Patience (opera)

1881 Programme for Patience

Patience; or, Bunthorne's Bride, is a comic opera in two acts with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W. S. Gilbert. The opera is a satire on the aesthetic movement of the 1870s and '80s in England and, more broadly, on fads, superficiality, vanity, hypocrisy and pretentiousness; it also satirizes romantic love, rural simplicity and military bluster.

First performed at the Opera Comique, London, on 23 April 1881, Patience moved to the 1,292-seat Savoy Theatre on 10 October 1881, where it was the first theatrical production in the world to be lit entirely by electric light. Henceforth, the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas would be known as the Savoy Operas, and both fans and performers of Gilbert and Sullivan would come to be known as "Savoyards."

Patience was the sixth operatic collaboration of fourteen between Gilbert and Sullivan. It ran for a total of 578 performances, which was seven more than the authors' earlier work, H.M.S. Pinafore, and the second longest run of any work of musical theatre up to that time, after the operetta Les Cloches de Corneville.[1]

Background

Many Punch cartoons satirised æsthetes. Both Patience and The Colonel are mentioned here. A tiny, pennant-waving Gilbert peeks out of Sullivan's backpack at lower right.

The opera is a satire on the aesthetic movement of the 1870s and '80s in England, part of the 19th-century European movement that emphasised aesthetic values over moral or social themes in literature, fine art, the decorative arts, and interior design. Called "Art for Art's Sake", the movement valued its ideals of beauty above any pragmatic concerns.[2] Although the output of poets, painters and designers was prolific, some argued that the movement's art, poetry and fashion was empty and self-indulgent.[3][4] That the movement was so popular and also so easy to ridicule as a meaningless fad helped make Patience a big hit. The same factors made a hit out of The Colonel, a play by F. C. Burnand based partly on the satiric cartoons of George du Maurier in Punch magazine. The Colonel beat Patience to the stage by several weeks, but Patience outran Burnand's play. According to Burnand's 1904 memoir, Sullivan's friend the composer Frederic Clay leaked to Burnand the information that Gilbert and Sullivan were working on an "æsthetic subject", and so Burnand raced to produce The Colonel before Patience opened.[5][6] Modern productions of Patience have sometimes updated the setting of the opera to an analogous era such as the hippie 1960s, making a flower-child poet the rival of a beat poet.[7]

George Grossmith as Bunthorne

The two poets in the opera are given to reciting their own verses aloud, principally to the admiring chorus of rapturous maidens. The style of poetry Bunthorne declaims strongly contrasts with Grosvenor's. The former's, emphatic and obscure, bears a marked resemblance to Swinburne's poetry in its structure, style and heavy use of alliteration.[8] The latter's, simpler and pastoral, echoes elements of Coventry Patmore and William Morris.[9] Gilbert scholar Andrew Crowther comments, "Bunthorne was the creature of Gilbert's brain, not just a caricature of particular Aesthetes, but an original character in his own right."[10] The makeup and costume adopted by the first Bunthorne, George Grossmith, used Swinburne's velvet jacket, the painter James McNeill Whistler's hairstyle and monocle, and knee-breeches like those worn by Oscar Wilde and others.[11]

According to Gilbert's biographer Edith Browne, the title character, Patience, was made up and costumed to resemble the subject of a Luke Fildes painting.[12] Patience was not the first satire of the aesthetic movement played by Richard D'Oyly Carte's company at the Opera Comique. Grossmith himself had written a sketch in 1876 called Cups and Saucers that was revived as a companion piece to H.M.S. Pinafore in 1878, which was a satire of the blue pottery craze.[13]

A popular misconception holds that the central character of Bunthorne, a "Fleshly Poet," was intended to satirise Oscar Wilde, but this identification is retrospective.[10] According to some authorities, Bunthorne is inspired partly by the poets Algernon Charles Swinburne and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, who were considerably more famous than Wilde in early 1881 before Wilde published his first volume of poetry.[10] Rossetti had been attacked for immorality by Robert Buchanan (under the pseudonym "Thomas Maitland") in an article called "The Fleshly School of Poetry", published in The Contemporary Review for October 1871, a decade before Patience.[14] Nonetheless, Wilde's biographer Richard Ellmann suggests that Wilde is a partial model for both Bunthorne and his rival Grosvenor.[11] Carte, the producer of Patience, was also Wilde's booking manager in 1881 as the poet's popularity took off. In 1882, after the New York production of Patience opened, Gilbert, Sullivan and Carte sent Wilde on a US lecture tour, with his green carnation and knee-breeches, to explain the English aesthetic movement, intending to help popularise the show's American touring productions.[10][15]

