Mirador (1929) course (see Golf below). Hollywood movie stars were attracted by the hot dry, sunny weather and seclusion – they built homes and estates in the Warm Sands, The Mesa, and Historic Tennis Club neighborhoods (see Neighborhoods below). About 20,000 visitors came to the area in 1922.[30]

Palm Springs became popular with movie stars in the 1930s[31] and estate building expanded into the Movie Colony neighborhoods, Tahquitz River Estates, and Las Palmas neighborhoods. Actors Charles Farrell and Ralph Bellamy opened the Racquet Club in 1934[7]:Ch. 25[32][33] and Pearl McCallum opened the Tennis Club in 1937.[27] Nightclubs were set up as well, with Al Wertheimer opening The Dunes outside of Palm Springs in 1934[7]:254 and the Chi Chi nightclub opening in 1936.[34][35] Besides the gambling available at the Dunes Club, other casinos included The 139 Club and The Cove Club outside of the city.[36][37] Southern California's first self-contained shopping center was established in Palm Springs as the Plaza Shopping Center in 1936.[38]

Pre-World War II Coachella Valley Resorts and Hotels
Name City Year Established Year Closed/Demolished Notes and references[39]
Agua Caliente Bathhouse Palm Springs 1880s Present day Commercial use since the 1880s; bathhouse constructed 1916; site is now the Agua Caliente Spa Resort Casino, built in 1963[40]:171
Southern Pacific Indio depot Indio 1880s Burned down in 1966 Contained a "rough resort/hotel"[41][42]:12
Hotel and tent houses Palm Springs 1910s Unknown Operated by David Manley Blanchard (tent houses in late 1800s)[40]
Hotel Indio Indio 1925 2004 (Burned) Opened by E.R. Cooper; had 60 rooms (40 with baths)
La Quinta Hotel La Quinta 1927 Present day Built by William Morgan; designed by Gordon Kaufmann; now the La Quinta Resort and Club
Goff Hotel Palm Springs 1928 (circa) — [43]
Pepper Tree Inn Palm Springs 1924 — Also described as the Dr. Reid's Sanitarium/Matthews-Andrea-Pepper Tree Inn[44]
Ramona Hotel Palm Springs 1910s — Renamed in 1921 as the Palm Springs Hotel by the Foldesy family, although not related to original Palm Spring Hotel[45]
Sunshine Court Palm Springs 1920s 2000s (Razed) Built by Dr. J. J. Crocker and used by golfers at the O'Donnell Golf Club[45]
Hotel La Palma Palm Springs 1910s — Depicted on Palm Canyon Drive in late teens/early 1920s;[42]:118 later became the El Ray Hotel, and then razed when Chi Chi nightclub was built in 1936[40]:143, 166
The Orchid Tree Inn Palm Springs 1934 Present day 45 rooms[7]:247
Estrella Resort and Spa Palm Springs 1933 Present day Now the Viceroy Palm Springs; 74 rooms[7]:247
Ingleside Inn Palm Springs 1935 Present day Original estate built in the 1920s; operated as the Ingleside Inn by Ruth Hardy; now operated by Mel Haber
Palm Springs Tennis Club Palm Springs 1937 Present day Area is now the Tennis Club Condominiums[45]
La Bella Villas Palm Springs 1939 Present day Six Southwest-style villas[7]:247
Desert Hot Springs Mineral Bathhouse Desert Hot Springs 1941 Demolished Developed by L.W. & Lillian T. Coffee; burned in 1947 and rebuilt[46][47]
The Oasis Hotel Palm Springs 1925 Present day Built on grounds owned by the late John Gutherie McCallum; concrete structure designed by Lloyd Wright[48]
Hotel del Tahquitz Palm Springs 1929 1958 Built by movie star Fritzi Ridgeway; had 100 rooms
Deep Well Guest Ranch Palm Springs 1929 1948 Operated by Frank and Melba Bennet; converted to housing development[7]:148[49]
Smoke Tree Ranch Palm Springs 1925 — [45]
Monte Vista Apartments Palm Springs 1921 2005 Operated as a hotel by John and Freda Miller, and then their sons, Frank and John.[30]
El Mirador Hotel Palm Springs 1927 (Converted) Had 200+ rooms; went bankrupt in 1930, bought by new owners; taken over as US Army Torney General Hospital in 1942;[50] reopened as hotel in 1952; became the Desert Regional Medical Center in 1972
The Desert Inn Palm Springs 1909 1967 Built by Nellie Coffman; originally a tent-house resort and sanitarium,[51] developed into 35 buildings and bungalows; owned by actress Marion Davies from 1955 to 1960; original building demolished in 1960; officially closed in 1953.[44] Child actress Shirley Temple was a frequent and publicized guest.[52]
Colonial House Palm Springs 1936 Present day With 56 rooms, was built by Purple Gang member Al Wertheimer with a reputed speakeasy and brothel; once known as the Howard Manor; now the Colony Palms Hotel
Welwood Murray's Palm Springs Hotel Palm Springs 1886 1909 Demolished in 1954[53]

World War II

When the United States entered World War II, Palm Springs and the Coachella Valley were important in the war effort. The original airfield near Palm Springs became a staging area for the Air Corps Ferrying Command's 21st Ferrying Group in November 1941 and a new airfield was built ½ mile from the old site. The new airfield,[43]:43 designated Palm Springs Army Airfield,[54] was completed in early 1942. Personnel from the Air Transport Command 560th Army Air Forces Base Unit stayed at the La Paz Guest Ranch and training was conducted at the airfield by the 72nd and 73rd Ferrying Squadrons. Later training was provided by the IV Fighter Command 459th Base Headquarters and Air Base Squadron.

Eight months before Pearl Harbor Day, the El Mirador Hotel was fully booked and adding new facilities.[55] After the war started, the U.S. government bought the hotel from owner Warren Phinney for $750,000[56] and converted it into the Torney General Hospital,[57] with Italian prisoners of war serving as kitchen help and orderlies in 1944 and 1945.[44] Through the war it was staffed with 1,500 personnel and treated some 19,000 patients.[33]:55

General Patton's Desert Training Center encompassed the entire region, with its headquarters in Camp Young at the Chiriaco Summit and an equipment depot maintained by the 66th Ordnance in present-day Palm Desert.[43]:40

Post World War II

Kaufmann Desert House, Palm Springs, by Richard Neutra

Architectural modernists flourished with commissions from the stars, using the city to explore architectural innovations, new artistic venues, and an exotic back-to-the-land experiences. Inventive architects designed unique vacation houses, such as steel houses with prefabricated panels and folding roofs, a glass-and-steel house in a boulder-strewn landscape, and a carousel house that turned to avoid the sun's glare.[58]

In 1946 Richard Neutra designed the Edgar and Liliane Kaufmann House. A modernist classic, this mostly glass residence incorporated the latest technological advances in building materials, using natural lighting and floating planes and flowing space for proportion and detail.[59] In recent years an energetic preservation program has protected and enhanced many classic buildings.

Culver (2010) argues that Palm Springs architecture became the model for mass-produced suburban housing, especially in the Southwest. This "Desert Modern" style was a high-end architectural style featuring open-design plans, wall-to-wall carpeting, air-conditioning, swimming pools, and very large windows. As Culver concludes, "While environmentalists might condemn desert modern, the masses would not. Here, it seemed, were houses that fully merged inside and outside, providing spaces for that essential component of Californian—and indeed middle-class American—life: leisure. While not everyone could have a Neutra masterpiece, many families could adopt aspects of Palm Springs modern."[60]

Hollywood values permeated the resort as it combined celebrity, health, new wealth, and sex. As Culver (2010) explains: "The bohemian sexual and marital mores already apparent in Hollywood intersected with the resort atmosphere of Palm Springs, and this new, more open sexuality would gradually appear elsewhere in national tourist culture."[60] During this period, the city government, stimulated by real estate developers systematically removed and excluded poor people and Indians.[61][62]

Palm Springs was pictured by the French photographer Robert Doisneau in November 1960 as part of an assignment for Fortune[63] on the construction of golf courses in this particularly dry and hot area of the Colorado desert. Doisneau submitted around 300 slides following his ten-day stay depicting the lifestyle of wealthy retirees and Hollywood stars in the 1960s. At the time, Palm Springs counted just 19 courses, which had grown to 125 by 2010.[64]

Year-round living

A postcard of Palm Canyon Dr. through Palm Springs' downtown village in the 1950s

Similar to the pre-war era, Palm Springs remained popular with the rich and famous of Hollywood, as well as retirees and Canadian tourists.[65] Between 1947 and 1965, the Alexander Construction Company built some 2,200 houses in Palm Springs effectively doubling its housing capacity.

