School District of Lancaster

This article is about the Pennsylvania district. For other school districts with similar names, see Lancaster School District (disambiguation).
School District of Lancaster
Location
Lancaster County
Pennsylvania
United States
District information
Grades preschool to 12th grade
Established 1836
Superintendent Pedro Rivera[1] 2008 to 2015[2]
Matt Przywara, CFO[3]
Budget $185,106,035 (2014-15)[4]
$170 million (2012-13)[5]
$162 million (2009-10)
Students and staff
Students 11,127 pupils (2014)[6]
10,851 pupils (2011)[7]
10,920 pupils
Teachers 765 teachers (2012)
Staff 628 non teaching staff (2012)
Other information
per pupil spending $13,324 (2008)
per pupil spending $14,606.43 (2010)[8]
per pupil spending $15,275.60 (2012)
Website www.lancaster.k12.pa.us
Map of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania Public School Districts

The School District of Lancaster is a large, urban school district of 11,300 students educated in 19 schools in central Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.[9] Established in 1836, it is the second oldest school district in the state.[9] School District of Lancaster encompasses approximately 11 square miles (28 km2). According to 2000 federal census data, it serves a resident population of 70,348. By 2010, the District's population increased to 74,989 people.[10] The School District of Lancaster serves a racially and economically diverse population of students: 55.5% Hispanic, 22.7% African American, 19.5% Caucasian, 2.3% Asian/other. The educational attainment levels for the School District population (25 years old and over) were 78.5% high school graduates and 20.5% college graduates.[11]

According to the Pennsylvania Budget and Policy Center, 80.8% of the District’s pupils lived at 185% or below the Federal Poverty level as shown by their eligibility for the federal free or reduced price school meal programs in 2012.[12] In 2009, the district residents' per capita income was $16,273 a year, while the median family income was $38,429.[13] In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 [14] and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010.[15] In Lancaster County, the median household income was $54,765.[16] By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $52,100.[17]

According to District officials, in school year 2007-08 the School District of Lancaster provided basic educational services to 11,591 pupils through the employment of 990 teachers, 524 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 129 administrators. The School District of Lancaster received more than $63.9 million in state funding in school year 2007-08. The budget was $162 million for the 2009-2010 school year. The district is a member of Lancaster-Lebanon Intermediate Unit (IU) 13.

The District operates nineteen schools in 2014: one early childhood center, thirteen elementary schools, four middle schools, one high school campus and two alternative schools. It employs 1,620 staff members, including administrators, teachers, counselors, and support staff.[18] High school students may choose to attend Lancaster County Career and Technology Center for training in the construction and mechanical trades. The Lancaster-Lebanon Intermediate Unit IU13 provides the District with a wide variety of services like specialized education for disabled students and hearing, speech and visual disability services and professional development for staff and faculty.

Governance

The Lancaster School District is governed by 9 individually elected board members (serve four-year terms), the Pennsylvania State Board of Education, the Pennsylvania Department of Education and the Pennsylvania General Assembly.[19] The federal government controls programs it funds like Title I funding for low-income children in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the No Child Left Behind Act, which mandates the district focus resources on student success in acquiring reading and math skills. The Superintendent and Business Manager are appointed by the school board. The Superintendent is the chief administrative officer with overall responsibility for all aspects of operations, including education and finance. The Business Manager is responsible for budget and financial operations. Neither of these officials are voting members of the School Board. The School Board enters into individual employment contracts for these positions. In Pennsylvania, public school districts are required to give 150 days notice to the Superintendent regarding renewal of the employment contract.[20]

The Commonwealth Foundation for Public Policy Alternatives Sunshine Review gave the school board and district administration a "C-" for transparency based on a review of "What information can people find on their school district's website". It examined the school district's website for information regarding; taxes, the current budget, meetings, school board members names and terms, contracts, audits, public records information and more.[21]

Academic achievement

In 2014, the School District of Lancaster ranked 482nd out of 498 Pennsylvania districts, by the Pittsburgh Business Times.[22] The ranking is based on the last 3 years of student academic achievement as demonstrated by PSSAs results in: reading, writing, math and science and the three Keystone Exams (literature, Algebra 1, Biology I) in high school.[23] Three school districts were excluded because they do not operate high schools (Saint Clair Area School District, Midland Borough School District, Duquesne City School District). The PSSAs are given to all children in grades 3rd through 8th. Adapted PSSA examinations are given to children in the special education programs. Writing exams were given to children in 5th and 8th grades.
  • 2010 - 487th[27]
  • 2009 - 484th
  • 2008 - 483rd
  • 2007 - 484th out of 501 districts [28]

In 2009, the academic achievement of the students of the School District of Lancaster was in the bottom 2 percentile of Pennsylvania's 500 school districts. Scale (0-99; 100 is state best) [29]

Opportunity Scholarship status

In April 2014, the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE) released a report identifying fourteen Lancaster School District schools as among the lowest achieving schools in the state, in reading and mathematics.[30] The identified schools included: Carter Macrea Elementary School, Fulton Elementary School, George Washington Elementary School, Hamilton Elementary School, Hand Middle School, King Elementary School, Lafayette Elementary School, McCasket Campus, Phoenix Academy, Price Elementary School, Reynolds Middle School, Wheatland Middle School, Thomas Wharton Elementary School, and Burrows Elementary School.

In both 2012 and 2013, all the same Lancaster School District schools were among the 15% lowest achieving schools in the Commonwealth. Parents and students may be eligible for scholarships to transfer to another public or nonpublic school through the state's Opportunity Scholarship Tax Credit Program passed in June 2012.[31] The scholarships are limited to those students whose family's income is less than $60,000 annually, with another $12,000 allowed per dependent. Maximum scholarship award is $8,500, with special education students receiving up to $15,000 for a year's tuition. Parents pay any difference between the scholarship amount and the receiving school's tuition rate. Students may seek admission to neighboring public school districts. Each year the PDE publishes the tuition rate for each individual public school district.[32] Fifty-three public schools in Allegheny County are among the lowest-achieving schools in 2011. According to the report, parents in 414 public schools (74 school districts) were offered access to these scholarships. For the 2012-13 school year, nine public school districts in Pennsylvania had all of their schools placed on the list including: Steelton-Highspire School District, Sto-Rox School District, Chester Upland School District, Clairton City School District, Duquesne City School District, Farrell Area School District, Wilkinsburg Borough School District, William Penn School District and Steelton-Highspire School District.[33] In 2014, Monessen City School District had all three of its schools added to the list. Funding for the scholarships comes from donations by businesses which receive a state tax credit for donating.

AYP history

In 2012, the Lancaster School District declined further to Corrective Action II Year 4 status due to its failure to improve student academic achievement.[34]

Graduation rate

In 2014, the District’s graduation rate was 81%.[43]

According to traditional graduation rate calculations

High schools

The school district operates 2 high school buildings on a single campus. They are J. P. McCaskey High School and McCaskey East School. In 2014, enrollment was reported as 2,542 pupils in 9th through 12th grades, with 80% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty. Additionally, 21% of pupils received special education services, while 2.8% of pupils were identified as gifted. The school employed 195 teachers.[52] Per the PA Department of Education, 94% of the teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act. The school is a Title I school.

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2011, the Schools reported an enrollment of 2,686 pupils in grades 9th through 12th, with 1,982 pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced price lunch due to the family meeting the federal poverty level. In 2011, the School employed 194 teachers yielding a student-teacher ratio of 13:1.[53] According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 75 teachers were rated "Non‐Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind.[54]

2014 School Performance Profile

McCaskey High Schools Campus achieved 61.5 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature - just 46% of pupils were on grade level. In Algebra 1, only 37.7% showed on grade level skills at the end of the course. In Biology, only 27% demonstrated on grade level science understanding at the end of the course.[55][56] Statewide, the percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in Algebra I increased to 39.7% to 40.1%. The percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in reading/literature declined to 52.5%. The percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in biology improved from 39.7% to 41.4%.[57]

According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2,134 of 2,947 Pennsylvania public schools (72 percent of Pennsylvania public schools), achieved an academic score of 70 or higher.[58] Fifty-three percent of schools statewide received lower SPP scores compared with last year's, while 46 percent improved. A handful were unchanged.[59][60]

2013 School Performance Profile

McCaskey High Schools achieved out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature - 49.6% of pupils were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 34.8% showed on grade level skills at the end of the course. In Biology, 15.18% showed on grade level science understanding.[61] According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2,181 public schools (less than 73 percent of Pennsylvania public schools), achieved an academic score of 70 or higher. Pennsylvania 11th grade students no longer take the PSSAs. Instead, beginning in 2012, they take the Keystone Exams at the end of the associated course.[62]

AYP status

In 2012, McCaskey Campus declined to Corrective Action II 6th Year AYP status due to missing all but 2 academic metrics of the 14 measured.[63]

PSSA results

Pennsylvania System of School Assessments, commonly called PSSAs are No Child Left Behind Act related examinations which were administered from 2003 through 2012, in all Pennsylvania public high schools. The exams were administered in the Spring of each school year. The goal was for 100% of students to be on grade level or better in reading and mathematics, by the Spring of 2014. The tests focused on the state's Academic Standards for reading, writing, mathematics and science. The Science exam included content in science, technology, ecology and the environmental studies. The mathematics exam included: algebra I, algebra II, geometry and trigonometry. The standards were first published in 1998 and are mandated by the Pennsylvania State Board of Education.[73] In 2013, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania changed its high school assessments to the Keystone Exams in Algebra 1, Reading/literature and Biology1. The exams are given at the end of the course, rather than all in the spring of the student's 11th grade year.[74]

11th Grade Reading
11th Grade Math

11th Grade Science:

Dual enrollment

The high school offers a dual enrollment program. This state program permits high school students to take courses, at local higher education institutions, to earn college credits. Students remain enrolled at their high school. The courses count towards both high school graduation requirements and towards earning a college degree. The students continue to have full access to activities at their high school. The college credits are offered at a deeply discounted rate. The state offers a small grant to assist students in costs for tuition, fees and books.[87] Under the Pennsylvania Transfer and Articulation Agreement, many Pennsylvania colleges and universities accept these credits for students who transfer to their institutions.[88] The Pennsylvania College Credit Transfer System reported in 2009, that students saved nearly $35.4 million by having their transferred credits count towards a degree under the new system.[89] For the 2009-10 funding year, the school district received a state grant of $43,304 for the program.[90]

SAT scores

2012 SAT: average scores
Lancaster County schools
School District Verbal Math Writing Total
Cocalico 498 515 491 1504
Columbia Borough 463 471 431 1365
Conestoga Valley 508 523 492 1523
Donegal 501 488 476 1465
Eastern Lancaster County 490 506 468 1464
Elizabethtown Area 510 522 486 1518
Ephrata Area 508 523 477 1508
Hempfield 519 547 499 1565
Lampeter-Strasburg 526 542 512 1580
Lancaster 415 426 402 1243
Manheim Central 510 514 496 1520
Manheim Township 537 557 524 1618
Penn Manor 497 516 479 1492
Pequea Valley 479 494 466 1439
Solanco 487 489 460 1436
Warwick 522 532 499 1553
County average 498 510 479 1487
Pennsylvania average 473 481 450 1404
U.S. average 497 514 489 1500
Possible on each test: 800 points
Source: Public School SAT Scores, PA Department of Education
U.S. Average Source: 2011 SAT Report, CollegeBoard

From January to June 2011, 296 students took the SAT exams. The district's Verbal Average Score was 400. The Math average score was 409. The Writing average score was 367.[91] Pennsylvania ranked 40th among state with SAT scores: Verbal - 493, Math - 501, Writing - 479.[92] In the United States 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing.[93]

Graduation requirements

The School District of Lancaster School Board has determined that a high school student must earn 24.2 credits in order to graduate, including: English 4 credits, Social Studies 3 credits, Mathematics 4 credits, Science 3 credits, Physical Education 2 credits, Art or Music 0.5 credit, World Language 2 credits and 5.5 elective credits.[94]

By law, all Pennsylvania secondary school students must complete a project as a part of their eligibility to graduate from high school. The type of project, its rigor and its expectations are set by the individual school district.[95]

By Pennsylvania School Board regulations, for the graduating classes of 2017, students must demonstrate successful completion of secondary level course work in Algebra I, Biology, English Composition, and Literature for which the Keystone Exams serve as the final course exams. Students’ Keystone Exam scores count for at least one-third of the final course grade.[96][97][98]

International baccalaureate program

McCaskey High School participates in the International Baccalaureate Program since July 1997. The PreIB curriculum offers honors level courses in grades 9 and 10 as preparation for the IB courses. The International Baccalaureate Program is a very rigorous, preuniversity two year curriculum offered to students during grades 11 and 12. Students who fulfill the academic and community service requirements and obtain at least 24 of the 45 points on the required exams receive a diploma from the International Baccalaureate in addition to their McCaskey Diploma. The first students who received an IB Diploma graduated in June, 2000.

