Prayers at United States presidential inaugurations

Since 1937, the United States presidential inauguration has included one or more prayers given by members of the clergy.^[1][2] Since 1933 an associated prayer service either public or private attended by the President-elect has often taken place on the morning of the day.^[3] At times a major public or broadcast prayer service takes place after the main ceremony most recently on the next day.^[4]

List of clergy at main ceremony^[2]

January 20, 1937 inaugural of Franklin D. Roosevelt

• Invocation by Chaplain ZeBarney Thorne Phillips - Episcopalian, Chaplain of the United States Senate
• Benediction by Father John A. Ryan - Catholic, professor, Catholic University of America^[5]

January 20, 1941 inaugural of Franklin D. Roosevelt

• Invocation by Chaplain ZeBarney Phillips
• Benediction by Father Michael J. Ready, Catholic, general secretary of the National Catholic Welfare Conference^[6]

January 20, 1945 inaugural of Franklin D. Roosevelt

• Invocation by Bishop Angus Dun - Episcopalian, Bishop of Washington
• Benediction by Monsignor John A. Ryan - Catholic

January 20, 1949 inaugural of Harry S. Truman

• Invocation by Rev. Edward Hughes Pruden, Baptist, First Baptist Church, Washington, D.C.^[7]
• Prayer by Rabbi Samuel Thurman, Jewish, United Hebrew Congregation, St. Louis, Missouri^[8]
• Benediction by Archbishop Patrick A. O’Boyle, Catholic, Archbishop of Washington^[9]

January 20, 1953 inaugural of Dwight D. Eisenhower

• Invocation by Archbishop Patrick A. O’Boyle, Catholic, Archbishop of Washington
• Prayer by Rabbi Abba Hillel Silver, Jewish
• Prayer by President Eisenhower
• Benediction by Rev. Henry Knox Sherrill, Episcopalian, Presiding Bishop

January 21, 1957 inaugural of Dwight D. Eisenhower

• Invocation by Rev. Edward L. R. Elson - Presbyterian, Chaplain of the United States Senate
• Prayer by Michael - Greek Orthodox
• Prayer by Rabbi Louis Finkelstein, Jewish
• Benediction by Cardinal Edward Mooney - Catholic, Archbishop of Detroit

January 20, 1961 inaugural of John F. Kennedy

• Invocation by Cardinal Richard Cushing - Catholic, Archbishop of Boston
• Prayer by Iakovos, Greek Orthodox
• Prayer by Rev. Dr. John Barclay, pastor of the Central Christian Church of Austin, Texas
• Benediction by Rabbi Nelson Glueck - Jewish

January 20, 1965 inaugural of Lyndon B. Johnson

• Invocation by Archbishop Robert E. Lucey - Catholic, Archbishop of San Antonio
• Prayer by Rabbi Hyman Judah Schachtel - Jewish, Congregation Beth Israel of Houston
• Prayer by Rev. Dr. George R. Davis - Disciples of Christ
• Benediction by Iakovos - Greek Orthodox

January 20, 1969 inaugural of Richard Nixon

• Invocation by Rev. Charles Ewbank Tucker - African Methodist Episcopal Zion, bishop
• Prayer by Rabbi Edgar F. Magnin - Jewish, Wilshire Boulevard Temple, Los Angeles
• Prayer by Iakovos - Greek Orthodox
• Prayer by Rev. Billy Graham - Southern Baptist, text of Billy Graham prayer 1969
• Benediction by Archbishop Terence J. Cooke - Catholic, Archbishop of New York

January 20, 1973 inaugural of Richard M. Nixon

• Invocation by Rev. E. V. Hill, National Baptist Convention, pastor of the Mount Zion Missionary Baptist Church in Los Angeles^[10]
• Prayer by Rabbi Seymour Siegel - Jewish, professor, Jewish Theological Seminary
• Prayer by Iakovos - Greek Orthodox
• Benediction by Archbishop Terence J. Cooke - Catholic, Archbishop of New York

January 20, 1977 inaugural of Jimmy Carter

• Invocation by Bishop William Cannon - United Methodist
• Benediction by Archbishop John R. Roach - Catholic

Rev. Donn Moomaw gives the invocation at the 1981 inauguration of President Ronald Reagan. Also pictured are House Speaker Tip O'Neill, Vice President George H. W. Bush, President Reagan, Barbara Bush, and Nancy Reagan.