As the 1970s drew to a close, increasing numbers of retirees moved to the Coachella Valley. As a result, Palm Springs began to evolve from a virtual ghost town in the summer to a year-round community. Businesses and hotels that used to close for the months of July and August instead remained open all summer. As commerce grew, so too did the number of families with children.

The recession of 1973–1975 affected Palm Springs as many of the wealthy residents had to cut back on their spending.[66] Later in the 1970s numerous Chicago mobsters invested $50 million in the Palm Springs area, buying houses, land, and businesses.[67] While Palm Springs faced competition from the desert cities to the east in the later 1980s,[68] it has continued to prosper into the 21st century.[69]

Spring break

Since the early 1950s[70] the city had been a popular spring break resort. Glamorized as a destination in the 1963 movie Palm Springs Weekend,[71] the number of visitors grew and at times the gatherings had problems. In 1969 an estimated 15,000 people had gathered for a concert at the Palm Springs Angel Stadium and 300 were arrested for drunkenness or disturbing the peace.[72] In the 1980s 10,000+ college students would visit the city and form crowds and parties – and another rampage occurred in 1986[73] when Palm Springs Police in riot gear had to put down the rowdy crowd.[74] In 1990, due to complaints by residents, mayor Sonny Bono and the city council closed the city's Palm Canyon Drive to Spring Breakers and the downtown businesses lost money normally filled by the tourists.[75]

Today

Tourism is a major factor in the city's economy with 1.6 million visitors in 2011.[30] The city has over 130 hotels and resorts, numerous bed and breakfasts and over 100 restaurants and dining spots.[76]

Following the recession of the late 2000s/early 2010s, Palm Springs is revitalizing its Downtown or "the Village". Rebuilding started with the demolition of the Bank of America building in January 2012, with the Desert Fashion Plaza scheduled for demolition later in 2012.[77]

The movement behind Mid-Century modern architecture (1950s/60s era) in Palm Springs is backed by architecture enthusiasts, artistic designers and local historians to preserve many of Central Palm Springs' buildings and houses of famous celebrities, businessmen and politicians.

Geography and environment

Palm Springs is located at 33°49′26″N 116°31′49″W / 33.82389°N 116.53028°W / 33.82389; -116.53028 (33.823990, −116.530339) in the Sonoran Desert. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 95.0 square miles (246 km2), of which 94.1 square miles (244 km2) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2) (1%) is water. Located in the Coachella Valley desert region, Palm Springs is sheltered by the San Bernardino Mountains to the north, the Santa Rosa Mountains to the south, by the San Jacinto Mountains to the west and by the Little San Bernardino Mountains to the east.

Climate

Palm Springs has a hot desert climate, with over 300 days of sunshine and around 4.83 inches (122.7 mm) of rain annually.[78] The winter months are warm, with a majority of days reaching 70 °F (21 °C) and in January and February days often see temperatures of 80 °F (27 °C) and on occasion reach over 90 °F (32 °C), while, on average, there are 17 nights annually dipping to or below 40 °F (4 °C);[78] freezing temperatures occur in less than half of years. The lowest temperature recorded is 19 °F (−7 °C), on January 22, 1937.[79] Summer often sees daytime temperatures above 110 °F (43 °C) coupled with warm overnight lows remaining above 80 °F (27 °C). The mean annual temperature is 74.6 °F (23.7 °C). There are 180 days with a high reaching 90 °F (32 °C), and 100 °F (38 °C) can be seen on 116 days.[78] The highest temperature on record in Palm Springs is 123 °F (51 °C), most recently achieved on July 28 and 29, 1995.[80]

Climate data for Palm Springs Fire Station 2, California (1981–2010 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 95
(35)		 99
(37)		 104
(40)		 112
(44)		 116
(47)		 122
(50)		 123
(51)		 123
(51)		 121
(49)		 116
(47)		 102
(39)		 93
(34)		 123
(51)
Average high °F (°C) 70.8
(21.6)		 74.0
(23.3)		 80.4
(26.9)		 87.7
(30.9)		 95.7
(35.4)		 103.7
(39.8)		 108.1
(42.3)		 107.3
(41.8)		 101.9
(38.8)		 91.2
(32.9)		 78.5
(25.8)		 69.2
(20.7)		 89.0
(31.7)
Average low °F (°C) 45.4
(7.4)		 48.0
(8.9)		 52.2
(11.2)		 57.4
(14.1)		 64.3
(17.9)		 70.8
(21.6)		 77.5
(25.3)		 77.6
(25.3)		 71.9
(22.2)		 62.3
(16.8)		 51.6
(10.9)		 44.1
(6.7)		 60.3
(15.7)
Record low °F (°C) 19
(−7)		 24
(−4)		 29
(−2)		 34
(1)		 36
(2)		 44
(7)		 54
(12)		 52
(11)		 46
(8)		 30
(−1)		 23
(−5)		 23
(−5)		 19
(−7)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.15
(29.2)		 1.11
(28.2)		 0.53
(13.5)		 0.06
(1.5)		 0.02
(0.5)		 0.02
(0.5)		 0.13
(3.3)		 0.29
(7.4)		 0.23
(5.8)		 0.24
(6.1)		 0.32
(8.1)		 0.87
(22.1)		 4.97
(126.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 3.1 3.2 1.6 0.6 0.2 0 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.9 14.4
Source: NOAA (extremes 1917–present)[79]

Ecology

The Sonoran desert Gateway to Palm Springs, California, as observed from above highway 62 in the Morongo Basin
A wind farm in Palm Springs

The locale features a variety of native Low Desert flora and fauna. A notable tree occurring in the wild and under cultivation is the California Fan Palm, Washingtonia filifera.[81]

Neighborhoods

View through the San Jacinto Mountains to Palm Springs

The City of Palm Springs has developed a program to identify distinctive neighborhoods in the community.[82] Of the 33 neighborhoods,[83] 7 have historical and cultural significance.[84]

Movie Colony neighborhoods

The Movie Colony is just east of Palm Canyon Drive.[85] The Movie Colony East neighborhood extends further east from the Ruth Hardy Park.[86] These areas started growing in the 1930s as Hollywood movie stars built their smaller getaways from their Los Angeles area estates. Bob Hope, Frank Sinatra, Estée Lauder, and Bing Crosby built homes in these neighborhoods.

El Rancho Vista Estates

In the 1960s, Robert Fey built 70 homes designed by Donald Wexler and Ric Harrison in the El Rancho Vista Estates.[87] Noted residents included Jack LaLanne and comic Andy Dick.

Warm Sands

Historic homes in the Warm Sands area date from the 1920s and many were built from adobe.[88] It also includes small resorts and the Ramon Mobile Home Park. Noted residents have included screenwriter Walter Koch, artist Paul Grimm, activist Cleve Jones and actor Wesley Eure.