Although a satire of the aesthetic movement is dated today, fads and hero-worship are evergreen, and "Gilbert’s pen was rarely sharper than when he invented Reginald Bunthorne".[2] Gilbert originally conceived Patience as a tale of rivalry between two curates and of the doting ladies who attended upon them. The plot and even some of the dialogue were lifted straight out of Gilbert's Bab Ballad "The Rival Curates." While writing the libretto, however, Gilbert took note of the criticism he had received for his very mild satire of a clergyman in The Sorcerer, and looked about for an alternative pair of rivals. Some remnants of the Bab Ballad version do survive in the final text of Patience. Lady Jane advises Bunthorne to tell Grosvenor: "Your style is much too sanctified – your cut is too canonical!" Later, Grosvenor agrees to change his lifestyle by saying, "I do it on compulsion!" – the very words used by the Reverend Hopley Porter in the Bab Ballad. Gilbert's selection of aesthetic poet rivals proved to be a fertile subject for topsy-turvy treatment. He both mocks and joins in Buchanan's criticism of what the latter calls the poetic "affectations" of the "fleshly school" – their use of archaic terminology, archaic rhymes, the refrain, and especially their "habit of accenting the last syllable in words which in ordinary speech are accented on the penultimate." All of these poetic devices or "medievalism's affectations", as Bunthorne calls them, are parodied in Patience. For example, accenting the last syllable of "lily" and rhyming it with "die" parodies two of these devices at once.[16]

On 10 October 1881, during its original run, Patience transferred to the new Savoy Theatre, the first public building in the world lit entirely by electric light.[17][18] Carte explained why he had introduced electric light: "The greatest drawbacks to the enjoyment of the theatrical performances are, undoubtedly, the foul air and heat which pervade all theatres. As everyone knows, each gas-burner consumes as much oxygen as many people, and causes great heat beside. The incandescent lamps consume no oxygen, and cause no perceptible heat."[19] When the electrical system was ready for full operation, in December 1881, Carte stepped on stage to demonstrate the safety of the new technology by breaking a glowing lightbulb before the audience.[20]

Roles

Aesthetic dress (left and right) contrasted with 'fashionable attire' (centre), 1881

Synopsis

Act I
"Rapturous maidens" await Bunthorne

In front of Castle Bunthorne, a group of "lovesick maidens" are all in love with the aesthetic poet Bunthorne ("Twenty lovesick maidens we"). Lady Jane, the oldest and plainest of the ladies, informs them that Bunthorne, far from returning their affections, has his heart set on the simple milkmaid Patience. Patience appears and confesses that she has never loved anyone; she is thankful that love has not turned her miserable as it has them ("I cannot tell what this love may be"). Soon, the ladies' old sweethearts, the Dragoon Guards, appear ("The soldiers of our Queen"), led by Colonel Calverley ("If you Want a Receipt for that Popular Mystery"), Major Murgatroyd, and the droopy but immensely rich Lieutenant the Duke of Dunstable. They arrive ready to propose, only to discover their intendeds fawning over Bunthorne, who is in the throes of poetical composition, pretending to ignore the attention of the ladies thronging around him ("In a doleful train"). Bunthorne reads his poem and departs, while the officers are coldly rebuffed and mocked by the aesthetic ladies, who turn their noses up at the sight of their red and yellow uniforms. The Dragoons, reeling from the insult, depart ("When I first put this uniform on").

