Beatification of Pope John Paul II

Following the Sacred Formula of Beatification, the banner revealing an image of a smiling John Paul II took place on the Central Loggia of St. Peter's Basilica.

Pope John Paul II reigned as pope of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City for almost 27 years. Since his death on 2 April 2005, many thousands of people have been supporting the case for beatifying and canonising Pope John Paul II as a saint.[1][2][3][4] His formal beatification ceremony took place on 1 May 2011.[5]

Beatification

John Paul II's official title was "Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of Saint Peter, Head of the College of Bishops, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City, Servus Servorum Dei, Pope John Paul II".[6] In 2006 the title Patriarch of the West was removed from the papal list of titles by the succeeding pope, Benedict XVI, due to its obsolescence.

On 9 May 2005, Benedict XVI began the beatification process for his predecessor. Normally five years must pass after a person's death before the beatification process can begin. However, in an audience with Pope Benedict XVI, Cardinal Vicar Camillo Ruini, the one responsible for promoting the cause for canonisation of any person who dies within the diocese of Rome, cited "exceptional circumstances" which suggested that the waiting period could be waived.[7]

The "exceptional circumstances" may possibly refer to the people's cries of "Santo Subito!" ("Saint now!" in Italian) during the pontiff's funeral.[7][8][9][10] Therefore, the new pope waived the five year rule "so that the cause of Beatification and Canonisation of the same Servant of God can begin immediately".[11] The decision was announced on 13 May 2005, the Feast of Our Lady of Fátima and the 24th anniversary of the assassination attempt on John Paul II at St. Peter's Square.[12] John Paul II often credited Our Lady of Fátima for preserving him on that day. Cardinal Camillo Ruini, vicar general for the diocese of Rome, officially opened the cause for beatification in the Lateran Basilica on 28 June 2005.[6][13][14][15]

In early 2006, it was reported that the Vatican was investigating a possible miracle associated with John Paul II. A French nun, confined to her bed by Parkinson's Disease or a neurological condition with similar symptoms which can go into remission, is reported to have experienced a "complete and lasting cure after members of her community prayed for the intercession of Pope John Paul II".[7][16][17] The nun was later identified as Sister Marie Simon-Pierre.

Sister Marie Simon Pierre is a member of the Congregation of Little Sisters of Catholic Maternity Wards from Puyricard, near Aix-en-Provence.[18] Sister Marie-Simon-Pierre, 46, is working again, now in Paris at a maternity hospital run by her order.[19] She met reporters 30 March 2006 in Aix-en-Provence, during a press conference with Archbishop of Aix Claude Feidt.[20][21]

“I was sick and now I am cured,” she told reporters. “I am cured, but it is up to the church to say whether it was a miracle or not.”[20]

It has been suggested,[22] however, that Sister Marie Simon-Pierre did not have Parkinson's Disease as there is no easy way to accurately diagnose the disease short of medical autopsy. Sister Marie Simon-Pierre also suffered a relapse[23] though the Episcopal Conference of France disputed that the relapse (which would have thrown the purportedly miraculous nature of the cure into doubt) was anything more than a rumor.

On 28 May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI said Mass before an estimated 900,000 people in John Paul II's native Poland. During his homily he encouraged prayers for the early canonisation of John Paul II and stated that he hoped canonisation would happen "in the near future".

In January 2007, it was announced by Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz of Kraków, his former secretary, that the key interviewing phase in Italy and Poland of the beatification process was nearing completion.[7][24] The relics of Pope John Paul II—pieces of white papal cassocks he used to wear—were being freely distributed with prayer cards for the cause to interested parties; this distribution and prayerful use of relics is a typical praiseworthy pious practice after a saintly Catholic's death.[25]

On 8 March 2007 the Vicariate of Rome announced that the diocesan phase of John Paul's cause for beatification was at an end. Following a ceremony on 2 April 2007 – the second anniversary of the Pontiff's death – the cause proceeded to the scrutiny of the committee of lay, clerical, and episcopal members of the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, who will conduct an investigation of their own.[9][24] On the fourth anniversary of Pope John Paul's death, 2 April 2009, Dziwisz told reporters of a presumed miracle that had recently occurred at the former pope's tomb in St. Peter's Basilica.[26][27][28][29][30][31][32] A nine-year-old Polish boy from Gdańsk, who was suffering from kidney cancer and was completely unable to walk, had been visiting the tomb with his parents. On leaving St. Peter's Basilica, the boy told them, "I want to walk", and began walking normally.[27][28][30][31][32]

In October 2009, Rome's mayor Gianni Alemanno said that the beatification, likely to draw huge crowds, was expected to take place in 2010, but on 4 November 2009 Monsignor Slawomir Oder, postulator of the cause of beatification, said that it was not yet known when study of the case could be concluded.[33]