The Mesa

The Mesa started off as a gated community developed in the 1920s near the Indian Canyons.[89] Noted residents have included King Gillette, Zane Grey, Clark Gable, Carole Lombard, Suzanne Somers, Herman Wouk, Henry Fernandez, Barry Manilow and Trina Turk. Distinctive homes include Wexler's "butterfly houses" and the "Streamline Moderne Ship of the Desert".[90]

Tahquitz River Estates

Tahquitz Canyon Way

Some of the homes in this neighborhood date from the 1930s. The area was owned by Pearl McCallum McManus and she started building homes in the neighborhood after World War II ended. Dr. William Scholl (Dr. Scholl's foot products) owned a 10-acre estate here. Today the neighborhood is the largest neighborhood organization with 600 homes and businesses within its boundaries.[91]

Sunmor Estates

During World War II, the original Sunmor Estates area was the western portion the Palm Springs Army Airfield.[92] Homes here were developed by Robert Higgins and the Alexander Construction Company. Actor and former mayor Frank Bogert bought his home for $16,000 and lived there for more than 50 years.

Historic Tennis Club

Impoverished artist Carl Eytel first set up his cabin on what would become the Tennis Club in 1937. Another artist in the neighborhood, who built his Moroccan-style "Dar Marrac" estate in 1924, was Gordon Coutts.[93] Other estates include Samuel Untermyer's Mediterranean style villa (now The Willows Historic Palm Springs Inn),[94] the Casa Cody Inn, built by Harriet and Harold William Cody (cousin of Buffalo Bill Cody) and the Ingleside Inn,[95] built in the 1920s by the Humphrey Birge family. The neighborhood now has about 400 homes, condos, apartments, inns and restaurants.[96]

Las Palmas neighborhoods

To the west of Palm Canyon Drive are the Vista Las Palmas,[97] Old Las Palmas, and Little Tuscany neighborhoods.[98] These areas also feature distinctive homes and celebrity estates.

Racquet Club Estates

Historic Racquet Club Estates, located north of Vista Chino, is home to over five hundred mid-century modern homes from the Alexander Construction Company. "Meiselman" homes, and the famed Wexler steel homes (having Class One historic designation) are also prominent in the area.[99] Racquet Club Estates was Palm Springs' first middle income neighborhood.

Deepwell Estates

Deepwell Estates, the eastern portion of the square mile defined by South/East Palm Canyon, Mesquite, and Sunrise, contains around 370 homes, including notable homes architecturally and of celebrity figures. Among the celebrities who lived in the neighborhood are Jerry Lewis, Loretta Young, Liberace, and William Holden.[100][101]

Demographics

2010

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
19403,434—
19507,660123.1%
196013,46875.8%
197020,93655.4%
198032,35954.6%
199040,18124.2%
200042,8076.5%
201044,5524.1%
Est. 201547,371[102]6.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[103]

The 2010 United States Census[104] reported that Palm Springs had a population of 44,552. The population density was 469.1 people per square mile (181.1/km²). The racial makeup of Palm Springs was 33,720 (75.7%) White (63.6% Non-Hispanic White),[5] 1,982 (4.4%) African American, 467 (1.0%) Native American, 1,971 (4.4%) Asian, 71 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 4,949 (11.1%) from other races, and 1,392 (3.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11,286 persons (25.3%).

The Census reported that 44,013 people (98.8% of the population) lived in households, 343 (0.8%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 196 (0.4%) were institutionalized.

There were 22,746 households, out of which 3,337 (14.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 5,812 (25.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,985 (8.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 868 (3.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,031 (4.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2,307 (10.1%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 10,006 households (44.0%) were made up of individuals and 4,295 (18.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.93. There were 8,665 families (38.1% of all households); the average family size was 2.82.

The population was spread out with 6,125 people (13.7%) under the age of 18, 2,572 people (5.8%) aged 18 to 24, 8,625 people (19.4%) aged 25 to 44, 15,419 people (34.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 11,811 people (26.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51.6 years. For every 100 females there were 129.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 133.8 males.

There were 34,794 housing units at an average density of 366.3 per square mile (141.4/km²), of which 13,349 (58.7%) were owner-occupied, and 9,397 (41.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 6.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 15.5%. 24,948 people (56.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 19,065 people (42.8%) lived in rental housing units.

During 2009–2013, Palm Springs had a median household income of $45,198, with 18.2% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[5]

2000

A view of Palm Springs from the Museum Trail

As of the census[105] of 2000, there were 42,807 people, 20,516 households, and 9,457 families residing in the city. The population density was 454.2 people per square mile (175.4/km2). There were 30,823 housing units at an average density of 327.0 per square mile (126.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 78.3% White, 3.9% African American, 0.9% Native American, 3.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 9.8% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23.7% of the population.

There were 20,516 out of which 16.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.0% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.9% were non-families. 41.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.1 and the average family size was 2.9.

In the city the population was spread out with 17.0% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 26.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females there were 107.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,973 and the median income for a family was $45,318. Males had a median income of $33,999 versus $27,461 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,957. About 11.2% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.2% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over.

Same-sex couples

Palm Springs has one of the highest concentration of same-sex couples of any community in the United States.[106][107] In the city, 7.2% of households belong to a same-sex couple compared to the national average of 1%. Palm Springs has the fifth-highest percentage of same-sex households in the nation.[106]:27 Former mayor Ron Oden estimated that about a third of Palm Springs is gay.[108] Over various times, the city has catered to LGBT tourists.[109] Palm Springs is host to the Greater Palm Springs Pride Celebration. This celebration, held every year in November, includes events such as the Palm Springs Pride Golf Classic, the Stonewall Equality Concert, and a Broadway in Drag Pageant. The city also held same sex wedding ceremonies at the iconic 'Forever Marilyn' statue located downtown, before its relocation in 2014.

Economy

Palm Springs Official Visitors Center is located in the historic Tramway Gas Station building designed by Albert Frey.

Though celebrities still retreat to Palm Springs, many today establish residences in other areas of the Coachella Valley. The city's economy now relies on tourism, and local government is largely supported by related retail sales taxes and the TOT (transient occupancy tax). It is a city of numerous festivals, conventions, and international events including the Palm Springs International Film Festival.

The world's largest rotating aerial tramcars[110] (cable cars) can be found at the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway. These cars, built by Von Roll Tramways,[110] ascend from Chino Canyon two-and-a-half miles up a steep incline to the station at 8,516 feet (2,596 m). The San Jacinto Wilderness is accessible from the top of the tram and there is a restaurant with notable views.

The Palm Springs Convention Center underwent a multimillion-dollar expansion and renovation under Mayor Will Kleindienst. The City Council Sub-Committee of Mayor Kleindienst and City Council Member Chris Mills selected Fentress Bradburn Architects[111] from Denver, Colorado for the redesign.

Numerous hotels, restaurants and attractions cater to tourists, while shoppers can find a variety of high-end boutiques in downtown and uptown Palm Springs. The city is home to 20 clothing-optional resorts catering to gay men.[112]

Notable businesses

Arts and culture

Annual cultural events

The following three parades, held on Palm Canyon Drive, were created by former Mayor Will Kleindienst:

Ongoing cultural events

For many years, The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies was a stage-show at the historic Plaza Theatre featuring performers over the age of 55. Still Kicking: The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies is a 1997 Mel Damski short documentary film about the Follies. The Palm Springs Follies closed for good after the 2013-14 season.[128]

Starting in 2004, the city worked with downtown businesses to develop the weekly Palm Springs VillageFest. The downtown street fair has been a regular Thursday evening event, drawing tourists and locals alike to Palm Canyon Drive to stroll amid the food and craft vendors.[129]

Events related to films and film-craft are sponsored by the Desert Film Society.[130]

Public art

The city council has established a 7-member commission to promote art in the city.[131] The commission has sponsored several notable public art projects in the city, including:[132]

Museums and other points of interest

Numerous galleries and studios are located in the city and region.[145] The California Art Club has a chapter in Palm Springs.[146] The Desert Art Center of Coachella Valley was established in Palm Springs in 1950.[147]

Sports

O'Donnell Golf Club in Palm Springs

Baseball

Palm Springs is home to the Palm Springs POWER, a semi-pro collegiate league baseball team composed of college all-stars of the Southern California Collegiate Baseball Association. It has a winter league baseball team, the POWER winter team and Palm Springs Chill of the California Winter League (2010) consists of 12 other teams as of 2016. The League plays its games in Palm Springs Stadium and also in the baseball field in nearby Palm Springs High School.

