Triborough Bridge

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Robert F. Kennedy Bridge
(Triborough Bridge)

Aerial view of the Queens–Wards Island span of the Triborough Bridge, over the East River; Queens is in the foreground
Carries 8 lanes of I-278 (Bronx and Queens spans)
6 lanes of NY 900G (Manhattan span)
Crosses East River, Harlem River and Bronx Kill
Locale New York City, United States
Official name Robert F. Kennedy Bridge
Other name(s) Triborough Bridge, RFK Triborough Bridge, Triboro Bridge
Maintained by MTA Bridges and Tunnels
Characteristics
Design Suspension bridge, lift bridge, truss bridge
Total length 2,780 feet (850 m) (Queens span)
770 feet (230 m) (Manhattan span)
1,600 feet (490 m) (Bronx span)
Width 98 feet (30 m) (Queens span)
Longest span 1,380 feet (420 m) (Queens span)
310 feet (94 m) (Manhattan span)
383 feet (117 m) (Bronx span)
Clearance above 14 feet 6 inches (4.42 m) (Queens / Bronx spans)
13 feet 10 inches (4.22 m) (Manhattan span)
Clearance below 143 feet (44 m) (Queens span)
135 feet (41 m) (Manhattan span when raised)
55 feet (17 m) (Bronx span)
History
Opened July 11, 1936 (1936-07-11)
Statistics
Daily traffic 169,393 (Queens span, 2012)
90,956 (Manhattan span, 2012)[1]
78,437 (Bronx span, 2012)[1]
Toll As of March 22, 2015, $8.00 (cash); $5.54 (New York State E‑ZPass)
Point where the three spans meet

The Triborough Bridge, known officially as the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge since 2008, and sometimes referred to as the RFK Triborough Bridge, is a complex of three separate bridges[2] in New York City. The bridges connect the boroughs of Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx via Randalls and Wards Islands, which are joined by landfill. The bridge complex, which carries Interstate 278 and unmarked New York State Route 900G, connects with the FDR Drive and the Harlem River Drive in Manhattan, the Bruckner Expressway and the Major Deegan Expressway in the Bronx, and the Grand Central Parkway and Astoria Boulevard in Queens.

The three bridges of the Triborough Bridge complex are:[2]

These are connected by an elevated highway viaduct across Randall's and Ward's Islands and 14 miles (23 km) of support roads.[2][3] Also part of the complex is a grade-separated T-interchange on Randall's Island, which sorts out traffic in a way that ensures that drivers pay a toll at only one bank of toll booths.[4]

The bridge complex was designed by chief engineer Othmar H. Ammann and architect Aymar Embury II,[5] and has been called the "biggest traffic machine ever built".[4] The American Society of Civil Engineers designated the Triborough Bridge Project as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1986.[6]

The bridge is owned and operated by the MTA Bridges and Tunnels, part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.

History

Planning and construction

Plans for connecting Manhattan, Queens and the Bronx were first announced by Edward A. Byrne, chief engineer of the New York City Department of Plant and Structures, in 1916.[7] While such a bridge complex's construction had long been recommended by local officials, the project failed to receive funding until 1925, when the city appropriated money for surveys, test borings and structural plans.[3]

Location of the bridge in New York City
Art Deco saddle housing

Construction began on October 25, 1929 – Black Friday – but soon the Triborough project's outlook began to look bleak. Chief engineer Othmar Ammann, who had collapsed the original design's two-deck roadway into one, requiring lighter towers, and thus, lighter piers, saving $10 million on the towers alone, was enlisted again to help guide the project, but the combination of Tammany Hall graft, the stock market crash, and the Great Depression which followed it, brought the project to a virtual halt,[8] as investors shied away from purchasing the municipal bonds needed to fund it.[5] By the spring of 1932, the project was moribund.[9]

The project was resurrected by Robert Moses, who pushed the state legislature to create the Triborough Bridge Authority (TBA) to fund, build and operate it. Moses was confronted by a situation where no one had planned any of the approaches to the structure, except for Queens Boulevard, progress on which was proceeding very slowly.[8] Moses solved this problem in typical fashion by proposing new roads and parkways to feed into the bridge, which would connect it to the existing ones he had already built. The complex of roads included the Grand Central Parkway and Astoria Boulevard in Queens, an extension to the East River Drive (now the FDR Drive) in Manhattan, and Whitlock Avenue and Eastern Boulevard in the Bronx.[4]