College Remediation

According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 52% of Lancaster High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges.[99] Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelor's degree within six years. Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing an associate degree, only one in three graduate in three years.[100] Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, one in three recent high school graduates who attend Pennsylvania's public universities and community colleges takes at least one remedial course in math, reading or English.

Hand Middle School

Hand Middle School is located at 431 South Ann Street, Lancaster. In 2014, enrollment was 489 pupils, in grades 6th through 8th, with 93% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty. Additionally, 19.8% of pupils received special education services, while less than 1% of pupils were identified as gifted.[101] Hand Middle School is a federally designated Title I school. According to a 2013 report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind.[102]

According to the National Center for Education Statistics in 2010, the school had 468 pupils enrolled in grades 6th through 8th, with 434 receiving a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to family poverty. The school employed 50 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 9:1.[103]

2014 School Performance Profile

Hand Middle School achieved 69 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature - 48% of pupils were on grade level. In Algebra 1/Math, 66.8% showed on grade level mathematics skills. In Science, 35.5% of 8th graders showed on grade level science understanding. In writing, just 31% of the 8th grade students demonstrated on grade level writing skills.[104]

2013 School Performance Profile

Hand Middle School achieved 52.6 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, writing, mathematics and science achievement. In reading, just 40% of the students were on grade level. In Mathematics/Algebra 1, 54.4% of the students showed on grade level skills. In Science, only 17% of the 8th graders demonstrated on grade level understanding. In writing, 24.5% of the 8th grade students demonstrated on grade level writing skills.[105] According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2,181 public schools (less than 73 percent of Pennsylvania public schools), achieved an academic score of 70 or higher.

AYP status

In 2012, Hand Middle School declined further to Corrective Action II 6th Year Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status, due to missing 5 academic metrics out of 12 measured.[106]

PSSA Results:

Sixth and seventh grades have been tested in reading and mathematics since 2006. Eighth graders are tested in: reading, writing, mathematics and Science. Beginning in the Spring of 2013, eighth graders, who are enrolled in Algebra I take the Keystone Exam for Algebra I at the end of the course. The testing of 8th grade in reading and mathematics began in 1999, as a state initiative.[110] Testing in science began in 2007. The goal is for 100% of students to be on grade level or better in reading and mathematics, by the Spring of 2014. The tests focus on the state's Academic Standards for reading, writing, mathematics and science.[111] The standards were published in 1998 and are mandated by the Pennsylvania State Board of Education.[73] In 2014, the Commonwealth adopted the Pennsylvania Core Standards - Mathematics.[112]

8th Grade Reading:

  • 2012 - 34% on grade level (36% below basic). State - 79%[81]
  • 2011 - 38% (40% below basic). State - 81.8%
  • 2010 - 45% (33% below basic). State - 81%[113]
  • 2009 - 51% (30% below basic), State - 80%
  • 2008 - 56% (22% below basic), State - 78% [114]
  • 2007 - 39% (34% below basic), State - 75%

8th Grade Math:

  • 2012 - 40% (36% below basic). State - 76% [115]
  • 2011 - 35% (46% below basic). State - 76.9% [116]
  • 2010 - 44% (36% below basic). State - 75% [117]
  • 2009 - 38% (30% below basic), State - 71% [118]
  • 2008 - 60% (28% below basic), State - 70%
  • 2007 - 44% (35% below basic), State - 68%

8th Grade Science:

7th Grade Reading:
  • 2012 - 38% (38% below basic). State – 76%
  • 2011 - 34% on grade level (39% below basic). State – 76%
  • 2010 - 38% (34% below basic). State - 73%
  • 2009 - 38% (30% below basic), State - 71%
  • 2008 - 42% (30.8% below basic), State - 70%
  • 2007 - 49% (31% below basic), State - 67%
7th Grade Math:
  • 2012 - 45% (38% below basic). State - 80%
  • 2011 - 44% (43% below basic). State - 78.6%
  • 2010 - 43% (41% below basic). State - 77%
  • 2009 - 48% (29% below basic), State - 75%
  • 2008 - 54% (24% below basic), State - 71%
  • 2007 - 52% (28% below basic), State - 67%

6th Grade Reading:

  • 2012 - 31% (40% below basic). State - 68%
  • 2011 - 25% (43% below basic). State - 69.9%
  • 2010 - 36% (45% below basic). State - 68%
  • 2009 - 36% (42% below basic), State - 67%
  • 2008 - 34% (39% below basic), State - 67%
  • 2007 - 47% (25% below basic), State - 63%

6th Grade Math:

  • 2012 - 62% (21% below basic). State - 77%
  • 2011 - 44% (34% below basic). State - 78.8%
  • 2010 - 45% (32% below basic). State - 78%
  • 2009 - 46% (31% below basic), State - 75%
  • 2008 - 42% (37% below basic), State - 72%
  • 2007 - 39% (38% below basic), State - 69%

2006 - Attendance at Hand Middle School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 89.52%, barely better than the 89.00% scored in the prior year. Students were 38.4% proficient in math, 35.8% proficient in reading.[122]

Lincoln Middle School

Lincoln Middle School is located at 1001 Lehigh Ave. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In 2014, enrollment was 519 pupils, in grades 6th through 8, with % of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty. Additionally, 85% of pupils received special education services, while 21% of pupils were identified as gifted.[123] According to a 2014 report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 92% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind.[124]

In 2010, Lincoln Middle School had 564 students with four hundred fifty six (456) students qualifying for the federal free lunch program due to family poverty. There were 51 teachers for a low 11:1 student to teacher ratio.[125]

2014 School Performance Profile

Lincoln Middle School achieved 61.8 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature - just 55% of pupils were reading on grade level. In Algebra 1/Math, 66% showed on grade level mathematics skills. In Science, 32% of 8th graders showed on grade level science understanding. In writing, 50% of the 8th grade students demonstrated on grade level writing skills.[126]

2013 School Performance Profile

Lincoln Middle School achieved 61.1 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, writing, mathematics and science achievement. In reading, just 54% of the students were on grade level. In Mathematics/Algebra 1, 68.7% of the students showed on grade level skills. In Science, only 31% of the 8th graders demonstrated on grade level understanding. In writing, 43.6% of the 8th grade students demonstrated on grade level writing skills.[127] According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2,181 public schools (less than 73 percent of Pennsylvania public schools), achieved an academic score of 70 or higher.

AYP history

In 2012, Lincoln Middle School declined to Corrective Action I AYP status due to chronic low student academic achievement.[128]

PSSA Results:

8th Grade Reading:

  • 2012 - 56% on grade level (23% below basic). In Pennsylvania, 79% of 8th graders on grade level.[81]
  • 2011 - 56% (26% below basic). State - 81.8%[134]
  • 2010 - 62% (18% below basic). State - 81%
  • 2009 - 59% (20% below basic). State - 80%
  • 2008 - 51% (28% below basic). State - 78%[114]
  • 2007 - 49% (25% below basic), State - 75%

8th Grade Math:

  • 2012 - 56% on grade level (27% below basic). State - 76%[135]
  • 2011 - 54% (23% below basic). State - 76.9%
  • 2010 - 59% (25% below basic). State - 75%[117]
  • 2009 - 53% (17% below basic), State - 71%[118]
  • 2008 - 46% (31% below basic), State - 70%
  • 2007 - 51% (22% below basic), State - 68%

8th Grade Science:

7th Grade Reading:

  • 2012 - 59% (23% below basic). State – 76%
  • 2011 - 47% (30% below basic). State – 76%
  • 2010 - 42% (31% below basic). State - 73%
  • 2009 - 44% (25% below basic), State - 71%
  • 2008 - 42% (34% below basic), State - 70%
  • 2007 - 37% (36% below basic), State - 67%

7th Grade Math:

  • 2012 - 65% (19% below basic). State - 80%
  • 2011 - 48% (31% below basic). State - 78.6%
  • 2010 - 44% (30% below basic). State - 77%
  • 2009 - 52% (27% below basic), State - 75%
  • 2008 - 43% (36% below basic), State - 71%
  • 2007 - 42% (36% below basic), State - 67%

6th Grade Reading:

  • 2012 - 51% (25% below basic). State - 68%
  • 2011 - 49% (30% below basic). State - 69.9%
  • 2010 - 47% (29% below basic). State - 68%
  • 2009 - 36% (34% below basic), State - 67%
  • 2008 - 38% (30% below basic), State - 67%
  • 2007 - 41% (34% below basic), State - 63%

6th Grade Math:

  • 2012 - 72% (11% below basic). State - 77%
  • 2011 - 71% (14% below basic). State - 78.8%
  • 2010 - 64% (17% below basic). State - 78%
  • 2009 - 64% (15% below basic), State - 75%
  • 2008 - 58% (22% below basic), State - 72%
  • 2007 - 52% (29% below basic), State - 69%

Attendance at Lincoln Middle School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 91.82%, essentially the same as the 91.65% scored in the prior year. When reported school wide, students were 49.0% proficient in math, 51.5% proficient in reading.[137]

Reynolds Middle School

Reynolds Middle School is located at 605 W Walnut Street, Lancaster. In 2014, enrollment was 559 pupils, in grades 6th through 8th, with 84% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty. Additionally, 20% of pupils received special education services, while 1.6% of pupils were identified as gifted.[138] According to a 2014 report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 97% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind.[139]

In the 2010 school year, Reynolds Middle School reported there were 513 students grades 6th through 8th, with 421 students receiving a federal free lunch due to family poverty.[140] The school had 48 teacher for a student–teacher ratio of 10:1.