The Palm Springs stadium was once the spring training site of the Major League Baseball California Angels (now the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim) of the American League from 1961 to 1993. The stadium also hosted spring training of the Oakland A's and Chicago White Sox, and the 1950s minor league Seattle Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League also trained there.

Tennis

The Palm Springs area features a number of sporting events including the BNP Paribas Open, one of the most significant tennis events in the world, after the four Grand Slam tournaments.

The Easter Bowl, sponsored by the United States Tennis Association[150] for Juniors has been held in the Palm Springs area in 2008, 2009, and 2010.[151]

Golf

Aerial view overlooking the O'Donnell Golf Club during the 1960s

With more golf courses than any other region in California, Coachella Valley is the most popular golf vacation destination in California. Early golf courses in Palm Springs were the O'Donnell Golf Club (built by oil magnate Thomas A. O'Donnell)[152] and the El Mirador Hotel course, both of which opened in the 1920s.[7]:120 After the Cochran-Odlum (Indio) and Shadow Mountain pitch and putt courses were built after World II, the first 18-hole golf course in the area was the Thunderbird Country Club, established 1951 in Rancho Mirage.[153][154] Thunderbird was designed by golf course architects Lawrence Hughes and Johnny Dawson[155] and in 1955 it hosted the 11th Ryder Cup championship.

In the 1970s the area had over 40 courses and in 2001 the 100th course was opened.[7]:121 The area is also home to the PGA Tour's Humana Challenge in partnership with the Clinton Foundation (formerly the Bob Hope Chrysler Classic), the LPGA's ANA Inspiration and the Canadian Tour's Desert Dunes Classic.[156]

Soccer

The Palm Springs AYSO Region 80 plays in Section 1H of the American Youth Soccer Organization.[157][158]

American football

The Desert Fire Cats women's football team plays in Palm Springs. They were scheduled to play in the Independent Women's Football League in 2011, but the team's season was cancelled and they moved to play as an affiliate team in the Women's Spring Football League.

Parks and recreation

City parks

  • City parks include:[159]
    • Baristo Park
    • DeMuth Park
    • Desert Healthcare (Wellness) Park
    • James O. Jessie Desert Highland Unity Center[160]
    • Dog Park (behind city hall)[161]
    • Frances Stevens Park
    • Ruth Hardy Park
    • Sunrise Park
    • Victoria Park

Recreation

In 1931 the Desert Riders was established.[166] Starting off as a social organization for the cream of Palm Springs society, the group sponsors horseback riding and trail building for equestrians, hikers, and bicyclists.[167] The Desert Riders were also significant in providing combination chuckwagon meals and rides through nearby canyons to hotel guests as Palm Springs developed its tourist industry.[168]

Government

City

Business owners in the village first established a Palm Springs Board of Trade in 1918, followed by a chamber of commerce; the City itself was established by election in 1938[40][169] and converted to a charter city, with a charter adopted by the voters in 1994.[170]

Presently the city has a council-manager type government, with a five-person city council that hires a city manager and city attorney. The mayor is directly elected and serves a four-year term. The other four council members also serve four-year terms, with staggered elections. The city is considered a full-service city, in that it staffs and manages its own police and fire departments including parks and recreation programs, public library,[171] sewer system and wastewater treatment plant, international airport, and planning and building services.

The city government is a member of the Southern California Association of Governments.[172]

The current mayor is Robert Moon, elected in 2015. Mr. Moon is the City's third openly gay mayor in the city's history. Palm Springs' longest-tenured mayor was Frank Bogert (1958–66 and 1982–88), but the best-known mayor in the city's history was Sonny Bono. Bono served from 1988 to 1992 and was eventually elected to the U.S. Congress.

County

Palm Springs is in Supervisorial District 4 of Riverside County represented by John J. Benoit.[173]

In the 1980s a plan for a new county was proposed for eastern Riverside County. The proposed Cahuilla County, California was not adopted.

State

In the California State Legislature, Palm Springs is in the 28th Senate District, represented by Republican Jeff Stone, and in the 42nd Assembly District, represented by Republican Chad Mayes.[174]

Federal

In the United States House of Representatives, Palm Springs is in California's 36th congressional district, represented by Democrat Raul Ruiz.[175]

Education

Public schools

Public education in Palm Springs is under the jurisdiction of the Palm Springs Unified School District, an independent district with five board members.[176] The Palm Springs High School[177] is the oldest school in the district, built in 1938. Originally it was a K–12 school in 1920s and had the College of the Desert campus from 1958 to 1964. The Raymond Cree Middle School[178] opened in 1967.

Elementary schools in Palm Springs include:[179]

Alternative education is provided by the Ramon Alternative Center.[182]

Private schools

Private schools in Palm Springs and nearby communities include Desert Chapel Christian School (K-12), Desert Adventist Academy (K–8), Sacred Heart School (PS-8), St. Theresa (PreK–8), King's School – formerly known as Palm Valley School (K–8), Desert Christian (K–12), Marywood-Palm Valley School, and The Academy.

In 2006 the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino built the Xavier College Preparatory High School[183] in Palm Desert.

Post-secondary education

The Desert Community College District, headquartered with its main campus, College of the Desert, is located in Palm Desert. California State University, San Bernardino and University of California, Riverside used to have satellite campuses available within the College of the Desert campus, but now have their own buildings in Palm Desert.

Private post-secondary education institutions include Brandman University (branch in Palm Desert),[184] California Desert Trial Academy College of Law (in Indio),[185] Kaplan College (Palm Springs),[186] University of Phoenix (Palm Desert),[187] Mayfield College (Cathedral City),[188] and California Nurses Educational Institute (Palm Springs).[189]

Media

Radio and television

Palm Springs is the 144th largest TV market as defined by AC Nielsen. The Palm Springs DMA is unique among TV markets as it is entirely located within only a small portion of Riverside County. Also, while most areas received their first local television stations during the 1950s, Palm Springs did not receive its first TV stations until October 1968 when stations KPLM-TV (now KESQ) and KMIR-TV debuted. Prior to that time, Palm Springs was served by TV stations from the Los Angeles market, which were carried on the local cable system that began operations in the 1950s and which predated the emergence of local broadcast stations by more than a decade.

TV stations serving the Palm Springs and Coachella Valley area include:

The CW, Fox, My Network, PBS and other networks are covered by low power TV stations in the market.

Additionally, Palm Springs and the surrounding area are served by AM and FM radio stations including the following:

Newspapers and magazines

Infrastructure

Libraries

The city's library was started in 1924 and financed by Martha Hitchcock. It expanded in 1940 on land donated to the newly incorporated city by Dr. Welwood Murray and was financed through the efforts of Thomas O'Donnell.[197] The present site now operates as a branch library, research library for the Palm Springs Historical Society, and tourism office for the Palm Springs Bureau of Tourism.[198]

Transportation

One of the first transportation routes for Palm Springs was on the Bradshaw Trail, an historic overland stage coach route from San Bernardino to La Paz, Arizona. The Bradshaw Trail operated from 1862 to 1877. In 1870s the Southern Pacific Railroad expanded its lines into the Coachella Valley.[199]

Modern transportation services include:

Highways include:

SR 111 – California State Route 111, which intersects the city.
I-10 – Interstate 10 runs north of the city.
SR 74 – The Pines to Palms Scenic Byway (California State Route 74) runs from the coast, over the San Jacinto Mountains to nearby Palm Desert.
SR 62 – California State Route 62 (a Blue Star Memorial Highway) intersects I-10 north-west of the city and runs north to San Bernardino County and the Colorado River.

Cemeteries

In 1890, the Jane Augustine Patencio Cemetery[203] was established on Tahquitz Way with the burial of Jane Augustine Patencio.[44] It is maintained by the Agua Caliente Tribe.

The Welwood Murray Cemetery[204] was started by hotel operator Welwood Murray in 1894 when his son died.[7]:46[205] It is maintained by the Palm Springs Cemetery District,[206] which also maintains the Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City.