While reformers embraced Moses' plans, state and city officials were overwhelmed by their scale, and slow to move to provide financing for the vast system.[8] Moses leveraged his leadership of the Authority – after he wrenched control of it away from Tammany – as well as the state and city positions he also held, to start the project up again, with construction resuming in November 1933.[9] Eventually, funding would come from the city and from the Federal government under New Deal programs such as the Public Works Administration (PWA), the latter of which involved complex political infighting between Moses, PWA Administrator Harold L. Ickes, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and New York City Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia, over which Moses almost lost his job.[10] The other major source of funding was from interest-bearing bonds issued by the Triborough Bridge Authority itself, and not by the city. These bonds were secured by future toll revenue.[11][12]

The scale of the Triborough Bridge project, including its approaches, was such that hundreds of large apartment buildings were demolished to make way for it. The structure used concrete from factories "from Maine to the Mississippi", and steel from 50 mills in Pennsylvania. To make the formwork for pouring the concrete, a forest's worth of trees on the Pacific Coast was cut down.[4] Robert Caro, the biographer of Moses, said about it:

Triborough was not a bridge so much as a traffic machine, the largest ever built. The amount of human energy expended in its construction gives some idea of its immensity: more than five thousand men would be working at the site, and these men would only be putting into place the materials furnished by the labor of many times five thousand men; before the Triborough Bridge was completed, its construction would have generated more than 31,000,000-man hours of work in 134 cities in twenty states.[4]

The completed structure, described by The New York Times as a "Y-shaped sky highway", was dedicated on July 11, 1936, at ceremonies held on the central span which were attended by President Roosevelt, Mayor La Guardia, New York State Governor Herbert H. Lehman, Public Works Administrator Ickes, Postmaster General James A. Farley and Moses, who acted as master of ceremonies.[13][3][14] Due to the previous conflicts between himself and Moses, the attendance of Roosevelt was not certain until the last minute. The ceremonies were broadcast via a nationwide radio connection.[14]

The total cost of the bridge, the largest PWA project in the East, was more than $60 million – over a billion dollars in 2015 funds[15] – one of the largest public works projects of the Great Depression, more expensive than the Hoover Dam.[16][3][14] Of this, $16 million came from the city and $9 million directly from the PWA, which also purchased $35 million worth of TBA bonds, which were eventually bought back and resold to the public.[9] In the first year of the bridge's operation it generated $2.72 million in tolls – the equivalent of $46.4 million in 2015[17][18] – produced by 9.65 million vehicles.[5]

A by-product of the Triborough project was the creation of parks and playgrounds in the lands underneath the bridges and approaches on Ward's and Randall's Island, in Astoria and in Manhattan.[9]

Recent events

An elevated roadway being widened, seen from the ground
Expansion of toll plaza underway, 2016

Motorists were first able to pay with E‑ZPass in lanes for automatic coin machines at the Randalls Island toll plazas on August 21, 1996.[19]

At some point in the past, a sign on the bridge informed travelers, "In event of attack, drive off bridge," New York Times columnist William Safire wrote in 2008. The "somewhat macabre sign", he wrote, must have "drawn a wry smile from millions of motorists."[20]

On November 19, 2008, the Triborough Bridge was officially renamed after Robert F. Kennedy at the request of the Kennedy family.[21] Forty years had passed since the New York United States Senator and former U.S. Attorney General had been assassinated during a 1968 presidential bid.[22][23][24] Traffic and news reports have come to commonly refer to the bridge as the "RFK Triborough Bridge" to avoid confusion among residents long accustomed to its original name.[25]

Usage

The toll revenues from the Triborough Bridge pay for a portion of the public transit subsidy for the New York City Transit Authority and the commuter railroads.[26] The bridge had annual average daily traffic of 164,116 in 2014. For that year, the bridge saw annual toll-paying traffic rise by 2.9% to 59.9 million, generating $393.6 million in revenue at an average toll of $6.57.[27]

The bridge has sidewalks in all three legs where the TBTA officially requires bicyclists to walk their bicycles across[28] due to safety concerns.[29] However, the signs stating this requirement have been usually ignored by bicyclists,[30] while the New York City Government has recommended that the TBTA should reassess this kind of bicycling ban.[31] Stairs on the 2 km (1.2 mi) Queens leg impede handicapped access. The Queens stairway along the southern side was demolished at the beginning of the 21st century, thus isolating that walkway, but the ramp of the Wards Island end of the walkway along the northern side was improved in 2007. The two sidewalks of the Bronx span are connected to only one ramp at the Randalls Island end.