2014 School Performance Profile

Reynolds Middle School achieved 58.5 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature - only 51% of students were reading on grade level. In Algebra 1/Math, 62% showed on grade level mathematics skills. In Science, 23% of 8th graders showed on grade level science understanding. In writing, just 30% of the 8th grade students demonstrated on grade level writing skills.[141]

2013 School Performance Profile

Reynolds Middle School achieved 63.8 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, writing, mathematics and science achievement. In reading, just 49% of the students were reading on grade level. In Mathematics/Algebra 1, 60% of the students showed on grade level skills. In Science, only 30% of the 8th graders demonstrated on grade level understanding. In writing, 33% of the 8th grade students demonstrated on grade level writing skills.[142]

AYP history

In 2012, Reynolds Middle School declined further to Corrective Action II 6th Year AYP status.[143]

PSSA Results

8th Grade Reading:

  • 2012 - 48% on grade level (30% below basic). State - 79%[81]
  • 2011 - 51% (31% below basic). State - 81.8%[147]
  • 2010 - 55% (31% below basic). State - 81% [148]
  • 2009 - 59% (22% below basic), State - 80%
  • 2008 - 55% (27% below basic), State - 78% [114]
  • 2007 - 57% (27% below basic), State - 75%

8th Grade Math:

  • 2012 - 50% (30% below basic). State - 76% [149]
  • 2011 - 53% (32% below basic). State - 76.9%
  • 2010 - 43% (35% below basic). State - 75% [117]
  • 2009 - 45% (27% below basic), State - 71% [118]
  • 2008 - 51% (28% below basic), State - 70%
  • 2007 - 49% (28% below basic), State - 68%

8th Grade Science:

7th Grade Reading:

  • 2012 - 47% (30% below basic). State – 76%
  • 2011 - 47% (27% below basic). State – 76%
  • 2010 - 46% (31% below basic). State - 73%
  • 2009 - 41% (34% below basic), State - 71%
  • 2008 - 50% (25% below basic), State - 70%
  • 2007 - 50% (29% below basic), State - 67%

7th Grade Math:

  • 2012 - 53% (28% below basic). State - 80%
  • 2011 - 52% (27% below basic). State - 78.6%
  • 2010 - 51% (28% below basic). State - 77%
  • 2009 - 49% (32% below basic), State - 75%
  • 2008 - 56% (25% below basic). State - 71%
  • 2007 - 50% (30% below basic). State - 67%

6th Grade Reading:

  • 2012 - 40% (33% below basic). State - 68%
  • 2011 - 34% (41% below basic). State - 69.9%
  • 2010 - 44% (42% below basic). State - 68%
  • 2009 - 38% (36% below basic). State - 67%
  • 2008 - 28% (43% below basic). State - 67%
  • 2007 - 44% (28% below basic). State - 63%

6th Grade Math:

  • 2012 - 52% (27% below basic). State - 77%
  • 2011 - 51% (33% below basic). State - 78.8%
  • 2010 - 51% (32% below basic). State - 78%
  • 2009 - 49% (28% below basic). State - 75%
  • 2008 - 44% (38% below basic). State - 72%
  • 2007 - 57% (27% below basic). State - 69%

Attendance at Reynolds Middle School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 89.54%, an improvement from the 88.57% scored in the prior year. Students were 56.3% proficient in math, 52.8% proficient in reading.[150]

Wheatland Middle School

Wheatland Middle School is located at 919 Hamilton Park Drive, Lancaster. In 2014, enrollment was 605 pupils, in grades 6th through 8th, with 79% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty. Additionally, 15.8% of pupils received special education services, while 2.9% of pupils were identified as gifted.[151] According to a 2014 report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 92% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind.[152]

In 2010, Wheatland Middle School had 638 students with four hundred sixty four students received a federal free lunch. There were 48 teachers.[153]

2014 School Performance Profile

Wheatland Middle School achieved 64.6 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature - 56% of pupils were on grade level. In Algebra 1/Math, 56.8% showed on grade level mathematics skills. In Science, just 39% of 8th graders showed on grade level science understanding. In writing, only 46% of the 8th grade students demonstrated on grade level writing skills.[154]

2013 School Performance Profile

Wheatland Middle School achieved 63.9 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, writing, mathematics and science achievement. In reading, just 53% of the students were on grade level. In Mathematics/Algebra 1, 55% of the students showed on grade level skills. In Science, only 32% of the 8th graders demonstrated on grade level understanding. In writing, 48% of the 8th grade students demonstrated on grade level writing skills.[155]

AYP history

In 2012, Wheatland Middle School declined further to Corrective Action II 4th Year AYP status due to chronic low student achievement in both reading and math.[156]

PSSA Results

8th Grade Reading:

  • 2012 - 51% (28% below basic). State - 79%[81]
  • 2011 - 60% (23% below basic). State - 81.8% [160]
  • 2010 - 67% (19% below basic). State - 81% [161]
  • 2009 - 63% (18% below basic), State - 80%
  • 2008 - 54% (28% below basic), State - 78% [114]
  • 2007 - 61% (17% below basic), State - 75%

8th Grade Math:

  • 2012 - 46% on grade level (37% below basic). State - 76% [162]
  • 2011 - 52% (30% below basic). State - 76.9%
  • 2010 - 46% (36% below basic). State - 75%[117]
  • 2009 - 48% (30% below basic), State - 71% [118]
  • 2008 - 52% (31% below basic), State - 70%
  • 2007 - 62% (16% below basic), State - 68%

8th Grade Science:

7th Grade Reading:

  • 2012 - 57% (23% below basic). State – 76%
  • 2011 - 38% (33% below basic). State – 76%
  • 2010 - 50% (24% below basic). In Pennsylvania - 73%
  • 2009 - 46% (25% below basic), State - 71%
  • 2008 - 52% (26% below basic), State - 70%
  • 2007 - 50% (22% below basic), State - 67%

7th Grade Math:

  • 2012 - 56% (28% below basic). State - 80%
  • 2011 - 43% (34% below basic). State - 78.6%
  • 2010 - 53% (33% below basic). State - 77%
  • 2009 - 46% (31% below basic), State - 75%
  • 2008 - 51% (28% below basic), State - 71%
  • 2007 - 54% (27% below basic), State - 67%

6th Grade Reading:

  • 2012 - 51% (30% below basic). State - 68%
  • 2011 - 39% (33% below basic). State - 69.9%
  • 2010 - 33% (43% below basic). State - 68%
  • 2009 - 51% (26% below basic), State - 67%
  • 2008 - 46% (24% below basic), State - 67%
  • 2007 - 47% (32% below basic), State - 63%

6th Grade Math:

  • 2012 - 58% (23% below basic). State - 77%
  • 2011 - 62% (21% below basic). State - 78.8%
  • 2010 - 46% (30% below basic). State -78%
  • 2009 - 59% (22% below basic), State - 75%
  • 2008 - 62% (21% below basic), State - 72%
  • 2007 - 56% (25% below basic), State - 69%

Attendance at Wheatland Middle School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 91.82%, essentially the same as the 91.21% scored in the prior year. Students were 42.3% proficient in math, 57.0% proficient in reading.[163]

Buehrle Alternative School

Serves grades 6th through 11th. Provides a program for students who do not do well in the traditional classroom setting due to serious behavioral problems. Students undergo an academic evaluation at the start of each school year. Students follow an individualized academic and behavioral improvement plan prepared by the staff. The school uses small class sizes and intensive remediation to improve student achievement with the goal to have students earn a high school diploma. In 2010, nearly 90 students were attending the school.

In 2011, the district contracted with a private company (Camelot Schools LLC ) to run the school for 3 years at a cost of $4.45 million.[164] An application, by Camelot Schools, LLC to convert the school to a charter school and combine it with the district's Phoenix Academy, was rejected by the school board in Spring 2011.[165]

Attendance at the Buehrle Alternative School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 80.72%. This was their first year of operation for Buehrle. Students are referred to Buehrle after discipline and programs have been exhausted.[166] Students were 13.5% proficient in math, 14.3% proficient in reading.[167]

Elementary Schools

Attendance at Burrowes Elementary School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 94.15%, essentially the same as the 94.46% scored in the prior year. Students were 56.0% proficient in math, 37.7% proficient in reading.[168]

Attendance at Carter Macrae Elementary School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 93.22%, essentially the same as the 93.27% scored in the prior year. Students were 56.3% proficient in math, 35.0% proficient in reading.[169]

Attendance at Elizabeth R Martin Elementary School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 96.17%, up from the 94.33% scored in the prior year. Students were 71.2% proficient in math, 57.5% proficient in reading.[170]

Attendance at Fulton Elementary School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 93.54%, slightly lower than the 94.52% scored in the prior year. Students were 59.2% proficient in math, 45.5% proficient in reading.[171]

Attendance at George Washington Elementary School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 93.33%, slightly higher than the 93.06% scored in the prior year. Students were 55.7% proficient in math, 40.8% proficient in reading.[172]

Attendance at Hamilton Elementary School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 95.00%, essentially the same as the 95.22% scored in the prior year. Students were 58.8% proficient in math, 41.9% proficient in reading.[173]

Attendance at James Buchanan Elementary School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 95.14%, slightly higher than the 94.89% scored in the prior year. Students were 77.8% proficient in math, 68.4% proficient in reading.[174]

Attendance at King Elementary School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 94.54%, slightly higher than the 94.14% scored in the prior year. Students were 49.8% proficient in math, 33.1% proficient in reading.[175]

Attendance at Lafayette Elementary School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 95.60%, essentially the same as the 94.15% scored in the prior year. Students were 57.0% proficient in math, 77.2% proficient in reading.[176]

Attendance at Price Elementary School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 93.99%, essentially the same as the 93.97% scored in the prior year. Students were 56.4% proficient in math, 42.2% proficient in reading.[177]

Attendance at Ross Elementary School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 95.03%, essentially the same as the 94.88% scored in the prior year. Students were 57.9% proficient in math, 46.4% proficient in reading.[178]

Attendance at Thomas Wharton Elementary School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 95.58%, slightly higher than the 94.58% scored in the prior year. Students were 70.1% proficient in math, 68.7% proficient in reading.[179]

Attendance at Wickersham Elementary School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 2005-2006 school year was 94.44%, essentially the same as the 94.37% scored in the prior year. Students were 69.7% proficient in math, 50.4% proficient in reading.[180]

Special education

In December 2012, the Lancaster School District administration reported that 1,987 pupils or 18.3% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 42% of the identified students having a specific learning disability.[181] Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-2011 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.[182] The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent).

In December 2009, the Lancaster School District administration reported that 2,060 pupils or 18.3% of the district's pupils received special education services.[183][184]

In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full day kindergarten. He claimed that districts which offered the program would see a significant decrease in special education students due to early identification and early intervention. He asserted the high cost of full day kindergarten would be recouped by Districts in lower special education costs.[185] Lancaster School District has seen a slight decline in the percentage of special education students it serves, yielding minimal savings.

In order to comply with state and federal laws, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.[186] To identify students who may be eligible for special education, various screening activities are conducted on an ongoing basis. These screening activities include: review of group-based data (cumulative records, enrollment records, health records, report cards, ability and achievement test scores); hearing, vision, motor, and speech/language screening; and review by the Special Education administration. When screening results suggest that the student may be eligible, the District seeks parental consent to conduct a multidisciplinary evaluation. Parents who suspect their child is eligible may verbally request a multidisciplinary evaluation from a professional employee of the District or contact the Special Education Coordinator.

In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for Special Education services. The funds were distributed to districts based on a state policy which estimates that 16% of the district's pupils are receiving special education services. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding.[187] IDEA funds are appropriated to the state on an annual basis and distributed through intermediate units (IUs) to school districts, while state funds are distributed directly to the districts. Total funds that are received by school districts are calculated through a formula. The Pennsylvania Department of Education oversees four appropriations used to fund students with special needs: Special Education; Approved Private Schools; Pennsylvania Chartered Schools for the Deaf and Blind; and Early Intervention. The Pennsylvania Special Education funding system assumes that 16% of the district’s students receive special education services. It also assumes that each student’s needs accrue the same level of costs.[188] Over identification of students, in order to increase state funding, has been an issue in the Commonwealth. Some districts have more than 20% of its students receiving special education services while others have 10% supported through special education.[189] The state requires each public school district and charter school to have a three-year special education plan to meet the unique needs of its special education students.[190] In 2012, the Obama Administration's US Department of Education issued a directive requiring schools include students with disabilities in extracurricular activities, including sports.[191]

School District of Lancaster received a $8,715,043 supplement for special education services in 2010.[192] For the 2011-12, 2012–13 and 2013-14 school years, all Pennsylvania public school districts received the same level of funding for special education that they received in 2010. This level funding is provided regardless of changes in the number of pupils who need special education services and regardless of the level of services the respective students required.[193][194] For the 2014-2015 school year, Lancaster School District will receive an increase to $8,910,085 from the Commonwealth for special education funding.[195]

Gifted education

The District Administration reported that 285 or 2.40% of its students were gifted in 2009.[196] By law, the district must provide mentally gifted programs at all grade levels. The referral process for a gifted evaluation can be initiated by teachers or parents by contacting the student’s building principal and requesting an evaluation. All requests must be made in writing. To be eligible for mentally gifted programs in Pennsylvania, a student must have a cognitive ability of at least 130 as measured on a standardized ability test by a certified school psychologist. Other factors that indicate giftedness will also be considered for eligibility.[197]

School safety and bullying

In 2010, the administration reported there were 73 reported episodes of bullying in the district. Although there were 77 incidents of assault on students, no students were placed in Alternative Education. The district also reports there were 216 incidents of fighting, 18 sexual assaults and 101 cases of harassment or intimidation.[198][199]

All Pennsylvania schools are required to have an anti-bullying policy incorporated into their Code of Student Conduct. The policy must identify disciplinary actions for bullying and designate a school staff person to receive complaints of bullying. The policy must be available on the school's website and posted in every classroom. School District of lancaster has posted its antibullying and cyberbullying policy in its website [200] All Pennsylvania public schools must provide a copy of its anti-bullying policy to the Office for Safe Schools every year, and shall review their policy every three years. Additionally, the district must conduct an annual review of that policy with students.[201] The Center for Schools and Communities works in partnership with the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime & Delinquency and the Pennsylvania Department of Education to assist schools and communities as they research, select and implement bullying prevention programs and initiatives.[202]

Education standards relating to student safety and antiharassment programs are described in the 10.3. Safety and Injury Prevention in the Pennsylvania Academic Standards for Health, Safety and Physical Education.[203]

Failing schools

Of the 117 schools in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, only 13 failed to reach all their Adequate Yearly Progress goals, and six of them were in the School District of Lancaster.