Also in Cathedral City is the Forest Lawn Cemetery, maintained by Forest Lawn Memorial-Parks & Mortuaries.

Notable people

Over 300 Palm Springs residents have been recognized on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars.

Modern architecture

Mid-century modern house in Palm Springs
Miller House, by Richard Neutra

Besides its tradition of mid-century modern architecture, Palm Springs and the region features numerous noted architects. Other (non-Mid-Century Modern) include[207] Edward H. Fickett, Haralamb H. Georgescu, Howard Lapham, and Karim Rashid.[208]

The Palm Springs area has been a filming location, topical setting, and storyline subject for many films, television shows, and literature.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Palm Springs". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  2. ↑ "California Cities by Incorporation Date" (Word). California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  3. ↑ "Mayor & City Council". City of Palm Springs. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  4. ↑ "2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files – Places – California". United States Census Bureau.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Palm Springs (city) QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Parks & Recreation". City of Palm Springs. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Niemann, Greg (2006). Palm Springs Legends: creation of a desert oasis. San Diego, CA: Sunbelt Publications. p. 286. ISBN 978-0932653741. OCLC 61211290. (here for Table of Contents)
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Lech, Steve (2004). Along the Old Roads: A History of the Portion of Southern California that became Riverside County: 1772–1893. Riverside, CA: Steve Lech. p. 902. OCLC 56035822.
  9. ↑ Gittens, Roberta (November 1992). "A Palm-filled Oasis: Palm Springs and the Desert Communities of the Coachella Valley". Art of California. Napa, CA: Art Institute of California. 5 (5): 45. ISSN 1045-8913. OCLC 19009782.
  10. ↑ City of Palm Springs: History
  11. ↑ Bright, William (1998). Fifteen Hundred California Place Names. University of California Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0520212718. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  12. ↑ Gudde, Erwin Gustav; Bright, William (1998). California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names (4th ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 277. ISBN 0520242173. LCCN 97043168. 'The fine large trees which mark the course of the run have furnished the name ...' (Whipple 1849:7–8). The place is shown as Big Palm Springs on the von Leicht-Craven map of 1874.
  13. 1 2 Wild, Peter (2007). Tipping the Dream: A Brief History of Palm Springs. Johannesburg, CA: The Shady Myrick Research Project. p. 228. OCLC 152590848.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Colacello, Bob; Becker, Jonathan (photographs) (June 1999). "Palm Springs Weekends" (PDF). Vanity Fair: 192–211. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  15. ↑ Palm Valley Land Co. (1888[?]). Views in Palm Valley...: The earliest fruit region in the state...now on sale by Biggs, Fergusson & Co. San Francisco. OCLC 82950785. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ↑ Two early, but fictional, visitors were 6-year-old Mary and her cousin Jack. See: Foster, Ethel T.; Villa, Hernando G. (illustrations) (1913). "A Visit to Palm Springs". Little Tales of the Desert. Los Angeles, CA: Kingsley, Mason and Collins Co. p. 23. ISBN 978-1176787933. LCCN 13025440. OCLC 3726918. Just beyond [the Indian village] was Palm Springs settlement itself, with lots of tents, several houses, a store and [Dr. Murray's Hotel]....They visited the funny little cottages with their roofs and sides all covered with big palm leaves instead of boards. Then they went up to the hot springs. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  17. ↑ Brown, Renee (July 24, 2014). "Palm Springs History: Pioneers survived summer". The Desert Sun. Palm Springs, CA: Gannett.
  18. ↑ James, George Wharton; Eytel, Carl (illustrator) (1906). The Wonders of the Colorado Desert (Southern California). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 547. ISBN 978-1103733613. LCCN 06043916. OCLC 2573290. (Available as a pdf file through the HathiTrust Digital Library.)
    • Wonders is illustrated with over 300 drawings by desert artist Carl Eytel. Many of those drawings, including the Title Page figure, are used throughout Steve Lech's extensive history of early Riverside County. See: Along the Old Roads (cited above).
  19. ↑ Reviews of Wonders included:
  20. ↑ Starr, Kevin (1997). "1. Good Times on the Coast: Affluence and the Anti-Depression". The Dream Endures: California Enters the 1940s. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 512. ISBN 978-0195100792.
  21. ↑ Desert Inn (1923). The Desert Inn: Where Desert and Mountains Meet, Palm Springs, California. Los Angeles, CA: Times-Mirror Print & Binding House. p. 24. OCLC 82839637.
  22. ↑ "Historic Sites: Desert Inn". Palm Springs Life. County of Riverside Historical Marker No. 044; 123 North Palm Canyon (image of marker with 1908 date)
  23. ↑ Bright, Marjorie Belle (1981). Nellie's Boardinghouse: a dual biography of Nellie Coffman and Palm Springs. Palm Springs, CA: ETC Pub. p. 247.
  24. ↑ Janss, Betty; Frashers Inc (1933). Palm Springs California: presented with the compliments of the Desert Inn. Palm Springs, CA: Desert Inn. p. 34. OCLC 427216166.
  25. ↑ Brown, Renee (March 28, 2015). "Nellie Coffman's hospitality helped Palm Springs grow". The Desert Sun. Gannett.
  26. ↑ Chase, J. Smeaton (1920 (republished 1987 by the Palm Springs Public Library)). Our Araby: Palm Springs and the Garden of the Sun. Pasadena, CA: Star-News Publishing Co. p. 83. ISBN 0961872403. LCCN 24010428. OCLC 6169840. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. 1 2 Bowhart, W. H.; Hector, Julie; McManus, Sally Mall; Coffman Kieley, Elizabeth (April 1984). "The McCallum Centennial – Palm Springs' founding family". Palm Springs Life. Palm Springs, CA: Desert Publications. Retrieved February 24, 2012.; and, Ainsworth, Katherine (1996 (reprint of 1973 edition published by the Palm Springs Art Museum)). The McCallum Saga: The Story of the Founding of Palm Springs. Palm Springs, CA: Palm Springs Public Library. p. 245. ISBN 0961872411. LCCN 96052785. OCLC 799840. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ↑ During World War II, the hotel was taken over and operated as a United States Army General Hospital, named in honor of Surgeon General George H. Torney.
  29. ↑ Wild, Peter (2011). Heiress of Doom: Lois Kellogg of Palm Springs. Tucson, AZ: Estate of Peter Wild. p. 449. OCLC 748583736.
  30. 1 2 3 Palmer, Roger C. (2011). Palm Springs (Then & Now). Charleston, SC: Arcadia. p. 95. ISBN 978-0738589138. LCCN 2011932500. OCLC 785786600
  31. ↑ Brown, Renee (May 21, 2016). "Movie stars began flocking to Palm Springs in the 1930s". The Desert Sun. Palm Springs, CA. Gannett.
  32. ↑ Rippingale, Sally Presley (1984). The History of the Racquet Club of Palm Springs. Yucaipa, CA: US Business Specialties. p. 146. LCCN 85226534. OCLC 13526611.. Also see: Turner, Mary L. and Turner, Cal A. (photography) (2006). The Beautiful People of Palm Springs. Sedona, AZ: Gene Weed. pp. 154. ISBN 978-1-4116-3488-6 OCLC 704086361. The Racquet Club would cater to the Hollywood elite for decades.
  33. 1 2 Carr, Jim (1989). Palms Springs and the Coachella Valley. Helena, MT: American Geographic Publishing. p. 112. ISBN 0938314688. LCCN 91166185. OCLC 25026437.