Sydney Granville as Grosvenor

Bunthorne, left alone, confesses that his aestheticism is a sham, and mocks the movement's pretensions ("If you're anxious for to shine"). Soon, he reveals to Patience that, like her, he does not really like poetry, but she tells him that she could not love him. Later, Lady Angela, one of Bunthorne's admirers, explores with Patience the latter's childhood crush ("Long years ago"). Lady Angela rhapsodises upon love as the one truly unselfish pursuit in the world. Impressed by this eloquence, Patience promises to fall in love at the earliest opportunity. That opportunity is provided by the arrival of Archibald Grosvenor, another aesthetic poet who turns out to be Patience's childhood love. He has grown up to be the infallible, widely loved poet known as "Archibald the All-Right" ("Prithee, pretty maiden"). The two declare themselves in love but are brought up short by the realisation that as Grosvenor is a perfect being, for Patience to love him would be a selfish act, and therefore not true love; thus, they must part.

Passmore as Bunthorne "curses" Lytton as Grosvenor

Bunthorne, heartbroken by Patience's rejection, has chosen to raffle himself off among his lady followers ("Let the merry cymbals sound"), the proceeds going to charity. The Dragoons interrupt the proceedings, and, led by the Duke, attempt to reason with the ladies ("Your maiden hearts, ah, do not steel"), but the ladies are too busy clamouring for tickets to the raffle to listen ("Come walk up"). Just as Bunthorne is handing the bag to the unattractive Jane, ready for the worst, Patience interrupts the proceedings and proposes to unselfishly sacrifice herself by loving the poet ("True Love must single-hearted be"). A delighted Bunthorne accepts immediately, and his followers, their idol lost, return to the Dragoons to whom they are engaged ("I hear the soft note of the echoing voice"). All seems resolved until Grosvenor enters and the ladies, finding him poetic, aesthetic, and far more attractive than Bunthorne, become his partisans instead ("Oh, list while we a love confess"), much to the dismay of the Dragoons, Patience, Bunthorne and especially Grosvenor himself.

Act II

Alice Barnett as Lady Jane

Lady Jane, accompanying herself on the cello,[21] laments the passing of the years and expresses her hope that Bunthorne will "secure" her before it is too late ("Silvered is the raven hair"). Meanwhile, Grosvenor wearily entertains the ladies ("A magnet hung in a hardware shop") and begs to be given a half-holiday from their cloying attentions. The Dragoons' Major, Colonel, and Duke attempt to earn their partners' love through an effort to convert to the principles of aestheticism ("It's clear that mediaeval art"). Then Patience confesses her affection for Grosvenor to Bunthorne, who is naturally furious at the revelation.

Confronting Grosvenor, Bunthorne threatens him with a dire curse unless he undertakes to become a perfectly ordinary young man. Grosvenor, intimidated, but also pleased at the excuse to escape the celebrity caused by his "fatal beauty", agrees to do so. This plot backfires, however, when Grosvenor reappears as an ordinary man; the ladies follow him into ordinariness, becoming "matter-of-fact young girls." Patience realises that Grosvenor has lost his perfection in her eyes – and that it therefore will not be so selfish for her to marry him, which she undertakes to do without delay. The ladies, following suit, return to their old fiancés among the Dragoons. In the spirit of fairness, the Duke chooses the "plain" Lady Jane as his bride, for her very lack of appeal. Bunthorne is left to the "vegetable" love that he has claimed (falsely) to desire most of all. Thus, echoing the subtitle of the piece, everyone sings that "Nobody [is] 'Bunthorne's bride.'"

Musical numbers

Act I
"...and here we are!" (left to right: Dow, Workman and René, 1907)

1 This was originally followed by a song for the Duke, "Though men of rank may useless seem." The orchestration survives in Sullivan's autograph score, but without a vocal line. There have been several attempts at a reconstruction, including one by David Russell Hulme that was included on the 1994 new D'Oyly Carte Opera Company recording.

"...sing 'boo' to you" (Lytton and Lewis, 1919)
Act II

Note on topical references: Songs and dialogue in Patience contain many topical references to persons and events of public interest in 1881. In particular, the Colonel's song, Act I, item 3a above, is almost entirely composed of such references. The Wikisource text of the opera contains links explaining these references.