On 16 November 2009, a panel of reviewers at the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voted unanimously that Pope John Paul II had lived a life of virtue.[34][35] If Pope Benedict XVI agrees, he will sign the first of two decrees needed for beatification. The first recognises that he lived a heroic, virtuous life and enables him to be called "Venerable", the next step in the sainthood process.[34][35] That decree was signed by Pope Benedict XVI on Saturday, 19 December 2009.[36] The second vote and the second signed decree would recognise the authenticity of his first miracle (most likely, the case of Sister Marie-Simon-Pierre, the French nun who was cured of Parkinson's Disease). Once the second decree is signed, the ‘positio’ (the report on the cause, with documentation about his life and his writings and with information on the cause) is regarded as being complete.[35] He can then be beatified. John Paul II was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI on 1 May 2011.[37]

Prior to the announcement of the beatification, some ecclesiastical authorities had expressed concern that the cure of Sister Marie-Simon-Pierre, and perhaps the cure of the boy who had cancer, may not be complete and lasting, as it has not been that long since the supposed miracles.[38][39] Sister Marie's symptoms were analyzed very thoroughly before the beatification was announced (by the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints and its medical panel for the Pope's case) to make sure they were not actually psychogenic, or related to another disease. The medical miracle was given a positive affirmation by the Congregation and its medical and theological panels, and by Pope Benedict. It would not have counted as a miracle if the cause was psychogenic and if the immediate physiological cure had not been judged to be definitive, total, and permanent, as well as directly attributable to his intercession.

Ceremony

Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz kisses the casket of John Paul II

The beatification ceremony of Pope John Paul II was held on 1 May 2011 and was presided over by Pope Benedict XVI.[40] A vigil in preparation for the celebration was held the night before in the Circus Maximus.[41][42] The casket in which he was interred was exhumed and placed before Saint Peter's tomb on 29 April 2011.[43] It was placed in front of the main altar for public veneration during the ceremony. After the ceremony, the casket was reinterred in the Chapel of St Sebastian.[5] A vial containing the Pope's blood, taken during the final days of his life, was displayed as a relic for veneration.[44] The reliquary in which the vial was kept during the ceremony was carried by Sister Marie, and Sister Tobiann (who nursed the Pope during his illness).[5][45]

A total of 87 international delegations attended the ceremony, including 22 world leaders.[43] Amid controversy, President Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe also attended the ceremony despite a European Union-wide travel ban imposed on him. He was able to travel freely into the Vatican via Rome due to a treaty that allows individuals wanting to travel to the Vatican to pass through Italy.[46] His travel ban was waived by the EU.[47]

One million Catholics gathered for the mass at Saint Peter's Square,[48] where a giant portrait of the former Pope was set up.[45][49] The Prefecture of the Papal Household, Bishop James Michael Harvey, has issued a draft program for the Beatification of John Paul II, describing it as "a great ecclesial event," the office in charge of organising audiences and handles ticketing for all papal events at the Vatican, issued a statement that began “tickets are not needed to attend the beatification ceremony”.[50]

The city of Rome plastered 30,000 posters around the city. A no-fly zone was enforced over Saint Peter's Square.[49]

On 2 May 2011, following a two-day viewing by hundreds of thousands of pilgrims, John Paul II's coffin was sealed within St Peters under the Altar of St. Sebastian.[51]

Criticism of beatification

Some Catholics question the validity of the beatification.[52][53] Calling into question both the validity of the purported miracle and also asking whether the purported miracle should be attributed to John Paul II rather than the prayers of Sister Marie Simon-Pierre to any other saint.[54] There has been criticism of the rapidity of the beatification in light of the sexual abuse scandals.[55]

Much of the abuse, or its alleged cover-up, occurred while John Paul II was Pope, from 1979–2005, and the Church has been criticised for not doing enough to punish those found responsible.[56]

John Paul II has been criticised (more than perhaps any other issue) for not recognising the full severity of the sex abuse cases until they erupted in America in 2002. He has also been criticised for hindering[57][58][59] the investigation into the charges of sexual immorality leveled against Father Marcial Maciel Degollado and for allowing diocesan bishops to transfer pedophile priests from one parish to another instead of reporting their crimes to the authorities. John Paul further stands accused of hindering Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger who allegedly was attempting to prevent sex abuse.[60]

Meanwhile, Pope Benedict stands accused of deliberately hushing up the abundance of public and private affection[59] displayed between John Paul II and Father Marciel. According to the National Catholic Reporter, a recent leak of 212 Vatican documents shows a fuller story:

"Ratzinger wanted to elevate John Paul to beatification," said [José] Barba, coauthor of La Voluntad de No Saber ("The Will Not to Know"), an analysis of Vatican documents on Maciel [leaked in late 2011]. The book's publication last March [2012] and Benedict's refusal to meet with Maciel victims on a trip to Mexico [in the very same month] ignited an onslaught of bad press for the pope. Benedict had to reckon with the embarrassment of John Paul's praise of Maciel after the 1998 case, in essence scoffing at allegations against one of the most notorious sexual criminals in church history. By keeping a lid on Maciel's secret life, Barba said, Benedict hoped "to defend the sainthood case against the accusations that John Paul protected predators."[61]