  34. ↑ Kleinschmidt, Janet (September 2005). "Remembering The Chi Chi: 'A hip little place to come for wealthy people.'". Palm Springs Life.; and, Johns, Howard (September 2007). "In the Swing: Dinner clubs and lounges echo the days (and nights) of Palm Springs' famed Chi Chi club". Palm Springs Life.
  35. ↑ Meeks, Eric G. (2012). The Best Guide Ever to Palm Springs Celebrity Homes. Horatio Limburger Oglethorpe. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-1479328598.
  36. ↑ Fessier, Bruce. "Mob looks to win big with casinos in valley". The Desert Sun. Gannett.
  37. ↑ Brown, Renee (April 9, 2016). "Gambling in desert was 'economic driver' in 1930s". The Desert Sun. Palm Springs, CA: Gannett.
  38. ↑ Howser, Huell; Bogert, Frank, McManus, Sally; Pitts, Larry (September 27, 2010). "Palm Springs Plaza Update – Palm Springs Week (35)". California's Gold. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  39. ↑ Except where noted, most data is from: Lech, Steve (2005). "Six: Palm Springs, Desert Hot Springs, Indio, and La Quinta". Resorts of Riverside County. Charleston, SC: Arcadia. p. 128. ISBN 978-0738530789. OCLC 62790503.
  40. 1 2 3 4 Bogert, Frank M. (1987 (republished 2003)). Palm Springs: First Hundred Years. Palm Springs, CA: Palm Springs Library. p. 288. ISBN 096187242X. OCLC 17171891. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ↑ Coachella Valley History Museum: Exhibits
  42. 1 2 Nordland, Ole J. (1968 (Revised, 1978)). Coachella Valley's Golden Years: History of the Coachella Valley County Water District (PDF). Coachella, CA: Coachella Valley Water District. p. 120. OCLC 4511277. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  43. 1 2 3 Desert Memories: Historic Images of the Coachella Valley. Palm Springs, CA: The Desert Sun. 2002. p. 128. ISBN 978-1932129014. OCLC 50674171.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Robinson, Nancy (1992). Palm Springs History Handbook. Palm Springs, CA: Palm Springs Public Library. p. 41. OCLC 31595834.
  45. 1 2 3 4 Henderson, Moya; Palm Springs Historical Society (2009). Images of America: Palm Springs. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 127. ISBN 978-0738559827. LCCN 2008931760. OCLC 268792707.
  46. ↑ "Desert Hot Springs" (PDF). Desert Hot Springs Historical Society. 1952 brochure. Retrieved September 24, 2012. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ↑ Abbott, Maggie. "Jerry Skuse". Desert Hot Springs Historical Society. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  48. ↑ Palm Springs Life: Palm Spring Historical Sites – Building and Land Markers – Oasis Hotel
  49. ↑ Palm Springs, California. Palm Springs, CA: The Hotels. 1929. p. 34. WorldCat note: sponsored and distributed by the four leading hotels of Palm Springs: the Desert Inn, El Mirador, the Oasis, Deep Well Guest Ranch; OCLC 29907656, 228699240
  50. ↑ Brown, Renee (September 25, 2015). "History: Torney general hospital's contribution in WWII". The Desert Sun. Palm Springs, CA: Gannett.
  51. ↑ The 1918 flu pandemic produced an influx of patients. Pyle, Ernie (March 27, 1942). "Palatial Palm Springs Monument To the Faith and Work of One Woman". St. Petersburg Times. p. 6. Retrieved September 30, 2012. In 1917 the new crop of war millionaires looked afield for vacation places, and came to Palm Springs....But the flu epidemic filled the place up.
  52. ↑ Wenzell, Nicolette (February 20, 2014). "Palm Springs History: Shirley Temple tap-danced into our hearts". The Desert Sun. Gannett.
  53. ↑ Holmes, Elmer Wallace; Bird, Jessica (1912). "XX: San Gorgonio Pass". History of Riverside County, California. Los Angeles, CA: Historic Record Company. p. 783. OCLC 7951260.
  54. ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Palm Springs Army Air Field (historical)
  55. ↑ "Palm Springs Visitors Set Fashion Pace: Desert Resort Hotels And Clubs Are Crowded To Capacity". The Pittsburgh Press. March 26, 1941. p. 28. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  56. ↑ Johnson, Erskine (December 18, 1949). "Palm Springs An Odd Place". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  57. ↑ "Torney General Hospital". Historic California Posts. The California State Military Museum.
  58. ↑ Wills, Eric (May/June 2008). "Palm Springs Eternal", Preservation, Vol. 60, Issue 3, pp. 38–45
  59. ↑ Goldberger, Paul (May–June 2008). "The Modernist Manifesto". Preservation. 60 (3): 30–5.
  60. 1 2 Culver, Lawrence (2010). "Chapter 5: The Oasis of Leisure – Palm Springs before 1941; and Chapter 6: Making of Desert Modern – Palm Springs after World War II". The Frontier of Leisure: Southern California and the Shaping of Modern America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-0195382631. LCCN 2009053932. OCLC 620294456, 464581464
  61. ↑ Kray, Ryan M. (February 2004). "The Path to Paradise: Expropriation, Exodus and Exclusion in the Making of Palm Springs". Pacific Historical Review. 73 (1): 85–126. doi:10.1525/phr.2004.73.1.85. ISSN 0030-8684. JSTOR 10.1525/phr.2004.73.1.85. OCLC 4635437946, 361566392 (subscription required)
  62. ↑ Kray, Ryan M. (2009). Second-class Citizenship at a First-class Resort: Race and Public Policy in Palm Springs. Irvine, CA: University of California (Ph.D. thesis). p. 407. ISBN 978-1109197983. OCLC 518520550.
  63. ↑ "Palm Springs: Green and Grows the Desert" (PDF). Fortune: 122–7. February 1961. Before President Eisenhower went to Palm Springs...in 1954, [it] was only a regional resort. Overnight it became a winter resort with national drawing power.
  64. ↑ A book of Doisneau's photographs was published in 2010. Doisneau, Robert; Dubois, Jean-Paul (Forward) (2010). Palm Springs 1960. Paris: Flammarion. p. 9. ISBN 978-2080301291. LCCN 2010442384. OCLC 491896174.
  65. ↑ See:
    • Amory, Cleveland (March 12, 1961). "Palm Springs Is Really An Incredible Place". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved October 2, 2012. It is Hollywood without the wood. Beverly Hills without the hills and Los Angeles without the – well, freeways.
    • "Palm Springs Now Top Desert Resort". The Sun. Vancouver, Canada. January 5, 1968. Retrieved October 2, 2012. One finds 21 golf courses sprinkled across the golden sands of the desert. More than 3,650 swimming pools dot the landscape.
    • "Palm Springs: Outdoors Paradise". St. Petersburg Independent. St. Petersburg, FL. January 11, 1972. p. 4-D. Retrieved October 2, 2012. Moonlight steak [horseback] rides, breakfast rides and group rides are a way of life in the...desert resort.
    • Fix, Jack V. (June 9, 1977). "Palm Springs Place Where Rich Retire". The Pittsburgh Press. UPI. p. B-1. Retrieved October 2, 2012. This desert town...with 5,000 private swimming pools, 38 golf courses and homes selling for 'only $250,000 down' is probably the most wealthy retirement community in the world. Yet it is an area of 37 mobile home parks and senior citizens, 32 per cent of whom...reported an income of less than $4,000 a year.
    • Eichenbaum, Marlene (June 9, 1979). "Palm Springs: It's a plush resort for rich and poor alike". The Gazette. Montreal, Canada. p. T-2. Retrieved October 2, 2012. ...it has long been a haven for the rich and famous....it [also] offers a wide choice of moderately-priced accommodations....
    • von Sorge, Helmut (April 30, 1984). "Palm Springs – das Goldene Kaff". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved October 3, 2012.
    • Braid, Don (January 9, 1985). "Palm Springs: Where the rich meet to greet". The Gazette. Montreal, Canada. p. B-3. Retrieved October 2, 2012. The whole place is flamboyant, bold, obscenely rich,....It's so utterly un-Canadian that Canadian [tourists] can't resist it, even when they can't afford it.