King Elementary School achieved only 12 of their 17 AYP goals. Their failures:

Price Elementary School achieved only 12 of their 13 AYP goals. Their failures:

Burrowes School achieved only 10 of their 13 AYP goals. Their failures:

Wheatland Middle School achieved only 21 of their 23 AYP goals. Their failures:

The McCaskey campuses achieved only 26 of their 29 AYP goals. Their failures:

The Buehrle Alternative school achieved 3 of their 9 AYP goals. Their failures:

Comparison to other Lancaster County school districts

Pennsylvania System of School Assessment
2011-2012 PSSA proficiency levels for Lancaster County schools
School District 3-5 Reading 3-5 Math 6-8 Reading 6-8 Math 11 Reading 11 Math
Cocalico 82.7% 86.1% 85.8% 89.5% 68.1% 61.4%
Columbia Borough 60.9% 72.4% 53.2% 67.3% 46.8% 45.3%
Conestoga Valley 76.3% 84.9% 83.9% 90.0% 82.7% 75.0%
Donegal 73.1% 82.5% 71.5% 82.9% 62.3% 51.8%
Eastern Lancaster County 72.5% 81.7% 79.9% 84.0% 74.4% 68.1%
Elizabethtown Area 70.8% 80.3% 76.6% 85.4% 72.2% 67.3%
Ephrata Area 77.4% 87.7% 79.1% 85.4% 72.3% 75.7%
Hempfield 85.5% 89.8% 86.5% 88.8% 76.6% 73.8%
Lampeter-Strasburg 89.0% 91.0% 86.9% 90.7% 86.1% 81.0%
Lancaster 50.5% 63.5% 46.4% 55.4% 43.9% 32.6%
Manheim Central 76.6% 83.7% 84.3% 90.1% 64.6% 64.5%
Manheim Township 80.1% 90.2% 85.9% 88.0% 77.7% 72.1%
Penn Manor 75.5% 86.4% 80.7% 85.6% 76.3% 69.7%
Pequea Valley 77.7% 86.4% 68.9% 74.4% 72.2% 52.0%
Solanco 82.9% 88.5% 85.6% 87.9% 69.6% 56.5%
Warwick 79.5% 83.7% 86.6% 87.1% 77.8% 72.8%
Source: http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/school_assessments/7442

Budget

Pennsylvania public school districts budget and expend funds according to procedures mandated by the General Assembly and the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE). An annual operating budget is prepared by school district administrative officials. A uniform form is furnished by the PDE and submitted to the board of school directors for approval prior to the beginning of each fiscal year on July 1.

Under Pennsylvania’s Taxpayer Relief Act, Act 1 of the Special Session of 2006, all school districts of the first class A, second class, third class and fourth class must adopt a preliminary budget proposal. The proposal must include estimated revenues and expenditures and the proposed tax rates. This proposed budget must be considered by the Board no later than 90 days prior to the date of the election immediately preceding the fiscal year. The preliminary budget proposal must also be printed and made available for public inspection at least 20 days prior to its adoption. The board of school directors may hold a public hearing on the budget, but are not required to do so. The board must give at least 10 days’ public notice of its intent to adopt the final budget according to Act 1 of 2006.[204]

In 2013, the average teacher salary in Lancaster School District was $58,697 a year, while the cost of the benefits teachers received was $25,455 per employee, for a total annual average teacher compensation of $84,152.62.[205]

In 2009, the district reported employing over 1200 teachers and 21 administrators with a salary range of $43,000 to $164,800.[206]

In 2007, the district employed 723 teachers. The average teacher salary in the district was $51,333 for 180 days worked.[207] As of 2007, Pennsylvania ranked in the top 10 states in average teacher salaries. When adjusted for cost of living Pennsylvania ranked fourth in the nation for teacher compensation.[208] The work year is 189 days with student days limited to 182. Teachers' work day is limited to 7 hours on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday. Work hours on Thursday and Fridays are 8 hours long. Additionally, Lancaster School District teachers receive a defined benefit pension, health insurance (teacher pays $15 a month), professional development reimbursement, 3 paid personal days, 10-12 paid sick days (which accumulate), and many other benefits.[209] Officers and duly elected delegates of the teacher's union are released fkom school to attend meetings or conventions of the Pennsylvania State Education Association and National ducati ion Association and to attend to Association business to a maximum of 40 days per year.

Administration costs Lancaster School District administrative costs per pupil in 2008 was $680.06 per pupil. The lowest administrative cost per pupil in Pennsylvania was $398 per pupil.[210] The Pennsylvania School Boards Association keeps statistics on salaries of public school district employees in Pennsylvania. According to the association's report, the average salary for a superintendent, for the 2007-08 school year, was $122,165. Superintendents and administrators receive a benefit package commensurate with that offered to the district's teachers' union.[211]

Per pupil spending In 2008, the Lancaster School District administration reported that per pupil spending was $13,324 which ranked 149th among Pennsylvania's 501 school districts. In 2010, the per pupil spending had increased to $14,192.70 [212] Among the states, Pennsylvania’s total per pupil revenue (including all sources) ranked 11th at $15,023 per student, in 2008-09.[213] In 2007, the Pennsylvania per pupil total expenditures was $12,759.[214]

Reserves In 2008, the Lancaster School District reported zero in an unreserved-designated fund balance. The unreserved-undesignated fund balance was reported as $6,132,140. [215] In 2010, Lancaster School District Administration reported an increase to $6,817,216 in the unreserved-undesignated fund balance. Pennsylvania school district reserve funds are divided into two categories – designated and undesignated. The undesignated funds are not committed to any planned project. Designated funds and any other funds, such as capital reserves, are allocated to specific projects. School districts are required by state law to keep 5 percent of their annual spending in the undesignated reserve funds to preserve bond ratings. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, from 2003 to 2010, as a whole, Pennsylvania school districts amassed nearly $3 billion in reserved funds.[216] In 2014, the Lancaster School Board reported having $22,186,644 in reserves.[217]

Audit In December 2010, the Pennsylvania Auditor General conducted a performance audit of the district. The findings were reported to the school board and administration. In particular, the audit of professional employees’ certification and assignments found 19 individuals were employed without the proper certification.[218]

Tuition Students who live in the Lancaster School District's attendance area may choose to attend one of Pennsylvania's 157 public charter schools. A student living in a neighboring public school district or a foreign exchange student may seek admission to Area School District. For these cases, the Pennsylvania Department of Education sets an annual tuition rate for each school district. It is the amount the public school district pays to a charter school for each resident student that attends the charter and it is the amount a nonresident student's parents must pay to attend the Lancaster School District's schools. The 2013 tuition rates are Elementary School - $9,149.43, High School - $11,560.82.[219]

The Lancaster School District is funded by a combination of: a local earned income tax, a property tax, a real estate transfer tax 0.5%, coupled with substantial funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the federal government. Grants can provide an opportunity to supplement school funding without raising local taxes. Interest earnings on accounts also provide nontax income to the District. In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, pension income and Social Security income are exempted from state personal income tax and local earned income tax, regardless of the individual’s personal wealth.[220] The average Pennsylvania public school teacher pension in 2011 exceeds $60,000 a year plus they receive federal Social Security benefits: both are free of Pennsylvania state income tax and local income tax which funds local public schools.[221]

State basic education funding

According to a report from Representative Todd Stephens office, Lancaster School District receives 42.3% of its annual revenue from the state.[222]

For the 2014-15 school year, Lancaster School District will receive $54,112,364 in State Basic Education funding. The District will also receive $1,842,552 in new Ready To Learn Block grant. The State’s enacted Education Budget includes $5,526,129,000 for the 2014-2015 Basic Education Funding.[223] The Education budget also includes Accountability Block Grant funding at $100 million and $241 million in new Ready to Learn funding for public schools that focus on student achievement and academic success. The State is paying $500.8 million to Social Security on the school employees behalf and another $1.16 billion to the state teachers pension system (PSERS). In total, Pennsylvania’s Education budget for K-12 public schools is $10 billion. This was a $305 million increase over 2013-2014 state spending and the greatest amount ever allotted by the Commonwealth for its public schools.[224]

In the 2013-2014 school year, Lancaster School District received a 6.4% increase or $54,112,364 in Pennsylvania Basic Education Funding. This is $$3,269,336 more than its 2012-13 state BEF to the District. Additionally, Lancaster School District received $910,964 in Accountability Block Grant funding to focus on academic achievement and level funding for special education services. Among the public school districts in Lancaster County, Lancaster School District received the highest percentage increase in BEF. The District has the option of applying for several other state and federal grants to increase revenues. The Commonwealth’s budget increased Basic Education Funding statewide by $123 million to over $5.5 billion. Most of Pennsylvania’s 500 public school districts received an increase of Basic Education Funding in a range of 0.9% to 4%. Eight public school districts received exceptionally high funding increases of 10% to 16%. The highest increase in state funding was awarded to Austin Area School District which received a 22.5% increase in Basic Education Funding.[225] The highest percent of state spending per student is in the Chester-Upland district, where roughly 78 percent comes from state coffers. In Philadelphia, it is nearly 49 percent.[226] As a part of the education budget, the state provided the PSERS (Pennsylvania school employee pension fund) with $1,017,000,000 and Social Security payments for school employees of $495 million.[227]

For the 2012-13 school year, Lancaster School District received $50,822,921.[228] The Governor's Executive Budget for 2012-2013 included $9.34 billion for kindergarten through 12th grade public education, including $5.4 billion in basic education funding, which was an increase of $49 million over the 2011-12 budget. In addition, the Commonwealth provided $100 million for the Accountability Block Grant (ABG) program. Lancaster School District received an additional $910,964 in ABG funding. The state also provided a $544.4 million payment for School Employees’ Social Security and $856 million for School Employees’ Retirement fund called PSERS.[229] This amount was a $21,823,000 increase (0.34%) over the 2011-2012 appropriations for Basic Education Funding, School Employees' Social Security, Pupil Transportation, Nonpublic and Charter School Pupil Transportation. Since taking office, Corbett’s first two budgets have restored more than $918 million in support of public schools, compensating for the $1 billion in federal stimulus dollars lost at the end of the 2010-11 school year.