Tolls

Since March 22, 2015, cash tolls on the bridge are $8.00 per car or $3.25 per motorcycle. E‑ZPass users with transponders issued by the New York E‑ZPass Customer Service Center pay $5.54 per car or $2.41 per motorcycle.[32]

Public transportation

The Triborough Bridge carries the M35, M60, X80 bus routes operated by MTA New York City Transit, and nine express bus routes operated by the MTA Bus Company: BxM1, BxM2, BxM6, BxM7, BxM8, BxM9, BxM10, BxM11, BxM18.

In the 1920s, New York's Transit Commission considered extending the BMT Astoria Line along the same route the Triborough now follows. The proposal would have created a crosstown subway line along 125th Street.[33]

The East River suspension bridge
The Harlem River lift bridge
Bronx Kill crossing

Statistics

East River suspension bridge (I-278)

Harlem River lift bridge (NY 900G)

Bronx Kill crossing (I-278)

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 "2012 New York City Bridge Traffic Volumes" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-09-23.
  2. 1 2 3 Robert F. Kennedy Bridge, Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Accessed November 3, 2015. "The Robert F. Kennedy Bridge (formerly the Triborough Bridge), the authority's flagship facility, opened in 1936. It is actually three bridges, a viaduct, and 14 miles of approach roads connecting Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx."
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 See:
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Caro (1974), pp.386-95
  5. 1 2 3 Shanor, Rebecca Read. "Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge [Triborough Bridge]" in Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010), The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.), New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2, p.1110
  6. ↑ "Triborough Bridge Project". ASCE Metropolitan Section. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  7. ↑ "Triboro Plaza". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
  8. 1 2 3 Caro (1974), pp.340-44
  9. 1 2 3 4 Federal Writers' Project (1939), New York City Guide, New York: Random House, ISBN 0-403-02921-X (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City), pp.392-94
  10. ↑ Caro (1974), pp.426-40
  11. ↑ Caro (1974), p.345
  12. ↑ The bonds not only helped to finance the project, but also assured that the Authority would be self-perpetuating and immune from legislative oversight, as the Authority's contractual obligations to the bond-holders were paramount and could not, according to the Authority's legal theory, be altered by legislative action. They also assured that the Triborough would never be toll free. Caro (1974), pp.1119-22
  13. ↑ Staff. (July 12, 1936) "Great Link is Acclaimed; People Demanding Such Up-to-Date Projects, Roosevelt Says", The New York Times. Accessed November 3, 2015
  14. 1 2 3 Caro (1974), pp.440-43
  15. ↑ CPI Inflation Calculator United States Bureau of Labor Statistics Note: The CPI calculator only takes a maximum input of $10 million. The figure cited here was reached by multiplying the value for $10 million by 6.
  16. ↑ Roberts, Sam (July 11, 2006). "Reappraising a Landmark Bridge, and the Visionary Behind It". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
  17. ↑ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
  18. ↑ CPI Inflation Calculator United States Bureau of Labor Statistics
  19. ↑ Purdy, Matthew (August 22, 1996). "Drivers Give Passing Grade To E-Z Pass In Major Test". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
  20. ↑ Safire, William (July 13, 2008). "On Language: Dead End". The New York Times. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
  21. ↑ Gershman, Jacob (January 8, 2008). "Enduring Wish May Come True in RFK Bridge". The New York Sun. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
  22. ↑ Associated Press (January 8, 2008). "Triborough Bridge may be renamed for Robert F. Kennedy". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
  23. ↑ Metropolitan Transportation Authority (November 21, 2008). "Triborough Bridge Renamed Robert F. Kennedy Bridge" (Press release). Retrieved December 4, 2008.
  24. ↑ Chan, Sewell (November 19, 2008). "The Triborough Is Officially the R.F.K. Bridge". The New York Times. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
  25. ↑ de Kretser, Leela (May 6, 2010). "U-Haul Abandoned on R.F.K.-Triborough Bridge". DNAinfo. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
  26. ↑ Steinhauer, Jennifer (February 13, 1994). "F.Y.I.". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
  27. ↑ "Appendix E: History and Projection of Traffic, Toll Revenues and Expenses and Review of Physical Conditions of the Facilities of Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority", Stantec for the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, April 30, 2015. Accessed November 5, 2015.
  28. ↑ MTA Bridges & Tunnels (October 1, 2003). "Rules and Regulations Governing the Use of the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority Facilities" (PDF). Section 1022.1(e). Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  29. ↑ "MTA Bike & Ride". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  30. ↑ "New York City Bicycle Master Plan" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. May 1997. p. 16. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  31. ↑ "New York City Bicycle Master Plan" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. May 1997. p. 57. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  32. ↑ "Toll Information". MTA Bridges & Tunnels. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  33. ↑ "New subways: proposed additions to rapid transit system to cost $218,000,000 ..." MOA website (University of Michigan)

Bibliography

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