January 20, 1981 inaugural of Ronald Reagan

• Invocation by Rev. Donn Moomaw - Presbyterian, pastor of Bel Air Presbyterian Church in Los Angeles
• Benediction by Rev. Donn Moomaw

January 21, 1985 inaugural of Ronald Reagan

• Invocation by Rev. Timothy S. Healy - Catholic, president of Georgetown University
• Prayer by Rabbi Alfred Gottschalk - Jewish, president, Hebrew Union College
• Prayer by Rev. Donn Moomaw - Presbyterian
• Benediction by Rev. Peter Gomes, chaplain, Harvard University

January 20, 1989 inaugural of George H. W. Bush

• Invocation by Rev. Billy Graham - Southern Baptist, text of invocation 1989
• Benediction by Rev. Billy Graham - Southern Baptist

January 20, 1993 inaugural of Bill Clinton

• Invocation by Rev. Billy Graham - Southern Baptist, text of invocation 1993
• Benediction by Rev. Billy Graham - Southern Baptist

January 20, 1997 inaugural of Bill Clinton

• Invocation by Rev. Billy Graham - Southern Baptist, text of invocation 1997
• Benediction by Rev. Gardner C. Taylor - Baptist

January 20, 2001 inaugural of George W. Bush

• Invocation by Rev. Franklin Graham - Southern Baptist, text of invocation and benediction 2001
• Benediction by Pastor Kirbyjon H. Caldwell - United Methodist

January 20, 2005 inaugural of George W. Bush

• Invocation by Rev. Luis León - Episcopalian, rector St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square (Washington, D.C.)(Text of Invocation)
• Benediction by Pastor Kirbyjon Caldwell - Senior Pastor of Windsor Village United Methodist Church in Houston, Texas(Text of Benediction)

January 20, 2009 inaugural of Barack Obama

• Invocation by Rev. Dr. Rick Warren - Baptist, Pastor of the Saddleback Church, Lake Forest, California
• Benediction by Rev. Dr. Joseph E. Lowery - United Methodist

January 21, 2013 inaugural of Barack Obama

Reverend Luis Leon delivering the benediction at the 2013 Presidential Inauguration

• Invocation by Myrlie Evers-Williams, the first woman and non-clergy to deliver an inaugural prayer.
• Benediction by Rev. Dr. Luis León, fourteenth rector of St. John's Church. Pastor Louie Giglio had originally been tapped by the inaugural committee but withdrew amid controversy regarding an anti-gay sermon he had delivered in the 1990s.^[11]

Associated morning prayer service

Presidents since 1933 have often worshipped privately before the actual ceremony.