In 2011-12 school year, Lancaster School District received a $48,405,632, allocation, of state Basic Education Funding.[230][231] Additionally, the Lancaster School District received $910,964 in Accountability Block Grant funding. The enacted Pennsylvania state Education budget includes $5,354,629,000 for the 2011-2012 Basic Education Funding appropriation. This amount is a $233,290,000 increase (4.6%) over the enacted State appropriation for 2010-2011.[232] The highest increase in state basic education funding was awarded to Duquesne City School District, which got a 49% increase in state funding for 2011-12.[233] In 2010, the district reported that 8,689 students received free or reduced-price lunches, due to the family meeting the federal poverty level.[234]

For the 2010-2011 budget year, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided a 5.71% increase in Basic Education Funding to Lancaster School District, for a total of $47,800,907.37. Among the districts in Lancaster County, the highest increase went to Conestoga Valley School District which was awarded an 18.51% increase. One hundred fifty Pennsylvania school districts received the base 2% increase. The highest increase in 2010-11, went to Kennett Consolidated School District in Chester County which received a 23.65% increase in state basic education funding.[235] The state's hold harmless policy regarding state basic education funding continued where a district received at least the same amount as the year before, even where enrollment had significantly declined.

In the 2009-2010 budget year, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided a 5.75% increase in Basic Education Funding for a total of $47,798,068. Among the districts in Lancaster County, the highest basic education funding increase went to Manheim Township School District which got a 7.26% increase. The State Basic Education Funding to Lancaster School District in 2008-09 was $45,199,217.82. Ninety school districts received a 2% increase. Muhlenberg School District in Berks County received a 22.31% increase in state basic education funding in 2009.[236] The amount of increase each school district received was set by Governor Edward G. Rendell and the Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak, as a part of the state budget proposal given in February.[237] According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 8,928 district students received free or reduced-price lunches due to low family income in the 2007–2008 school year.[238]

Accountability Block Grants

Beginning in 2004-2005, the state launched the Accountability Block Grant school funding. This program has provided $1.5 billion to Pennsylvania’s school districts. The Accountability Block Grant program requires that its taxpayer dollars are focused on specific interventions that are most likely to increase student academic achievement. These interventions include: teacher training, all-day kindergarten, lower class size K-3rd grade, literacy and math coaching programs that provide teachers with individualized job-embedded professional development to improve their instruction, before or after school tutoring assistance to struggling students, For 2010-11, the district applied for and received $2,472,583 in addition to all other state and federal funding. The district used the funding to provide full-day kindergarten.[239][240] The district has provided all day kindergarten since 2003.

Ready to Learn grant

Beginning in the 2014-2015 budget, the State funded a new Ready to Learn Grant for public schools. A total of $100 million is allocated through a formula to districts based on the number of students, level of poverty of community as calculated by its market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) and the number of English language learners. Ready to Learn Block Grant funds may be used by the Districts for: school safety; Ready by 3 early childhood intervention programs; individualized learning programs; and science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) programs.[241]

Lancaster School District received $1,842,552 in Ready to Learn Grant dollars in addition to State Basic Education funding, Special Education funding, Accountability Block Grant funding, PreK Counts funding, reimbursement for Social Security payments for employees and other state grants which the district must apply to receive.

Classrooms for the Future grant

The Classroom for the Future state program provided districts with hundreds of thousands of extra state funding to buy laptop computers for each core curriculum high school class (English, Science, History, Math) and paid for teacher training to optimize the computers use. The program was funded from 2006 to 2009. Lancaster School District was denied funding in 2006-07. In 2007-08, the district received $1,009,236. The district received $184,141 in 2008-09 for a total funding of $1,193,377. Lancaster School District received the highest grant awarded in Lancaster County.[242] The highest funding statewide was awarded to Philadelphia City School District in Philadelphia County - $9,409,073.

PreK Counts grant

Lancaster School District receives state funding to provide taxpayer funded preschool at the elementary schools. For the 2013-14 school year, Lancaster School District received a Pre K Counts grant of 1,210,160.[243] For the 2011 school year, Lancaster School District was a high priority for funding due to the 72% poverty level of children in the district's attendance area.[244][245][246] Enrollment for Pennsylvania Pre-K Counts is targeted to children living in families earning up to 300 percent of the federal poverty level. In 2013, the state’s PreK Counts program received $87,284,000. In 2010, the PreK Counts program received $83.6 million statewide in Governor Corbett’s education budget. In 2007-08 the state funded Pre-K Counts at $75 million. Lancaster School District received funding in 2007-08.[247] In 2009-10 the district received funding to provide preschool.[248][249]

Education Assistance grant

The state's EAP funding provides for the continuing support of tutoring services and other programs to address the academic needs of eligible students. Funds are available to eligible school districts and full-time career and technology centers (CTC) in which one or more schools have failed to meet at least one academic performance target, as provided for in Section 1512-C of the Pennsylvania Public School Code. In 2010-11 the Lancaster School District received $925,246.[250]

Environmental Education Grant

The Environmental Education Grant Program was established by the Environmental Education Act of 1993, which mandates that 5 percent (5%) of all pollution fines and penalties collected annually by the Department of Environmental Protection be set aside for environmental education. In 2011, Lancaster School District was awarded $3000 to take Martin Elementary School students on a one-day field trip to the Chesapeake Bay.[251]

Project 720

Project 720 was a high school reform program implemented for three years under the Rendell administration. The intent was to increase academic rigor and improve the instruction of teachers in the Commonwealth’s high schools. Teachers were expected to use data driven instructional practices and to meet the needs of diverse learners.[252] The 720 in the name referred to the number of days a student was in high school in ninth through 12th grades. High school’s applied for funding and were required to agree to report to the PDE their plans, their actions and the outcomes. In 2007-08 budget year, the Commonwealth provided $11 million in funding. Lancaster School District was one of 161 PA public school district to apply, receiving $150,000 in funding over three years.[253][254] For 2010-11, Project 720 funding was decreased to $1.7 million by Governor Rendell. The grant program was discontinued effective with the 2011-12 state budget.[255]

Science It’s Elementary grant

Martin Elementary School, Wickersham Elementary School and Price Elementary School successfully applied to participate and received a Science It’s Elementary grant in 2008-09.[256] For the 2008-09 school year, the program was offered in 143 schools reaching 66,973 students across the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.[257] In 2007, the Pennsylvania Department of Education initiated an effort to improve science instruction in the Commonwealth’s public elementary schools. Called Science: It’s Elementary, the program was a hands on instruction approach for elementary science classes that develops problem-solving and critical thinking skills.[258] To encourage schools to adopt the program’s standards aligned curriculum, the state provided a grant to cover the costs of materials and extensive mandatory teacher training.[259] The district was required to develop a three-year implementation plan for the participating school. The school district administration was required to appoint a district liaison who was paid $3,000 by PDE to serve as the conduit of all information between the district and the Department and its agents along with submitting orders and distributing supplies to implementing teachers. For the 2006-07 state education budget, $10 million was allocated for the program.[260] The grant program was expanded to $14.5 million in the 2008-09 budget. The grant was discontinued in the state’s 2011 budget by Governor Edward G. Rendell.

Other grants

The District did not participate in: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection's Environmental Education annual grants 2012, 2013 or 2014;[261][262] 2012 Striving Readers Comprehensive Literacy grant;[263] 2013 Safe Schools grants; nor the 2012 and 2013 Pennsylvania Hybrid Learning Grants.[264]

Federal grants

Federal Stimulus ARRA grant

Lancaster School District received an extra $22,460,550 in ARRA - Federal Stimulus money to be used in specific programs like special education and meeting the academic needs of low-income students.[265] The funding was limited to the 2009-10 and 2010-2011 school years.[266] Due to the temporary nature of the funding, schools were repeatedly advised to use the funds for one-time expenditures like acquiring equipment, making repairs to buildings, training teachers to provide more effective instruction or purchasing textbooks, computers and software.

21st Century Learning after school grant

In July 2003 and 2004, Lancaster School District received a federal grant which was run by the PDE. The grant calls for the establishment and sustainability of community learning centers that provide additional educational services to students in high-poverty and low-performing schools. The grant was competitive. Applications for the grants were reviewed and scored by a panel of representatives from the educational field and professional grant writers. The school received $750,000 in 2003 and $796,746 in 2004. Again in 2010, the District received $750,00. In 2011, the District received $500,000 and it got $500,000 in 2012. While 101 entities applied for the funding, only 66 were approved including eight charter schools. The funding is for the 2012-13 fiscal year.[267]

Race to the Top grant

Lancaster School District officials applied for the federal Race to the Top grant which would have provided several million dollars in additional federal funding to improve student academic achievement.[268] Lancaster School District was designated a Turnaround district due to low student achievement. Since the school is among the lowest-achieving in the Commonwealth it would also receive an extra $750 per student. Participation required the administration, the school board and the local teachers' union to sign an agreement to prioritize improving student academic success. In Pennsylvania, 120 public school districts and 56 charter schools agreed to participate.[269] Pennsylvania was not approved for the grant. The failure of districts to agree to participate was cited as one reason that Pennsylvania was not approved.[270][271][272]

School Improvement Grant

In the summer of 2011, the federal government offered School Improvement Grant funding. Several Lancaster School District were eligible for funding due to chronic low student academic achievement. They included: George Washington Elementary School, Hand Middle School, James Buchanan Elementary School, Lincoln Middle School, MCCaskey Campus, Price Elementary School, Reynolds Middle School, Ross Elementary School, and Wheatland Elementary School.[273] The grant stipulates the funds must be used for improving student achievement using one of four federally dictated strategies. The strategies are: transformation, turnaround, restart with new faculty and administration or closure of failing schools.[274] The Pennsylvania Education Secretary awarded $66 million to reform Pennsylvania's lowest-achieving schools in August 2011. The funding is for three years.[275]

For the 2010-11 school year, Lancaster School District administration applied for a School Improvement Grant for Price Elementary School and Wheatland Middle School. The district selected the transformation model for both schools. Price Elementary School received $1,011,000, while Wheatland Middle School received $3,320,516.[276][277]

In 2010, Pennsylvania received $141 million from the US Department of Education, to turn around its worst-performing schools. The funds were disbursed via a competitive grant program.[278] Lancaster School District received funding for three schools: McCaskey High School - Transformation model - $1,854,809; Hand Middle School - Turnaround model - $1,675,099; Reynolds Middle School - Transformation model - $1,622,148. Hand Middle School hired a new principal and assistant principal for instruction. The school replaced almost half of its math, science, social studies and communication arts teaching staff with new educators. The Pennsylvania Department of Education identified 200 Pennsylvania schools as "persistently lowest-achieving," making them eligible for this special funding.[279] Pennsylvania required low performing schools to apply or provide documentation about why they had not applied. The funds must be used, by the district, to turn around schools in one of four ways: school closure, restart - close the school and reopen it as a charter school. The other two options involve firing the principal. One would require at least half the faculty in a chronically poor performing school be dismissed. The second involves intensive teacher training coupled with strong curriculum revision or a longer school day.[280]

Technology grant

In 2010, the district was eligible for a federal Enhancing Education through Technology grant.[281] The district did not receive funding.[282]

Common Cents state initiative

The Lancaster School Board elected to not participate in the Pennsylvania Department of Education Common Cents program. The program called for the state to audit the district, at no cost to local taxpayers, to identify ways the district could save tax dollars.[283] After the review of the information, the district was not required to implement the recommended cost savings changes.