    • Miller, Judith (December 16, 1990). "Palm Springs ain't what she used to be". Deseret News. Salt Lake City, UT. NY Times News Service. p. 2P. Retrieved October 3, 2012. The metropolitan area, which includes nine cities, has 187,000 year-round residents and plays host to 2 million visitors each year. It has 7,645 swimming pools, more than 100 tennis courts and 101 golf courses ....
  66. ↑ "Recession Comes to Posh Palm Springs". Lewiston Evening Journal. AP. March 6, 1975. p. 7. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  67. ↑ Yates, Ronald; Koziol, Ronald (May 9, 1978). "Elite Palm Springs Becomes A Gangsters' Playground". The Evening Independent. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 30, 2012. [Palm Springs] has become Our Town for such Chicago luminaries as Anthony "Big Tuna" Accardo, Joey "The Dove" Aiuppa, James "The Turk" Torello, and Frank "The Horse" Buccieri. Also, Vincent Dominic Caci bought a home in Palm Springs.
  68. ↑ See:
    • Sahagun, Louis (March 16, 1986). "Palm Springs takes pains to gloss up its faded star image". The Pittsburgh Press. The Los Angeles Times. p. G1, G4. Retrieved October 3, 2012. Now, big spenders, tourists and developers are sidestepping this 50-year-old resort community, gravitating instead toward the towns that have blossomed east of here in the Coachella Valley over the last 10 years.
    • "Palm Springs, Calif.; A $100 Million Resort Hotel". New York Times. February 19, 1989. Retrieved October 3, 2012. But while the city of Palm Springs has won national recognition as a resort area, the lower Coachella Valley cities...have benefited most from the new hotels.
  69. ↑ For international coverage, see:
  70. ↑ "Is party over for Palm Springs?". Lodi News-Sentinel. Associated Press. April 9, 1993. Retrieved October 1, 2012. For 40 years, this desert city endured an Easter week invasion of student revelers...
  71. ↑ Gianoulis, Tina (2000). "Spring Break." St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Gale. Retrieved January 7, 2013 from HighBeam Research
  72. ↑ "Palm Springs Lowers Lid On Disorderly Students: Jails Crammed in Crackdown: Spring Vacations Marked By Violence". The Blade. Toledo, OH. AP. April 3, 1969. p. 6. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  73. ↑ "Palm Springs quiet as youths leave". The Milwaukee Journal. AP. March 31, 1986. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  74. ↑ Hubler, Shawn (February 8, 1991). "Palm Springs Votes to Tone Down Easter Break". Los Angeles Times.
  75. ↑ Hubler, Shawn (March 31, 1991). "Palm Springs Sees a Kinder and Gentler Spring Break: Crackdown: City officials call the week the most orderly and successful in years. But merchants catering to the young say it was a financial disaster". Los Angeles Times.
  76. ↑ Brooks, Ken (December 16, 2010). "A Palm Springs Break". Payson Roundup. Payson, AZ. Retrieved September 29, 2012. There are spas, golf courses, famed hotels and resorts, tennis, swimming, sunning, shopping, museums, restaurants and an extensive list of amenities and attractions.
  77. ↑ Monroe, Angela (January 26, 2012). "The Road Ahead for the Desert Fashion Plaza". KMIR-TV, KMIR6 News
  78. 1 2 3 "Monthly Normals for Palm Springs, CA – Temperature and Precipitation". NOAA. Retrieved 2011-07-24.
  79. 1 2 "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2012-04-17.
  80. ↑ "Monthly Averages for Palm Springs, CA – Temperature and Precipitation". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
  81. ↑ Hogan, C. Michael; Stromberg, Nicklas (ed.) (2009). California Fan Palm: Washingtonia filifera, GlobalTwitcher.com
  82. ↑ Palm Springs Office of Neighborhood Involvement
  83. ↑ PS Neighborhood Organizations listing
  84. ↑ Palm Springs Historic Neighborhoods by The Desert Sun feature writer Judith Salkin
  85. ↑ The Movie Colony: History
  86. ↑ Movie Colony East
  87. ↑ El Rancho Vista Estates: History
  88. ↑ Warm Sands Neighborhood Organization: Profile
  89. ↑ The Mesa Neighborhood: History
  90. ↑ Palm Springs Preservation Foundation: Then and Now
  91. ↑ TRENO: About
  92. ↑ Sunmor Neighborhood Organization; and, Sunmor Estates: Neighborhood History
  93. ↑ Gordon Coutts; the Dar Marrac is now operated as the Mediterranean-style Korakia Pensione
  94. ↑ The Willows: history
  95. ↑ Robinson, Rita (1996). Umbrella Guide to Grand Old Hotels of Southern and Central California. Kenmore, WA: Epicenter Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0945397472. LCCN 97116800.
  96. ↑ Historic Tennis Club Neighborhood Organization: History
  97. ↑ Las Palmas Neighborhood Organization
  98. ↑ Old Las Palmas Neighborhood: History
  99. ↑ Hart, Lisa Marie (September 2015). "The Real Steel". Palm Springs Life.
  100. ↑ User, Super. "Deepwell Estates Neighborhood Organization - Home". www.ourdeepwell.com. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  101. ↑ User, Super. "Deepwell Estates Neighborhood Organization - DENO|Palm Springs Villager". www.ourdeepwell.com. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  102. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". Retrieved July 2, 2016.
  103. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  104. ↑ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Palm Springs city". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  105. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  106. 1 2 Gates, Gary; Ost, Jason (2004). The Gay and Lesbian Atlas. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute. p. 241. ISBN 0877667217. (data summarized at Urban Institute Factsheet
  107. ↑ Wallace, David (2008). A City Comes Out: How Celebrities Made Palm Springs a Gay and Lesbian Paradise. Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade Books. p. 192. ISBN 978-1569803493. LCCN 2008022210. OCLC 209646547.
  108. ↑ The Body: African-American HIV/AIDS Resource Center: Interview with Ron Oden
  109. ↑ Palm Springs Bureau of Tourism (2005). Palm Springs: official gay & lesbian visitors guide. Palm Springs, CA: Pride National Network. p. 62. OCLC 64229593.; "Gay pocket guide: Palm Springs, Cathedral City & the entire Coachella Valley". Hollywood, CA: GHighway. OCLC 74711792.; The Bottom Line. Palm Springs, CA: Su-Go Ltd. 1978–. OCLC 45909832. Check date values in: |date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  110. 1 2 Palm Springs Aerial Tramway news release, January 5, 2005
  111. ↑ Fentress Bradburn: Convention Center remodeling
  112. ↑ Sone, Tamara (August 16, 2011). "They all thought I was nuts". The Desert Sun.(subscription required)
  113. ↑ Designed by the Los Angeles design firm Commune. Nakano, Craig (August 11, 2012) "L.A. firm Commune leaves fingerprints across Japan for a cause" Los Angeles Times
  114. ↑ Bloomberg Businessweek: Company Overview of Bird Medical Technologies
  115. ↑ Modernism Week
  116. ↑ ACC Museum: Film Festival
  117. ↑ Jeffrey Sanker, White Party sponsor
  118. ↑ Arthur Lyons Film Noir Festival
  119. ↑ Palm Springs Cultural Center
  120. ↑ Palm Springs Restaurant Week
  121. ↑ PS Black History Committee: Calendar
  122. ↑ The Gay Men's Chorus of Palm Springs: About
  123. ↑ City of Palm Springs: PSHS Homecoming; and, KESQ.com PSHS Homecoming Parade
  124. ↑ City of Palm Springs Veterans Day Parade
  125. ↑ VA Department: Regional Sites
  126. ↑ City of Palm Springs Event Calendar: Veterans Day
  127. ↑ Palm Springs Festival of Lights; and, "2011 Palm Springs Festival of Lights Parade" (December 3, 2011). mydesert.com (Desert Sun)