• 1933 - Franklin Roosevelt attend a service at St. John's Episcopal Church in the morning (Saturday) before being sworn in.
• 1937 - Franklin Roosevelt attended a service at St. John's Episcopal Church in the morning (Wednesday) before being sworn in.
• 1941 - Franklin Roosevelt attended a service at St. John's Episcopal Church in the morning (Wednesday) before being sworn in.
• 1945 - Franklin Roosevelt had a private service in the White House.
• 1949 - Harry Truman attended a service at St. John's Episcopal Church in the morning (Thursday) before being sworn in.
• 1953 - Dwight Eisenhower attended a service at National Presbyterian Church in the morning (Tuesday) before being sworn in.
• 1957 - Dwight Eisenhower attended a service at National Presbyterian Church (Sunday) before being sworn in privately. He was publicly sworn in the next day.
• 1961 - John F. Kennedy attended the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass at Holy Trinity Church.
• 1965 - Lyndon Johnson attended a private service at National City Christian Church in the morning (Wednesday) before being sworn in. Billy Graham gave a sermon.
• 1969 - Richard Nixon had a prayer breakfast in the State Department
• 1973 - Richard Nixon had no prayer service. He did attend church the next day, a Sunday. There was also a White House Prayer Service with Billy Graham (sermon), Archbishop Joseph Bernardin, and Rabbi Edgar F. Magnin as speakers.^[12]
• 1977 - James Earl Carter attended a private service at First Baptist Church^[13]
• 1981 - Ronald Reagan attended a private service at St. John's Episcopal Church. Speakers included Billy Graham.
• 1985 - Ronald Reagan attended a private service at St. John's Episcopal Church on Sunday, January 20.
• 1989 - George H. W. Bush attended a private service at St. John's Episcopal Church.
• 1993 - William Clinton attended a private service at Metropolitan AME Church
• 1997 - William Clinton attended a private service at Metropolitan AME Church
• 2001 on January 20 George W. Bush attended a private service at St. John's Episcopal Church
• 2009 - Barack Obama attended a private service at St. John's Episcopal Church
• 2013 - Barack Obama attended a private service at St. John's Episcopal Church on the morning of Monday, January 21, immediately before his public inaugural ceremony. (He had privately been sworn in the previous day.)

Public prayer service^[4]

In 1789 George Washington along with Congress attended a service at St. Paul's Chapel in New York City after his swearing in. The ceremony was presided over by Bishop Samuel Provoost. No similar service is known until 1933.

Sunday, March 5, 1933 "National Inaugural Prayer Service" at Washington National Cathedral. Presided over by Episcopal Bishop James Edward Freeman of Washington.

Thursday, January 20, 1977 James Carter had a half-hour interfaith prayer service at the Lincoln Memorial in the morning (8am) before the main ceremony; he did not attend.^[13][14][15] Speakers included

• Martin Luther King Sr., father of Martin Luther King Jr.
• Rev. Bruce Edwards, Plains, Georgia
• Ruth Carter Stapleton
• Leontyne Price and Sherrill Milnes sang

1981 Ronald Reagan had a service at National City Christian Church on Thomas Circle, Washington, D.C.

Sunday, January 20, 1985 Ronald Reagan had a public service at the Washington National Cathedral. Speakers included

• Billy Graham gave a sermon

Sunday, January 22, 1989 George H. W. Bush attended a Presidential Inaugural Prayer Service at the Washington National Cathedral the day after his swearing in.^[16]

• John T. Walker, Episcopal Bishop of Washington presided
• Charles A. Perry, Cathedral Provost, officiated

Sermons were given by

• Peter Gomes, Harvard Chaplain
• John Ashcroft, governor of Missouri
• Edmond Lee Browning, presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church

Other participants included

• Rabbi Matthew H. Simon from the B’nai Israel Congregation in Rockville, Maryland, read from the Torah
• Vilma Guerrero Smith read reading part of the Forty-seventh Psalm
• Rev. Canon Carole Crumley read part of the fifth chapter of Matthew
• Cardinal James Hickey, Roman Catholic archbishop of Washington, read from the New Testament
• Iakovos, archbishop of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America, read from the New Testament
• George Walker Bush read a prayer
• Mrs. James A. Baker, III, honorary chairman for the National Day of Prayer and Thanksgiving, read a prayer
• Rev. Stephen E. Smallman (Vice-President Quayle’s pastor) from McLean, Virginia, read from the Old Testament

Sunday, January 21, 2001 - George W. Bush had a prayer service at the National Cathedral.^[17]

• Nathan D. Baxter, dean of the Cathedral
• Jane Holmes Dixon, bishop of Washington pro tempore (Episcopalian)
• Franklin Graham gave the sermon
• Rabbi Samuel Karff from Congregation Beth Israel of Houston read Jeremiah 29:11–13 and gave one of the prayers
• Beulah “Bubba” Dailey of Austin Street Center in Dallas, read Proverbs 3:1–8
• Archbishop Demetrios of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America led the people responsively in the Twenty-Third Psalm. He also gave one of the prayers.
• Mark Craig of Highland Park United Methodist Church in Dallas, read 1 John 4:7–8
• Theodore E. McCarrick, Roman Catholic archbishop of Washington, read Matthew 6:25–33 and gave one of the prayers
• Kirbyjon Caldwell of Windsor Village United Methodist Church in Houston, read the Prayer for the Nation.
• Rev. Peter Grandell, Cathedral staff
• Rev. Luis León, rector of St. John’s Church, Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.
• Rev. Suzanne Love Harris, of St. John’s Episcopal Church in Jackson Hole, Wyoming
• Dr. Jack Hayford, pastor of the Church on the Way, Van Nuys, California