Production history

Lillian Russell as Patience at the Bijou Opera House in New York, 1882

The original run of Patience in London, split across two theatres, was the second longest of the Gilbert and Sullivan series, eclipsed only by The Mikado. The original sets were designed by John O'Connor.[23] Its first London revival was in 1900, making it the last of the revivals for which all three partners (Gilbert, Sullivan, and D'Oyly Carte) were alive. At that time, Gilbert admitted some doubts as to whether the æsthetic subject would still be appreciated, years after the fad had died out. Gilbert wrote to Sullivan after the premiere of this revival (which the composer was too ill to attend), "The old opera woke up splendidly."[24]

In the British provinces, Patience played – either by itself, or in repertory – continuously from summer 1881 to 1885, then again in 1888. It rejoined the touring repertory in 1892 and was included in every season until 1955–56. New costumes were designed in 1907 by Percy Anderson, in 1918 by Hugo Rumbold and in 1928 by George Sheringham, who also designed a new set that year. New designs by Peter Goffin debuted in 1957.[23] The opera returned to its regular place in the repertory, apart from a break in 1962–63. Late in the company's history, it toured a reduced set of operas to reduce costs. Patience had its final D'Oyly Carte performances in April 1979 and was left out of the company's last three seasons of touring.[25]

In America, Richard D'Oyly Carte mounted a production at the Standard Theatre in September 1881, six months after the London premiere. One of the "pirated" American productions of Patience starred the young Lillian Russell.[26] In Australia, the opera's first authorised performance was on 26 November 1881 at the Theatre Royal, Sydney, produced by J. C. Williamson.

Patience entered the repertory of the English National Opera in 1969, in an acclaimed production with Derek Hammond-Stroud as Bunthorne. The production was later mounted in Australia and was preserved on video as part of the Brent Walker series. In 1984, ENO also took the production on tour to the Metropolitan Opera House, in New York City.[27]

The following table shows the history of the D'Oyly Carte productions in Gilbert's lifetime:[28]

TheatreOpening DateClosing DatePerfs.Details
Opera Comique23 April 18818 October 1881170
Savoy Theatre10 October 188122 November 1882408
Standard Theatre, New York22 September 188123 March 1882177Authorised American production
Savoy Theatre7 November 190020 April 1901150First London revival
Savoy Theatre4 April 190724 August 190751First Savoy repertory season; played with three other operas. Closing date shown is of the entire season.

Historical casting

The following tables show the casts of the principal original productions and D'Oyly Carte Opera Company touring repertory at various times through to the company's 1982 closure:

RoleOpera Comique
1881[29] 		Standard Theatre
1881[30][31]		Savoy Theatre
1900[32]		Savoy Theatre
1907[33]
ColonelRichard Temple[34]William T. CarletonJones HewsonFrank Wilson
MajorFrank ThorntonArthur WilkinsonW. H. LeonRichard Andean
DukeDurward LelyLlewellyn CadwaladrRobert EvettHarold Wilde
BunthorneGeorge GrossmithJ. H. RyleyWalter PassmoreCharles H. Workman
GrosvenorRutland BarringtonJames Barton KeyHenry LyttonJohn Clulow
SolicitorGeorge BowleyWilliam WhiteH. Carlyle PritchardRonald Greene
AngelaJessie BondAlice BurvilleBlanche Gaston-MurrayJessie Rose
SaphirJulia GwynneRose ChapelleLulu EvansMarie Wilson
EllaMay FortescueAlma StanleyAgnes FraserRuby Gray
JaneAlice BarnettAugusta RocheRosina BrandramLouie René
PatienceLeonora BrahamCarrie BurtonIsabel JayClara Dow
RoleD'Oyly Carte
1915 Tour[35]		D'Oyly Carte
1925 Tour[36]		D'Oyly Carte
1935 Tour[37]		D'Oyly Carte
1945 Tour[38]
ColonelFrederick HobbsDarrell FancourtDarrell FancourtDarrell Fancourt
MajorAllen MorrisMartyn GreenFrank StewardC. William Morgan
DukeDewey GibsonCharles GouldingJohn DeanHerbert Garry
BunthorneHenry LyttonHenry LyttonMartyn GreenGrahame Clifford
GrosvenorLeicester TunksHenry MillidgeLeslie RandsLeslie Rands
SolicitorE. A. CottonAlex SheahanW. F. HodgkinsErnest Dale
AngelaNellie BriercliffeAileen DaviesMarjorie EyreMarjorie Eyre
SaphirElla MilneBeatrice ElburnElizabeth Nickell-LeanDoreen Binnion
EllaPhyllis SmithIrene HillMargery AbbottRosalie Dyer
JaneBertha LewisBertha LewisDorothy GillElla Halman
PatienceElsie McDermidWinifred LawsonDoreen DennyMargery Abbott
RoleD'Oyly Carte
1950 Tour[39]		D'Oyly Carte
1957 Tour[40]		D'Oyly Carte
1965 Tour[41]		D'Oyly Carte
1975 Tour[42]
ColonelDarrell FancourtDonald AdamsDonald AdamsJohn Ayldon
MajorPeter PrattJohn ReedAlfred OldridgeJames Conroy-Ward
DukeLeonard OsbornLeonard OsbornPhilip PotterMeston Reid
BunthorneMartyn GreenPeter PrattJohn ReedJohn Reed
GrosvenorAlan StylerArthur RichardsKenneth SandfordKenneth Sandford
SolicitorErnest DaleWilfred StelfoxJon EllisonJon Ellison
AngelaJoan GillinghamBeryl DixonPeggy Ann JonesJudi Merri
SaphirJoyce WrightElizabeth HowarthPauline WalesPatricia Leonard
EllaMuriel HardingJean HindmarshValerie MastersonRosalind Griffiths
JaneElla HalmanAnn Drummond-GrantChristene PalmerLyndsie Holland
PatienceMargaret MitchellCynthia Morey[43]Ann HoodPamela Field