  128. ↑ "The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies to Close its Doors for Good". www.palmspringslife.com. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  129. ↑ Palm Springs VillageFest
  130. ↑ Desert Film Society – Palm Springs
  131. ↑ City of Palm Springs: Boards and Commissions
  132. ↑ City of Palm Springs: Art in Public Places History
  133. ↑ ACC Museum
  134. ↑ The visitor's center for Palm Canyon was named "Hermit's Haven" and "Hermit's Bench" after early "hippie" William Pester who had a cabin overlooking the canyon. See: Lech, Steve (2012). For Tourism and a Good Night's Sleep. Riverside, CA: Steve Lech. p. 230. ISBN 978-0983750017., citing "Hermit Haven is Next to Nature" (December 2, 1917). Los Angeles Times; U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Palm Canyon; and, Wild, Peter (2008). William Pester: The Hermit of Palm Springs. Johannesburg, CA: The Shady Myrick Research Project. p. 161. OCLC 234084689.
  135. ↑ Agua Caliente Indian Canyons
  136. ↑ Tahquitz Canyon
  137. ↑ Brown, Renee (June 11, 2015). "'Desert Plays' performed in Tahquitz Canyon in 19202". The Desert Sun. Palm Springs, CA: Gannett.
  138. ↑ Agua Caliente Spa Resort Casino
  139. ↑ Mendoza, Mariecar (May 5, 2012). "Marilyn Monroe returning to Palm Springs in a big way". The Desert Sun. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  140. ↑ PSHS About
  141. ↑ Palm Springs Historical Society Village Green Heritage Center
  142. ↑ Schenden, Laurie K. (n.d.). "Ruddy's General Store Museum". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 17, 2012.; and, Palm Springs heritage
  143. ↑ Palm Springs Art Museum: Annenberg Theater
  144. ↑ Children's Discovery Museum of the Desert: About
  145. ↑ Art Palm Springs.com: Gallery, Studio, Museum, Festival, Event Guide
  146. ↑ CAC Chapters
  147. ↑ Desert Art Center: History
  148. ↑ Biller, Steven (Winter–Spring 2006). "In the Studio – Delos Van Earl: Hide and Seek". Palm Springs Life. Art + Culture. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  149. ↑ "Warm Sands Sculpture Project". Palms Springs Office of Neighborhood Involvement.
  150. ↑ USTA Easter Bowl ITF
  151. ↑ USTA Easter Bowl Wrap-Ups
  152. ↑ Dean, Terry; Dickinson, Judy. O'Donnell Golf Club: Jewel of the Desert for 65 Years. p. 52. OCLC 810251995.
  153. ↑ Thunderbird Country Club: Mission and History
  154. ↑ The Thunderbird Country Club had started off as a dude ranch in 1956. Howser, Huell; Bogert, Frank; Dawson, Velma; Windeler, Robert (September 29, 2002). "Thunderbird Country Club – Palm Springs (32)". California's Gold. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help); Windeler, Robert (2002). Thunderbird Country Club: from desert to oasis. New York, NY: Bluefin Press. p. 184. OCLC 60860787.
  155. ↑ Best, Hugh (1988). Thunderbird Country Club. pp. 128. OCLC 41519919 ASIN B002I5PBH2
  156. ↑ CANTOUR 2012 Season (Desert Hot Springs)
    • For more information on golf courses in the region, see:
      • Wexler, Daniel (2011). The Black Book: Palm Springs Area Golf Guide. CreateSpace. p. 132. ISBN 978-1467975643., covers Riverside, San Bernardino, and Imperial Counties.
      • Ryder, Jay; Sluman, Jeff (forward) (1989). The Greater Palm Springs Golf Guide: a Comprehensive Reference Guide to Playing the Desert's Finest Gold Courses. Palm Desert, CA: Ryder Publications. p. 156. LCCN 90115597. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  157. ↑ AYSO Region 80
  158. ↑ AYSO Section 1H
  159. ↑ PS Parks & Recreation
  160. ↑ City of Palm Springs, James O. Jessie Desert Highland Unity Center
  161. ↑ PS Parks & Recreation: Dog Park
  162. ↑ Vacation Palm Springs: Desert Ice Palace
  163. ↑ KESQ.COM, "Ice Skating Rink Slated To Open In Cathedral City", April 29, 2010, retrieved February 27, 2012
  164. ↑ Boomers! Palm Springs: Directions
  165. ↑ City of Palm Springs, Skate Park and Swim Center
  166. ↑ Hicks, John David (1973). History of the Desert Riders. pp. 24. OCLC 19766413
  167. ↑ Patten, Carolyn (March 1995). "The Desert Riders". Palm Springs Life.
  168. ↑ Hubbard, Doni (1991). Favorite Trails of Desert Riders. Redwood City, CA: Hoofprints. p. 239. OCLC 26698066.
  169. ↑ "Incorporation Wins". The Desert Sun. XI (36). April 12, 1938.
  170. ↑ Charter of the City of Palm Springs, Approved by the people June 7, 1994; effective July 12, 1994. OCLC 30622447
  171. ↑ Weiss, Henry (c. 1999). At Sunrise: the History of the Palm Springs Public Library. Palm Springs, CA: Palm Springs Public Library. p. 121. LCCN 2002510928.
  172. ↑ SCAG: Member cities
  173. ↑ County of Riverside, 2011 Supervisoral Districts
  174. ↑ "Statewide Database". UC Regents. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  175. ↑ "California's 36th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC.
  176. ↑ PSUSD Home Page
  177. ↑ PSUSD: Palm Springs High School; and, PSHS Homepage
  178. ↑ PSUSD: Raymond Cree Middle School; and, RCMS Matadors
  179. ↑ Palm Springs Unified School District:
  180. ↑ The school is named after an early teacher in Palm Springs. Galon, Buddy; et al. (1980). The Little School House: the Life of Miss Katherine Finchy. Palm Springs, CA: Lyceum of the Desert, pp. 80. OCLC 7374555
  181. ↑ US DOE 2011 National Blue Ribbon Schools
  182. ↑ PSUSD Alternative Education
  183. ↑ Xavier Prep home page
  184. ↑ Brandman University: Coachella Valley Programs
  185. ↑ DeBenedictis, Don J. (July 12, 2012). "New law school to focus on advocacy". Los Angeles Daily Journal. p. 5.
  186. ↑ Kaplan College Palm Springs
  187. ↑ University of Phoenix, Palm Desert
  188. ↑ Mayfield College
  189. ↑ Council on Occupational Education Accredited Membership
  190. ↑ Desert Daily Guide. P.S. Pairing Partners. OCLC 54477925. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  191. ↑ DDG
  192. ↑ Palm Springs Life publications
  193. ↑ LCCN 52-17796
  194. ↑ Palm Springs Villager. Village Publishing Company. OCLC 11990550. America's most beautiful desert magazine Missing or empty |title= (help)
  195. ↑ OCLC 44505524
  196. ↑ The Public Record: About Us ISSN 0744-205X OCLC 8101482, 252439622
  197. ↑ Brown, Renee (August 14, 2014). "Welwood Murray library has storied past, future". The Desert Sun. Gannett.
  198. ↑ "Welwood Murray Memorial Library". City of Palm Springs, CA.
  199. ↑ Goolsby, Denise (August 24, 2014). "Southern Pacific Railroad made path through the wild". The Desert Sun. Palm Springs, CA: Gannett.
  200. ↑ Amtrak California Trains and Thruways map; and, Thruway motorcoach service is available only in connection with an Amtrak rail trip.
  201. ↑ Palm Springs (city) curbside bus stop (Thruway)
  202. ↑ Greyhound.com Locations: California
  203. ↑ Jane Augustine Patencio Cemetery Find A Grave
  204. ↑ Welwood Murray Cemetery Find A Grave. Some famous burials (Palm Springs Cemetery District "Interments of Interest" and Find A Grave: Famous Burials at Welwood Murray include:
  205. ↑ Palm Springs Life, "Palm Spring Historical Sites – Building and Land Markers" accessed October 10, 2011
  206. ↑ Palm Springs Cemetery District
  207. ↑ City of Rancho Mirage Historic Preservation Commission "Architect Bios"
  208. ↑ "Sci Fi – Futuristic Bungalow by Karim Rashid". Best Home News. June 29, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2012. ...bungalow is created specifically for the Sci Fi channel and Morongo Casino.

Further reading

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  1. ↑ http://www.stationindex.com/tv/markets/Palm+Springs
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