Friday, January 21, 2005 - George W. Bush had a service at the National Cathedral the day after the inauguration.^[18] Speakers included:^[19]

• John Bryson Chane, Bishop of Washington, Episcopalian
• A. Theodore Eastman, Vicar of Washington National Cathedral, Episcopalian
• Mark Craig, Dallas, Texas, United Methodist, gave the sermon
• Billy Graham, Charlotte, North Carolina, Southern Baptist (prayer)
• Rabbi Morton Yolkut, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• Bishop G. E. Patterson, Memphis, Tennessee, Church of God in Christ
• Luis Cortes, Jr., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Baptist
• The Metropolitan Herman Archbishop of Washington and Metropolitan of all America and Canada Orthodox Church of America, Syosset, New York
• Cardinal William Keeler, Baltimore, Maryland, Catholic
• Imam Yahya Hendi Muslim Chaplain, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (Did not participate because of illness.)
• Cardinal Theodore Edgar McCarrick, Washington, DC, Catholic
• Archbishop Demetrios Primate of the Greek Orthodox Church in America Exarch of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, New York, New York
• Kirbyjon Caldwell, Houston, Texas, United Methodist
• Canon Mary Sulerud, Washington, DC, Episcopalian

Wednesday, January 21, 2009 - Barack Obama had a service at 10am in the National Cathedral.

• Episcopal Rev. Samuel T. Lloyd III, Dean of the Washington National Cathedral - welcome
• Episcopal Diocese of Washington Bishop John Bryson Chane - invocation
• Rev. Otis Moss Jr., senior pastor emeritus at Olivet Institutional Baptist Church in Cleveland, Ohio - opening prayer
• Rev. Sharon E. Watkins, general minister and president of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) - sermon
• Rev. Andy Stanley, senior pastor, North Point Community Church, Alpharetta, Georgia - prayer for civil leaders

Scripture readings by

• Dr. Cynthia Hale, senior pastor, Ray of Hope Christian Church, Atlanta, Georgia
• Archbishop Demetrios, Primate of the Greek Orthodox Church in America, New York City
• Rev. Francisco González, S.F., auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Washington
• Rabbi David Saperstein, executive director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, Washington, D.C.

Responsive prayers by

• Dr. Ingrid Mattson, president, Islamic Society of North America, Hartford, Connecticut
• Rev. Suzan Johnson-Cook, senior pastor, Bronx Christian Fellowship, New York City
• Rabbi Jerome Epstein, director, United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, New York City
• Rev. Carol Wade, canon precentor of the Washington National Cathedral
• Dr. Uma Mysorekar, president, Hindu Temple Society of North America, New York City
• Rev. Jim Wallis, president, Sojourners, Washington, D.C.
• Rabbi Haskal Lookstein, Congregation Kehilath Jeshurunm, New York City
• Pastor Kirbyjon Caldwell, senior pastor, Windsor Village United Methodist Church, Houston, Texas
• Archbishop Donald Wuerl, Roman Catholic Diocese of Washington - a prayer for the nation
• Episcopal Presiding Bishop Katharine Jefferts Schori - closing prayer
• Rev. Wesley Granberg-Michaelson, general secretary of the Reformed Church in America - Benediction

Tuesday, January 22, 2013 - An interfaith National Prayer Service at 10:30 am in the National Cathedral was attended by President Obama, Vice President Biden and their spouses.