Recordings

Illustration from an 1885 programme

Of the recordings of this opera, the 1961 D'Oyly Carte Opera Company recording (with complete dialogue) has been the best received. Two videos, Brent Walker (1982) and Australian Opera (1995), are both based on the respected English National Opera production first seen in the 1970s.[44] More recent professional productions have been recorded on video by the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival.[45]

Selected recordings

Oscar Brand and Joni Mitchell recorded "Prithee Pretty Maiden" for the Canadian folk music TV program Let's Sing Out, broadcast by CBC Television in 1966.[53]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Les Cloches de Corneville was the longest-running work of musical theatre in history, until Dorothy in 1886. See this article on longest runs in the theatre up to 1920
  2. 1 2 Smith, Steve. "A Satire With Targets Not So Well Remembered", The New York Times, 5 January 2014
  3. ↑ Fargis, p. 261
  4. ↑ Denney, p. 38
  5. ↑ Burnand, p. 165
  6. ↑ In fact, many stage works prior to 1881 had satirised the aesthetic craze. A review of Patience in The Illustrated London News noted: "By this time the [English] stage is thickly sown all over with a crop of lilies and sunflowers". June 18, 1881, p. 598, discussed and quoted in Williams, pp. 153–54.
  7. ↑ Bradley, 2005
  8. ↑ Jones, p. 46
  9. ↑ Jones, pp. 48–52
  10. 1 2 3 4 Crowther, Andrew. "Bunthorne and Oscar Wilde", The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 8 June 2009
  11. 1 2 Ellmann, pp. 135 and 151–52
  12. ↑ Browne, p. 93, identifies Fildes's "first successful paining", "Where are you going to, my pretty maid?"; Browne may have meant the Fildes painting of the milk maid "Betty": Image of "Betty" in Thompson, David Croal. The Life & Work of Luke Fildes, R.A., J. S. Virtue & Co. (1895), p. 23
  13. ↑ Cups and Saucers, the Gilbert and Sullivan Archive
  14. ↑ In the essay, Buchanan excoriates Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite school for elevating sensual, physical love to the level of the spiritual.
  15. ↑ Cooper, John. "The Lecture Tour of North America 1882", Oscar Wilde in America, accessed May 22, 2016
  16. ↑ Williams, p. 175, discussing the parody of poetic styles in Patience, including Gilbert's satiric use of the poetic devices criticised in Robert Williams Buchanan's essay "The Fleshly School of Poetry", The Contemporary Review, October 1871.
  17. ↑ See this article on the Savoy Theatre from arthurlloyd.co.uk, retrieved on 20 July 2007. See also this article from the Ambassador Theatre Group Limited
  18. ↑ Burgess, Michael. "Richard D'Oyly Carte", The Savoyard, January 1975, pp. 7–11
  19. ↑ "Richard D'Oyly Carte", at the Lyric Opera San Diego website, June 2009
  20. ↑ Description of lightbulb experiment in The Times, 28 December 1881
  21. ↑ "Violonello" is specified in the original libretto, though in the original production a double bass was used (see Alice Barnett photograph), an instrument specified in the licence copy and first American libretto of the opera. Subsequent productions have varied in their choice of cello, double bass or a similar prop. See photographs of past D'Oyly Carte productions and this photo from Peter Goffin's D'Oyly Carte production.