Real estate taxes

Property tax rates in 2014-2015 were set by the school board at 26.6793 mills.[284] A mill is $1 of tax for every $1,000 of a property's assessed value. Irregular property reassessments have become a serious issue in the commonwealth as it creates a significant disparity in taxation within a community and across a region.[285] Property taxes, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, apply only to real estate - land and buildings. The property tax is not levied on cars, business inventory, or other personal property. Certain types of property are exempt from property taxes, including: places of worship, places of burial, private social clubs, charitable and educational institutions and government property. Additionally, service related, disabled US military veterans may seek an exemption from paying property taxes. Pennsylvania school district revenues are dominated by two main sources: 1) Property tax collections, which account for the vast majority (between 75-85%) of local revenues; and 2) Act 511 tax collections, which are around 15% of revenues for school districts.[286] Some Pennsylvania school district include municipalities in two counties, each of which has different rates of property tax assessment, necessitating a state board equalization of the tax rates between the counties.[287] In 2010, miscalculations by the board were widespread in the Commonwealth and adversely impacted funding for many school districts.[288]

  • 2013-14 - 25.9224 mills[289]
  • 2012-13 - 25.2902 mills [290]
  • 2011-12 - 24.6972 mills
  • 2010-11 - 24.2130 mills [291]
  • 2009-10 - 23.2600 mills.[292]
  • 2008-09 - 22.4700 mills.[293]
  • 2007-08 - 21.4200 mills.[294]
  • 2006-07 - 20.4400 mills.[295]
  • 2005-06 - 19.3800 mills.[296]

The average yearly property tax paid by Lancaster County residents amounts to about 4.01% of their yearly income. Lancaster County ranked 231st out of the 3143 United States counties for property taxes as a percentage of median income.[297] According to a report prepared by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, the total real estate taxes collected by all school districts in Pennsylvania rose from $6,474,133,936 in 1999-00 to $10,438,463,356 in 2008-09 and to $11,153,412,490 in 2011.[298] Property taxes in Pennsylvania are relatively high on a national scale. According to the Tax Foundation, Pennsylvania ranked 11th in the U.S. in 2008 in terms of property taxes paid as a percentage of home value (1.34%) and 12th in the country in terms of property taxes as a percentage of income (3.55%).[299]

Act 1 Adjusted Index

The Act 1 of 2006 Index regulates the rates at which each school district can raise property taxes in Pennsylvania. Districts are not allowed to raise taxes above that index unless they allow voters to vote by referendum, or they seek an exception from the state Department of Education. The base index for the 2011-2012 school year is 1.4 percent, but the Act 1 Index can be adjusted higher, depending on a number of factors, such as property values and the personal income of district residents. Act 1 included 10 exceptions, including: increasing pension costs, increases in special education costs, a catastrophe like a fire or flood, increase in health insurance costs for contracts in effect in 2006 or dwindling tax bases. The base index is the average of the percentage increase in the statewide average weekly wage, as determined by the PA Department of Labor and Industry, for the preceding calendar year and the percentage increase in the Employment Cost Index for Elementary and Secondary Schools, as determined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the U.S. Department of Labor, for the previous 12-month period ending June 30. For a school district with a market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) greater than 0.4000, its index equals the base index multiplied by the sum of .75 and its MV/PI AR for the current year.[300] In June 2011, the Pennsylvania General Assembly eliminated six of the ten the exceptions to the Act 1 Index.[301] The following exceptions were maintained: 1) costs to pay interest and principal on indebtedness incurred prior to September 4, 2004 for Act 72 schools and prior to June 27, 2006 for non-Act 72 schools; 2) costs to pay interest and principal on electoral debt; 3) costs incurred in providing special education programs and services (beyond what is already paid by the State); and 4) costs due to increases of more than the Index in the school’s share of payments to PSERS (PA school employees pension fund) taking into account the state mandated PSERS contribution rate.[302][303]

The School District Adjusted Index for the Lancaster School District 2006-2007 through 2011-2012.[304]

  • 2006-07 - 5.9%, Base 3.9% [305]
  • 2007-08 - 4.8%, Base 3.4%
  • 2008-09 - 6.3%, Base 4.4%
  • 2009-10 - 5.8%, Base 4.1%
  • 2010-11 - 4.1%, Base 2.9%
  • 2011-12 - 2.0%, Base 1.4%
  • 2012-13 - 2.5%, Base 1.7% [306]
  • 2013-14 - 2.5%, Base 1.7% [307]
  • 2014-15 - 3.1%, Base 2.1% [308]
  • 2015-16 - 2.8%, Base 1.9%[309]

For the 2014-15 budget year, Lancaster School Board applied for two exceptions to exceed their Act 1 Index limit: increasing special education costs and rapidly escalating teacher pension costs. In 2014-15, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make a 21.4% of payroll payment to the teacher’s pension fund (PSERS).[310] For the school budget 2014-15, 316 Pennsylvania public school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above its Act 1 Index limit. Another 181 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeding the Index limit. Districts may apply for multiple exceptions each year. For the pension costs exception, 163 school districts received approval to exceed the Index in full, while others received a partial approval of their request. For special education costs, 104 districts received approval to exceed their tax limit. Seven Pennsylvania public school districts received an approval for the grandfathered construction debts exception.[311]

For the 2013-14 budget year, Lancaster School Board did not apply for exceptions to exceed their Act 1 Index limit. In 2013-14, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make a 16.93% of payroll payment to the teacher’s pension fund (PSERS). For the school budget year 2013-14, 311 Pennsylvania public school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index. Another 171 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeded the Index limit. For the pension costs exception, 169 school districts received approval to exceed the Index. For special education costs, 75 districts received approval to exceed their tax limit. Eleven Pennsylvania public school districts received an approval for grandfathered construction debts.[312]

For the 2012-13 budget year, Lancaster School Board applied for two exceptions to exceed the Act 1 Index: escalating special education costs and rising teacher pension costs. In 2012-13, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make a 12.36% of payroll payment to the teacher’s pension fund (PSERS). For 2012-2013 budget year, 274 school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index; while 223 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeded the Index limit. For the exception for pension costs, 194 school districts received approval to exceed the Index. For special education costs, 129 districts received approval to exceed the tax limit.[313]

For the 2011-12 school year, the Lancaster School Board applied for two exceptions to exceed the Act 1 Index: Special Education and Pension expenses. Each year, the Lancaster School Board has the option of adopting either 1) a resolution in January certifying they will not increase taxes above their index or 2) a preliminary budget in February. A school district adopting the resolution may not apply for referendum exceptions or ask voters for a tax increase above the inflation index. A specific timeline for these decisions is published annually, by the Pennsylvania Department of Education.[314]

According to a state report, for the 2011-2012 school year budgets, 247 school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index; 250 school districts adopted a preliminary budget. Of the 250 school districts that adopted a preliminary budget, 231 adopted real estate tax rates that exceeded their index. Tax rate increases in the other 19 school districts that adopted a preliminary budget did not exceed the school district’s index. Of the districts who sought exceptions: 221 used the pension costs exemption and 171 sought a Special Education costs exemption. Only 1 school district sought an exemption for Nonacademic School Construction Project, while 1 sought an exception for Electoral debt for school construction.[315]

Lancaster School Board applied for an exception to exceed the Act 1 index for the budget in 2011: teachers' pension costs.[316] For 2009-10 school budget, the Lancaster School Board did not apply for exceptions to exceed the Act 1 Index.[317] In the Spring of 2010, 135 Pennsylvania school boards asked to exceed their adjusted index. Approval was granted to 133 of them and 128 sought an exception for pension costs increases.[318]

Property tax relief

In 2010, the Homestead/Farmstead Property Tax Relief from gambling for the Lancaster School District was $446 per approved permanent primary residence. In the district, 11,169 property owners applied for the tax relief.[319] The relief was subtracted from the total annual school property tax bill. Property owners apply for the relief through the county Treasurer's office. Farmers can qualify for a farmstead exemption on building used for agricultural purposes. The farm must be at least 10 contiguous acres (40,000 m2) and must be the primary residence of the owner. Farmers can qualify for both the homestead exemption and the farmstead exemption. Lancaster School District received the highest relief among the districts in Lancaster County.[320] The highest property tax relief in Pennsylvania went to the residents of Chester Upland School District of Delaware County who received $632 per approved homestead.[321] Chester Upland School District has been the top recipient since the program began.

Extracurriculars

The district offers a wide variety of clubs, activities and sports. Eligibility for participation is determined by school board policy.