• Bishop Mariann Edgar Budde of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington and Rev. Gary Hall, dean of the Washington National Cathedral gave the welcome.
• Rev. Dr. Sharon E. Watkins, president and General Minister of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) gave the opening acclamation.
• Rev. Dr. Barbara Williams-Skinner, co-chair of the National African American Clergy Network gave the prayer for the day.
• Rev. Elder Nancy L. Wilson, moderator of the Metropolitan Community Church gave the first reading.
• Rabbi Julie Schonfeld, executive vice president of the Rabbinical Assembly led the reading of the psalm.
• Cantor Mikhail Manevich of the Washington Hebrew Congregation gave the invitation to prayer.
• Rev. Dr. Leith Anderson, president of the National Association of Evangelicals, Kathryn Lohre, president of the National Council of Churches, and Imam Mohamed Magid, president of the Islamic Society of North America together gave the prayer for those who govern.
• Cardinal Donald Wuerl of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington led the second reading.
• Abdullah M. Khouj, president and imam of the Islamic Center of Washington, gave a traditional Islamic call to prayer.
• Sapreet Kaur, national executive director of the Sikh Coalition, Rev. Charles Jenkins II, senior pastor of Fellowship Missionary Baptist Church in Chicago, and Dr. Stephen F. Schneck, of the Catholic University of America led the prayer for those who serve.
• Rev. Gabriel Salguero, president of the National Latino Evangelical Coalition led the third reading.
• Allison Mondel, cantor of Washington National Cathedral, gave an invitation to prayer.
• Rabbi Sharon Brous of IKAR Jewish Community, Rev. Dr. Serene Jones of Union Theological Seminary (New York), and Archbishop Demetrios of America, primate of the Greek Orthodox Church in America gave the prayers for the people.
• Dr. Wintley Phipps of the Dream Academy gave the anthem.
• Presiding Bishop Katharine Jefferts Schori of the Episcopal Church gave the prayer for the nation.
• Rev. Kirbyjon Caldwell of Windsor Village United Methodist Church led the Lord's Prayer.
• Rev. Dr. Raphael Gamaliel Warnock of Ebenezer Baptist Church gave the benediction.

References

1. "Presidential Inaugurations Past and Present: A Look at the History Behind the Pomp and Circumstance".
2. "Newdow". "Appendix D: Inaugural Clergy" (PDF).
3. "Morning Worship Service".
4. "Washington National Cathedral: Presidential Inaugural Prayer Services". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
5. Anonymous. "An Inventory of the John A. Ryan Papers". The American Catholic History Research Center and University Archives. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
6. Anonymous. "The Bishops of Columbus". The Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
7. Waldman, Steven (January 17, 2009). "The Power of Prayer". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
8. Anonymous. "History of United Hebrew Congregation". United Hebrew Congregation. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
9. Order of Events. (1949, January 20). The Washington Post (1923-1954),p. C1. Retrieved October 16, 2010, from ProQuest Historical Newspapers The Washington Post (1877 - 1994). (Document ID: 234212532).
10. Anonymous. "Reverend Preacher Dr. E.V.Hill Died Late Monday Night in L.A.". Cephas Library. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
11. Suggs, Ernie; Daniel Malloy (January 10, 2013). "Atlanta's Rev. Giglio withdraws from Obama inauguration amid controversy". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
12. http://www.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/inaugural01.htm
13. Briggs, Kenneth A. (January 21, 1977). "Plea by Dr. King's Father Adds Touch of Revivalism to the DAy". New York Times. p. 30.
14. Weinraub, Bernard (January 16, 1977). "Five-Day 'People's' Inauguration Begins in Capital Tuesday". The New York Times. p. 24.
15. Briggs, Kenneth A. (January 19, 1977). "Prayer Gatherings Greet Inauguration". The New York Times. p. 33.
16. "Washington National Cathedral: Presidential Inaugural Prayer Services (1989)". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
17. "Washington National Cathedral: Presidential Inaugural Prayer Services (2001)". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
18. "CNN.com - Bush attends National Prayer Service - Jan 21, 2005". January 21, 2005. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
19. "Washington National Cathedral: Presidential Inaugural Prayer Services (2005)". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved January 16, 2009.