  22. ↑ Ainger, p. 195
  23. 1 2 Rollins and Witts, Appendix, p. VII
  24. ↑ Allen 1975, p. 461
  25. ↑ Rollins and Witts, supplements
  26. ↑ Information about, and programmes for, American and other productions of Patience
  27. ↑ During his term of office, Chief Justice William Rehnquist, a great Gilbert and Sullivan fan, played the silent role of Mr. Bunthorne's Solicitor in a 1985 Washington Savoyards production of the piece. See Garcia, Guy D. (1986-06-02). "People". Time. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
  28. ↑ Rollins and Witts, pp. 8–21
  29. ↑ Rollins and Witts, p. 8
  30. ↑ Gänzl, p. 187
  31. ↑ Brown, Thomas Allston (1903). A history of the New York stage from the first performance in 1732 to 1901. New York: Dodd, Mead and company. p. 246. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
  32. ↑ Rollins and Witts, p. 19
  33. ↑ Rollins and Witts, p. 21
  34. ↑ Temple was replaced in the role on 8 October 1881, the last night at the Opera Comique, by Walter Browne. See the classified ad for Patience in The Times, 8 October 1881, p. 6. Temple remained at the Opera Comique to play King Portico in Princess Toto when John Hollingshead took over the management of that theatre from Carte. See "Opera Comique", The Times, 18 October 1881, p. 4.
  35. ↑ Rollins and Witts, p. 132
  36. ↑ Rollins and Witts, p. 148
  37. ↑ Rollins and Witts, p. 160
  38. ↑ Rollins and Witts, p. 170
  39. ↑ Rollins and Witts, p. 175
  40. ↑ Rollins and Witts, p. 182
  41. ↑ Rollins and Witts, 1st Supplement, p. 7
  42. ↑ Rollins and Witts, 3rd Supplement, p. 28
  43. ↑ Morey is President of the Gilbert and Sullivan Society in London. See also Ffrench, Andrew. "Retired opera singer Cynthia Morey lands 'yum' film role in Quartet", Oxford Mail, 2 February 2013
  44. ↑ Shepherd, Marc. Recordings of Patience, The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 5 April 2003, accessed 2 August 2016
  45. ↑ "Professional Shows from the Festival", Musical Collectibles catalogue website, accessed 15 October 2012
  46. ↑ Shepherd, Marc. The 1930 D'Oyly Carte Patience, The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 8 September 2008, accessed 2 August 2016
  47. ↑ Shepherd, Marc. The 1951 D'Oyly Carte Patience, The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 11 July 2009, accessed 2 August 2016
  48. ↑ Shepherd, Marc. The 1961 D'Oyly Carte Patience, The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 8 September 2008, accessed 2 August 2016
  49. ↑ Shepherd, Marc. The Sargent/EMI Patience (1962), The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 16 November 2001, accessed 2 August 2016
  50. ↑ Shepherd, Marc. The Brent Walker Patience (1982), The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 5 April 2009, accessed 2 August 2016
  51. ↑ Shepherd, Marc. The New D'Oyly Carte Patience (1994), The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 8 September 2008, accessed 2 August 2016
  52. ↑ Shepherd, Marc. The Opera Australia Patience (1995), The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 13 April 2009, accessed 2 August 2016
  53. ↑ "Prithee, Pretty Maiden", JoniMitchell.com, accessed June 21, 2015

References

Jessie Bond as Lady Angela
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