By Pennsylvania law, all K-12 students in the district, including those who attend a private nonpublic school, cyber charter school, charter school and those homeschooled, are eligible to participate in the extracurricular programs, including all athletics. They must meet the same eligibility rules as the students enrolled in the district's schools.[322]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ Evan Grossman (January 22, 2015). "Challenges piled high for new PA secretary of education". PA Independent.
  3. ↑ BRIAN WALLACE (April 28, 2013). "Why the School District of Lancaster is financially thriving when similar districts in Pennsylvania are failing". Lancaster Online News.
  4. ↑ Lancaster School District Administration (June 17, 2014). "General Fund Budget 2014-15 Lancaster School District" (PDF).
  5. ↑ BRIAN WALLACE (May 15, 2012). "Lancaster city school district budget advances". Lancaster News Online.
  6. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (November 6, 2014). "Lancaster School District Fast Facts 2014".
  7. ↑ National Center for Education Statistics (2012). "Common Core of Data - Lancaster School District".
  8. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Finances Selected Data 2010, 2012
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  11. ↑ proximityone (2014). "School District Comparative Analysis Profiles".
  12. ↑ Pennsylvania Budget and Policy Center, Education Facts Student Poverty Concentration by LEA, 2012
  13. ↑ American Fact Finder, US Census Bureau, 2009
  14. ↑ US Census Bureau (2010). "American Fact Finder, State and County quick facts".
  15. ↑ US Census Bureau (September 2011). "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010" (PDF).
  16. ↑ US Census Bureau (2014). "Pennsylvania Median household income, 2006-2010 by County".
  17. ↑ Michael Sauter & Alexander E.M. Hess, (August 31, 2013). "America's most popular six-figure jobs". USA Today.
  18. ↑ School District of Lancaster Administration (2009). "School District of Lancaster School District 2009-2014 Strategic Plan" (PDF).
  19. ↑ Pennsylvania General Assembly. "Pennsylvania Public School Code Governance 2010 - Title-22".
  20. ↑ Pennsylvania General Assembly, Pennsylvania School Code, 2013
  21. ↑ The Commonwealth Foundation for Public Policy Alternatives. "The Pennsylvania Project". Retrieved July 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  22. ↑ Pittsburgh Business Times (April 11, 2014). "Guide to Pennsylvania Schools Statewide School District Ranking 2014".
  23. ↑ Pittsburgh Business Times (April 11, 2014). "What makes up a district's School Performance Profile score?".
  24. ↑ Pittsburgh Business Times, Guide to Western Pennsylvania Schools Statewide Honor Roll Rankings 2013, April 6, 2013
  25. ↑ Pittsburgh Business Times, Guide to Pennsylvania Schools - School District of Lancaster, 2012
  26. ↑ Pittsburgh Business Times, Statewide Honor Roll Rankings 2011, April 2, 2011
  27. ↑ Pittsburgh Business Times, Pennsylvania School District Rankings 2010, May 1, 2010
  28. ↑ Pittsburgh Business Times (2007). "Three of top school districts in state hail from Allegheny County".
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  30. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (April 21, 2014). "Opportunity Scholarship Tax Credit Program".
  31. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development (April 2014). "Opportunity Scholarship Tax Credit Program FAQ".
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  36. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "LANCASTER SD AYP status 2010".
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  38. ↑ PDE, Lancaster School District AYP Overview 2008, August 15, 2008
  39. ↑ PDE, Lancaster School District AYP Overview 2007, 2007
  40. ↑ PDE, Lancaster School District AYP Overview 2006, 2006
  41. ↑ PDE, Lancaster School District AYP Overview 2005, 2005
  42. ↑ PDE, Lancaster School District AYP Overview 2004, 2004
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  44. ↑ PDE, Lancaster School District Fast Facts 2013, October 4, 2013
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  46. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, MCCASKEY CAMPUSES - School AYP Data Table 2011, September 29, 2011
  47. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (March 15, 2011). "New 4-year Cohort Graduation Rate Calculation Now Being Implemented".
  48. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, School District of Lancaster Academic Achievement Report Card 2010, October 20, 2010
  49. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, School District of Lancaster - School AYP Data Table 2009, September 14, 2009
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  56. ↑ Evamarie Socha (November 6, 2014). "Half of Valley districts see state test scores decline". The Daily Item.
  57. ↑ Eleanor Chute (November 21, 2014). "Pennsylvania student scores declined with reduced funding, test results show". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
  58. ↑ Acting Secretary of Education Carolyn Dumaresq, Acting Secretary of Education Announces Results of 2013-14 School Performance Profile; Strong Performance in 72 Percent of Schools, November 6, 2014
  59. ↑ Kathy Boccella; Dylan Purcell & Kristen A. Graham (November 6, 2014). "Pa. school rankings: Downingtown STEM No. 1; Phila. falters". Philadelphia Inquirer.
  60. ↑ Jan Murphy (November 6, 2014). "More Pa. school scores decline than improve, state report card shows". Pennlive.com.
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  62. ↑ Eleanor Chute & Mary Niederberger (December 11, 2013). "New assessment shows fuller picture of Pa. schools". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
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  65. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, MCCASKEY CAMPUSES - School AYP Overview 2009, September 14, 2009
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  68. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, MCCASKEY CAMPUSES - School AYP Overview 2007, 2007
  69. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, MCCASKEY CAMPUSES - School AYP Overview 2006, 2006
  70. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, MCCASKEY CAMPUSES - School AYP Overview 2005, 2005
  71. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, MCCASKEY CAMPUSES - School AYP Overview 2004, 2004
  72. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, MCCASKEY CAMPUSES - School AYP Overview 2004, 2003
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  74. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2014). "State Assessment System".
  75. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 29, 2012). "2011-2012 PSSA and AYP Results".
  76. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 29, 2011). "2010-2011 PSSA and AYP Results".
  77. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "2009-2010 PSSA and AYP Results".
  78. ↑ The Times-Tribune. (September 2009). "Grading Our Schools database, 2009 PSSA results,".
  79. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (August 2008). "2007-2008 PSSA and AYP Results".
  80. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2007). "PSSA Math and Reading results".
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  83. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (March 2011). "School District of Lancaster Academic Achievement Report Card 2010" (PDF).
  84. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 21, 2012). "McCaskey High School Campuses Academic Achievement Report Card 2012" (PDF).
  85. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 29, 2011). "2010-2011 PSSA results in Science".
  86. ↑ The Times-Tribune. (2009). "Grading Our Schools database, 2009 Science PSSA results,".
  87. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "Dual Enrollment Guidelines".
  88. ↑ Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (March 2010). "Pennsylvania Transfer and Articulation Agreement".
  89. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (April 29, 2010). "PA College Credit Transfer System Makes Higher Education More Affordable, Accessible,".
  90. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (August 2009). "Dual Enrollment Fall Grants 2009-10.".
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  92. ↑ College Board (September 2011). "SAT Scores State By State - Pennsylvania".
  93. ↑ "While U.S. SAT scores dip across the board, N.J. test-takers hold steady". NJ.com. September 2011.
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  95. ↑ "Pennsylvania Code §4.24 (a) High school graduation requirements".
  96. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "Keystone Exam Overview" (PDF).
  97. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 2011). "Pennsylvania Keystone Exams Overview".
  98. ↑ Pennsylvania State Board of Education (2010). "Rules and Regulation Title 22 PA School Code CH. 4".
  99. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (January 2009). "Pennsylvania College Remediation Report".
  100. ↑ National Center for Education Statistics
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  102. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Professional Qualifications of Teachers Middle School, October 4, 2013
  103. ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data - Hand Middle School, 2010
  104. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (November 6, 2014). "Hand Middle School Academic Performance Data 2014".
  105. ↑ PDE, Hand Middle School Academic Performance Data 2013, October 4, 2013
  106. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 21, 2012). "Hand Middle School AYP Data Table 2012".
  107. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Hand Middle School AYP Data Table 2011, September 29, 2011
  108. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Hand Middle School - School AYP Overview 2009, September 14, 2009
  109. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "HAND MS - School AYP Data Table".
  110. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education. "IU16-PSSA 95-96 Results by School". Retrieved May 11, 2014.
  111. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2014). "Standards Aligned Systems".
  112. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2014). "State Academic Standards Mathematics".
  113. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "Hand Middle School Academic Achievement Report Card 2010" (PDF).
  114. 1 2 3 4 Pennsylvania Department of Education (August 2008). "Reading and Math PSSA 2008 by Schools".
  115. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 21, 2012). "Hand Middle School Academic Achievement Report Card 2012" (PDF).
  116. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Hand Middle School Academic Achievement Report Card 2011, September 29, 2011
  117. 1 2 3 4 Pennsylvania Department of Education Report (September 14, 2010). "2010 PSSAs: Reading, Math, Writing Results".
  118. 1 2 3 4 Pennsylvania Department of Education. "2009 PSSAs: Reading, Math, Writing and Science Results".
  119. 1 2 3 4 The Times-Tribune (2012). "Grading Our Schools database, 2011-12 Science PSSA results".
  120. 1 2 3 4 Pennsylvania Department of Education Report (August 2009). "Science PSSA 2009 by Schools".
  121. 1 2 3 4 Pennsylvania Department of Education Report (August 2008). "Science PSSA 2008 by Schools".
  122. ↑ Hand Middle School Report Card 2006
  123. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (November 6, 2014). "Lincoln Middle School Fast Facts 2014".
  124. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Professional Qualifications of Teachers Lincoln Middle School, November 4, 2014
  125. ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, Common Care data - Lincoln Middle School, 2010
  126. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (November 6, 2014). "Lincoln Middle School Academic Performance Data 2014".
  127. ↑ PDE, Lincoln Middle School Academic Performance Data 2013, October 4, 2013
  128. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 21, 2012). "LINCOLN Middle School AYP Overview 2012".
  129. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, LINCOLN Middle School AYP Overview 2011, September 29, 2011
  130. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "LINCOLN Middle School - School AYP Overview".
  131. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "LINCOLN Middle School - School AYP Data Table".
  132. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Lincoln Middle School - School AYP Data Table 2008, August 15, 2008
  133. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Lincoln Middle School - School AYP Data Table 2006, 2006
  134. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 29, 2011). "Lincoln Middle School Academic Achievement Report Card 2011" (PDF).
  135. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 21, 2012). "Lincoln Middle School Academic Achievement Report Card 2012" (PDF).
  136. 1 2 3 Pennsylvania Department of Education Report (August 2010). "Science PSSA 2010 by Schools".
  137. ↑ Lincoln Middle School
  138. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (November 6, 2014). "Reynolds Middle School Fast Facts 2014".
  139. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Professional Qualifications of Teachers Reynolds Middle School, November 6, 2014
  140. ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, Common Care Data - Reynolds Middle School, 2010
  141. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (November 6, 2014). "Reynolds Middle School Academic Performance Data 2014".
  142. ↑ PDE, Reynolds Middle School Academic Performance Data 2013, October 4, 2013
  143. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 21, 2012). "REYNOLDS Middle School AYP Overview 2012".
  144. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, REYNOLDS Middle School AYP Overview 2011, September 29, 2011
  145. 1 2 Pennsylvania Department of Education, REYNOLDS Middle School - School AYP Overview 2009, September 14, 2009
  146. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, REYNOLDS Middle School - School AYP Overview 2008, August 15, 2008
  147. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 29, 2011). "Reynolds Middle School Academic Achievement Report Card 2011" (PDF).
  148. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "Reynolds Middle School Academic Achievement report Card 2010" (PDF).
  149. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 21, 2012). "Reynolds Middle School Academic Achievement Report Card 2012" (PDF).
  150. ↑ Reynolds Middle School
  151. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (November 6, 2014). "Wheatland Middle School Fast Facts 2014".
  152. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Professional Qualifications of Teachers Wheatland Middle School, November 6, 2014
  153. ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data - Wheatland Middle School, 2010
  154. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (November 6, 2014). "Wheatland Middle School Academic Performance Data 2014".
  155. ↑ PDE, Wheatland Middle School Academic Performance Data 2013, October 4, 2013
  156. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 21, 2012). "Wheatland Middle School AYP Overview 2012".
  157. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 29, 2011). "Wheatland Middle School AYP Overview".
  158. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Wheatland Middle School - School AYP Overview 2009, September 14, 2009
  159. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Wheatland Middle School - School AYP Data Table 2009 |year=2009
  160. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 29, 2011). "Wheatland Middle School Academic Achievement Report Card 2011" (PDF).
  161. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Wheatland Middle School Academic Achievement Report Card 2010, October 20, 2010
  162. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 21, 2012). "Wheatland Middle School Academic Achievement Report Card 2012" (PDF).
  163. ↑ Wheatland Middle School
  164. ↑ Brian Wallace (May 2011). "School District of Lancaster to vote Tuesday on outsourcing' schools". Intelligencer Journal.
  165. ↑ Brian Wallace (February 2011). "School District of Lancaster rejects charter school proposal". Intelligencer Journal.
  166. ↑ Buehrle High School programs
  167. ↑ Buehrle Alternative School
  168. ↑ Burrowes Elementary School
  169. ↑ Carter Macrae Elementary
  170. ↑ Elizabeth R Martin Elementary
  171. ↑ Fulton Elementary
  172. ↑ George Washington Elementary
  173. ↑ Hamilton Elementary
  174. ↑ James Buchanan Elementary
  175. ↑ King Elementary
  176. ↑ Lafayette Elementary
  177. ↑ Price Elementary
  178. ↑ Ross Elementary
  179. ↑ Thomas Wharton Elementary
  180. ↑ Wickersham Elementary
  181. ↑ Pennsylvania Bureau of Special Education Services (2012–2013). "Lancaster School District Special Education Data Report LEA Performance on State Performance Plan (SPP) Targets".
  182. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013
  183. ↑ Pennsylvania Bureau of Special Education Services (2010). "Lancaster SD Special Education Data Report LEA Performance on State Performance Plan (SPP) Targets".
  184. ↑ Pennsylvania House Majority Policy Committee (2010). "PA House Majority Policy Committee May 12, 2010 Hearing Testimony and Handouts".
  185. ↑ Gerald L. Zahorchak, D. Ed. (May 30, 2007). "House Education Committee Hearing on Governor's Proposed Increase for Accountability Block Grants Testimony for Gerald L. Zahorchak, D. Ed. Secretary, Pennsylvania Department of Education" (PDF).
  186. ↑ Pennsylvania Bureau of Special Education (2008). "Pennsylvania Parent Guide to Special Education Services".
  187. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education. "Pennsylvania Special Education Funding".
  188. ↑ Browne, Patrick., Senate Education Committee Hearing on Special Education Funding & Accountability testimony, November 1, 2011
  189. ↑ Kintisch, Baruch., Public Hearing: Special Education Funding & Accountability Testimony, Education Law Center, November 11, 2011
  190. ↑ Amy Morton, Executive Deputy Secretary, Public Hearing: Special Education Funding & Accountability Testimony, Pennsylvania Department of Education, November 11, 2011
  191. ↑ US Department of Education, U.S. Department of Education Clarifies Schools' Obligation to Provide Equal Opportunity to Students with Disabilities to Participate in Extracurricular Athletics, January 25, 2013
  192. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (July 2010). "Special Education Funding from Pennsylvania State_2010-2011".
  193. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2011). "Special Education Funding 2011-2012 Fiscal Year".
  194. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (April 2012). "Investing in PA kids,".
  195. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Special Education funding report by LEA, July 2014
  196. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (July 2010). "Gifted Students as Percentage of Total Enrollment by School District/Charter School" (PDF).
  197. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education and Pennsylvania School Board. "CHAPTER 16. Special Education For Gifted Students". Retrieved February 4, 2011.
  198. ↑ Lancaster SD School Safety Annual Report 2009 - 2010, Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2010
  199. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "Pennsylvania Safe Schools Online Reports".
  200. ↑ Lancaster School District Administration (January 2009). "School District of Lancaster Bullying and Cyberbullying Policy 249".
  201. ↑ Pennsylvania General Assembly (2007). "Regular Session 2007-2008 House Bill 1067, Act 61 Section 6 page 8".
  202. ↑ Center for Safe Schools of Pennsylvania, (2008). "Bullying Prevention advisory".
  203. ↑ Pennsylvania State Board of Education (January 11, 2003). "Pennsylvania Academic Standards".
  204. ↑ Pennsylvania General Assembly, Taxpayer Relief Act, Act 1 of the Special Session of 2006, June 27, 2006
  205. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2014). "Investing in Pennsylvania Students".
  206. ↑ Asbury Park Press (2009). "PA. Public School Salaries".
  207. ↑ Fenton, Jacob (March 2009). "Average classroom teacher salary in Lancaster County, 2006-07". The Morning Call.
  208. ↑ PA Delaware County Times, Teachers need to know enough is enough, April 20, 2010.
  209. ↑ Lancaster School Board (2009). "Lancaster School District Teacher Union Employment Contract 2010".
  210. ↑ Fenton, Jacob. (February 2009). "Pennsylvania School District Data: Will School Consolidation Save Money?,". The Morning Call.
  211. ↑ Pennsylvania School Board Association (October 2009). "Public School Salaries 11th Annual".
  212. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "2009-10 Selected Data - 2009-10 Total Expenditures per ADM".
  213. ↑ United States Census Bureau (2009). "States Ranked According to Per Pupil Elementary-Secondary Public School System Finance Amounts: 2008-09" (PDF).
  214. ↑ US Census Bureau (2009). "Total and current expenditures per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary education, by function and state or jurisdiction: 2006-07".
  215. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education. "Fund Balances by Local Education Agency 1997 to 2008".
  216. ↑ Jan Murphy (September 22, 2010). "Pennsylvania's public schools boost reserves".
  217. ↑ PDE, Investing in Pennsylvania Students, July 2014
  218. ↑ Pennsylvania Auditor General (December 2010). "Lancaster School District Lancaster County, Pennsylvania Performance Audit Report".
  219. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (May 2013). "Pennsylvania Public School District Tuition Rates".
  220. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Revenue (April 2010). "Personal Income Taxation Guidelines".
  221. ↑ John Finnerty (2013). "PA teachers pensions". CNHI Harrisburg Bureau.
  222. ↑ Pennsylvania Representative Todd Stephens (January 23, 2014). "LEEF Funding Chart 2014".
  223. ↑ PDE (July 7, 2014). "Enacted Education Budget 2014-2015".
  224. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2014-15 Enacted Education Budget Fast Facts, July 14, 2014
  225. ↑ Democrat Appropriations Committee, Report on Education funding by LEA, July 2, 2013
  226. ↑ Sam Wood & Brian X. McCrone (January 29, 2014). "Montgomery County lawmaker proposes using Pa. horse racing funds for education". Philadelphia Inquirer.
  227. ↑ Pennsylvania Office of the Budget, 2013-14 State Budget Highlights, 2013
  228. ↑ Senator Jake Corman (June 28, 2012). "Pennsylvania Education funding by Local School District" (PDF).
  229. ↑ Pennsylvania General Assembly Sen Jake Corman (June 29, 2012). "SB1466 of 2012 General Fund Appropriation".
  230. ↑ PA Senate Appropriations Committee (June 28, 2011). "School District 2011-12 Funding Report".
  231. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (July 2011). "Basic Education Funding".
  232. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (June 30, 2011). "Basic Education Funding".
  233. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (June 30, 2011). "Basic Education Funding 2011-2012 Fiscal Year".
  234. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, District Allocations Report 2009, 2009-10
  235. ↑ Pennsylvania House Appropriations Committee Education Budget information (June 30, 2010). "PA Basic Education Funding-Printout2 2010-2011" (PDF).
  236. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (October 2009). "Funding Allocations by district".
  237. ↑ Pennsylvania Office of Budget (February 2009). "Governor's Budget Proposal 2009 Pennsylvania Department of Education Budget Proposal 2009,".
  238. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education Funding Report by LEA 2009
  239. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "Accountability Block Grant report Grantee list 2010".
  240. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2008). "Accountability Block Grant Mid Year report".
  241. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2013). "Passport for Learning Block Grant".
  242. ↑ Pennsylvania Auditor General (December 22, 2008). "Classrooms for the Future grants audit" (PDF).
  243. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Pennsylvania 2013-14 Pre-K Counts Grantees 2013-13, August 2013
  244. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education Early Childhood Advisor, Poverty Level by School District, 2007
  245. ↑ Office of Child Development and Early Learning (2011). "Pre-K Counts Grantees".
  246. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education - Office of Child Development and Early Learning (2008). "Applicants of PA Pre-K Counts for FY 2008-2009" (PDF).
  247. ↑ Governor's Press Office (August 10, 2007). "Governor Rendell Announces Grants for 'Pre-K Counts' Early Childhood Initiative".
  248. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "Pennsylvania PreK Counts End of Year Report 2009-10" (PDF).
  249. ↑ Office of Child Development and Early Learning (2009). "Early Childhood Programs - PreK Counts".
  250. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "Educational Assistance Program Funding 2010-2011 Fiscal Year".
  251. ↑ Department of Environmental Protection Press Release (2011). "PA DEP Awards Grants to Promote Environmental Education, Stewardship and Renewable Energy".
  252. ↑ CAIU 15 (2007). "Project 720".
  253. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2007). "Transforming Pennsylvania High Schools".
  254. ↑ Robert Hayes Postupac, PROJECT 720: A CASE STUDY OF HIGH SCHOOL REFORM, University of Pittsburgh, 2011
  255. ↑ PA Office of the Budget, 2011-12 Budget General Fund - State Appropriations, June 28, 2011
  256. ↑ Cynthia Pulkowski Director; Science: It’s Elementary (2009). "Science Its Elementary 2008-2009" (PDF).
  257. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Science: It’s Elementary Grantees Students in 143 Schools Benefit from Intensive Science Curriculum, July 22, 2008
  258. ↑ Patricia Vathis Pennsylvania Department of Education, Grants and Subsidies Science: It’s Elementary, 2006
  259. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2010-11 Science: It’s Elementary Application Guidelines, July 2010
  260. ↑ Press Office PDE (August 4, 2009). "Science its Elementary".
  261. ↑ Department of Environmental Protection (2014). "Environmental Education Grants".
  262. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (April 22, 2013). "Governor Corbett Awards 92 Grants for Environmental Education and Stewardship".
  263. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (May 23, 2012). "Pennsylvania Awards $36.1 Million to Strengthen Literacy Programs".
  264. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education Press Office (October 17, 2013). "Acting Secretary of Education Says Hybrid Learning Benefits Students; Highlights Success of First-Year Pilot Program".
  265. ↑ Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (2009). "County ARRA FUNDING Report".
  266. ↑ "School stimulus money". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. March 12, 2009.
  267. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Education Secretary Announces $19.78 Million Awarded to Enhance Academic Opportunities for At-Risk Students, July 11, 2012
  268. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (December 9, 2009). "RTTT_Webinar_for_districts_December_2009.pdf".
  269. ↑ Governor's Press Office release (January 20, 2010). "Pennsylvania's 'Race to the Top' Fueled by Effective Reforms, Strong Local Support,".
  270. ↑ Race to the Top Fund, U.S. Department of Education, March 29, 2010.
  271. ↑ Gerald Zahorchak (December 2008). "Pennsylvania Race to the Top Letter to Superintendents" (PDF).
  272. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (January 19, 2009). "Pennsylvania Race to the Top -School Districts Title I Allocations 2009-10".
  273. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, School Improvement Grant Eligible Schools SEA Application, 2011
  274. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2011). "Pennsylvania School Improvement Planning".
  275. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (August 23, 2011). "Education Secretary Announces $66 Million Awarded to Reform Pennsylvania Lowest-Achieving Schools".
  276. ↑ WITF.org (August 23, 2011). "Schools in Lancaster and Harrisburg to receive federal grants".
  277. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "School Improvement grants 2010".
  278. ↑ Wallace, Brian (August 29, 2010). "SDL gets $5 million to help 4 schools".
  279. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2009). "Pennsylvania School Improvement Grant Components_Stat_Requirements".
  280. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (June 9, 2010). "Pennsylvania School Improvement Grant Components_Stat_Requirements" (PDF).
  281. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "Enhancing Education through Technology Grants Eligible LEAs".
  282. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2011). "Enhancing Education through Technology Grants Award List".
  283. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2007). "Common Cents program - Making Every Dollar Count".
  284. ↑ PDE (October 2014). "Finances RE Tax Rates 2014-15".
  285. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2011). "Real Estate Tax Rates by School District 2011-12 Real Estate Mills".
  286. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2004). "Act 511 Tax Report".
  287. ↑ State Tax Equalization Board (2011). "State Tax Equalization Board About US".
  288. ↑ Pennsylvania Auditor General office - Bureau of Audits (February 2011). "A Special Performance Audit of the Pennsylvania State Tax Equalization Boards" (PDF).
  289. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2014). "Real Estate Tax Rates by School District 2013-14 Real Estate Mills".
  290. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Finances_Real Estate Tax Rates 2012-13, 2012
  291. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "Real Estate Tax Millage by School District,".
  292. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "Financial Elements Reports".
  293. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2009). "Financial Elements Reports 2008-09 Real Estate Mills".
  294. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2008). "Real Estate Tax Millage by School District".
  295. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Real Estate Tax Millage by School District, 2006
  296. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Real Estate Tax Millage by School District, 2005
  297. ↑ Tax-rates.org., The 2013 Tax Resource County Property Taxes 2012, 2012
  298. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Pennsylvania School Finances - Summaries of Annual Financial Report Data 2010-11, 2011
  299. ↑ Tax Foundation (September 22, 2009). "New Census Data on Property Taxes on Homeowners".
  300. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2010). "2010-11 Act 1 of 2006 Referendum Exception Guidelines".
  301. ↑ Kaitlynn Riely (August 4, 2011). "Law could restrict school construction projects". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
  302. ↑ Pennsylvania General Assembly (June 29, 2011). "SB330 of 2011".
  303. ↑ Eric Boehm (July 1, 2011). "Property tax reform final piece of state budget". PA Independent.
  304. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (May 2010). "Special Session Act 1 of 2006 School District Adjusted Index for 2006-2007 through 2010-2011".
  305. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (May 2011). "Special Session Act 1 of 2006 School District Adjusted Index for 2006-2007 through 2011-2012".
  306. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (May 2011). "2012-2013 School District Adjusted Index Listing".
  307. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2013-2014 School District Adjusted Index, September 2012
  308. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2014-2015 School District Adjusted Index, September 2013
  309. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2015-2016 School District Adjusted Index, September 2014
  310. ↑ Pennsylvania School Employees, Retirement System, PSERS Chart showing payment mandates 2007-2020, 2014
  311. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (April 30, 2014). "Report on Referendum Exceptions For School Year 2014-2015".
  312. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Report on Referendum Exceptions For School Year 2013-2014, April 2013
  313. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Report on Referendum Exceptions For School Year 2012-2013, March 30, 2012
  314. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2011). "Special Session Act 1 of 2006 the Taxpayer Relief Act information".
  315. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (April 2011). "Report on Exceptions".
  316. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (May 2010). "Report on Referendum Exceptions for 2010-2011".
  317. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (May 2009). "Report on Referendum Exceptions for 2009-2010".
  318. ↑ Scarcella, Frank & Pursell, Tricia (May 25, 2010). "Local school tax assessments exceed state averages". The Daily Item.
  319. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (May 1, 2010). "SSAct1_Property Tax Relief Per HomeStead 2010".
  320. ↑ Pennsylvania Auditor General Office, (February 23, 2010). "Special Report Pennsylvania Property Tax Relief".
  321. ↑ Tax Relief per Homestead 2009, Pennsylvania Department of Education Report May 1, 2010
  322. ↑ Pennsylvania Office of the Governor Press Release, (November 10, 2005). "Home-Schooled, Charter School Children Can Participate in School District Extracurricular Activities".
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