After the formal beatification ceremony on 1 May 2011, Pope Benedict could be more forthcoming in acknowledging the depth of Father Marciel's crimes. Meanwhile, Jason Berry has documented how the million dollar gifts of Father Marciel to John Paul II served to cement their friendship and to assure Marciel of papal immunity from prosecution.[62]

List of dignitaries at the beatification

Title "the Great"

Tomb of John Paul II in The Chapel of St. Sebastian

Since the death of John Paul II, a number of clergy at the Vatican and laymen throughout the world[7][67][68] have been referring to the pontiff as "John Paul the Great"—only the fourth pope to be so acclaimed, and the first since the first millennium.[67][68][69][70] Scholars of Canon Law say that there is no official process for declaring a pope "Great"; the title simply establishes itself through popular and continued usage.[7][71][72] The three popes who today commonly are known as "Great" are: Leo I, who reigned from 440–461 and persuaded Attila the Hun to withdraw from Rome; Gregory I, 590–604, after whom the Gregorian Chant is named; and Pope Nicholas I, 858–867.[68]

His successor, Pope Benedict XVI, referred to him as "the great Pope John Paul II" in his first address[73] from the loggia of St Peter's Basilica, and he referred to Pope John Paul II as "the Great" in his published written homily for the Mass of Repose.[74]

The Statue of Pope John Paul the Great in Sydney, Australia

Since giving his homily at the funeral of Pope John Paul II, Pope Benedict XVI has continued to refer to John Paul II as "the Great". At the 2005 World Youth Day in Germany, Pope Benedict XVI, speaking in Polish, John Paul's native language, said, "As the great Pope John Paul II would say: keep the flame of faith alive in your lives and your people." In May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI visited John Paul's native Poland. During that visit he repeatedly made references to "the great John Paul" and "my great predecessor".

The plaque marking the statue of John Paul the Great

In addition to the Vatican calling him "the great", numerous books and newspapers have also done so. Journalist Peggy Noonan readily titled her book John Paul the Great: Remembering a Spiritual Father,[75] and Catholic writer Randall Meissen subtitles his book about the pope's influence on Catholic culture, The Spiritual Sons of John Paul the Great.[76] Also, the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera called him "the Greatest" and the South African Catholic newspaper, The Southern Cross, has called him "John Paul II The Great".

Notes

  1. ↑ "BBC News – Pope John Paul II and Pius XII move closer to sainthood". news.bbc.co.uk. 19 December 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  2. ↑ "Cause for Beatification and Canonization of The Servant of God John Paul II". vicariatusurbis.org. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  3. ↑ "CNS STORY: For Pope John Paul II, beatification process may be on final lap". catholicnews.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  4. ↑ "Polish press reports John Paul II to be beatified on April 2, 2010 :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)". catholicnewsagency.com. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  5. 1 2 3 "Q&A: John Paul II's beatification". BBC News. 29 April 2011. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  6. 1 2 "His Holiness John Paul II : Short Biography". Vatican Press Office. 2005,2009 Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 30 June 2005. Archived from the original on 30 December 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Weeke, Stephen (31 March 2006). "Perhaps 'Saint John Paul the Great?'". 2006–2009 msnbc World News. Retrieved 1 February 2009. External link in |publisher= (help)
  8. ↑ Gould, Peter (13 May 2005). "BBC News: On the fast track to Sainthood". BBC. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  9. 1 2 Iain Hollingshead, Iain Hollingshead (April 1, 2006). "Whatever happened to ... canonising John Paul II?". London: 2006–2009 Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
  10. ↑ Owen, Richard (17 March 2009). "Hopes raised for Pope John Paul II's beatification". The Times. London. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
  11. ↑ "Response of His Holiness Benedict XVI for the examination of the cause for beatification and canonisation of the servant of God John Paul II". Vatican News. 2005–2009 ‘Libreria Editrice Vaticana’. 9 May 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
  12. ↑ "Waiting Period Waived for John Paul II Benedict XVI Opens Predecessor's Cause of Beatification ROME". Innovative Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
  13. ↑ "John Paul II Biography (1920–2005)". 1996, 2009 A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 2009-01-12. External link in |publisher= (help)
  14. ↑ "Catholic Church to Ease Ban on Condom Use". 2006, 2009 Deitsche Welle. 24 April 2006. Retrieved 2009-01-12. External link in |publisher= (help)
  15. ↑ "John Paul II's Cause for Beatification Opens in Vatican City". ZENIT. 2005–2009 Innovative Media, Inc. 28 June 2005. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
  16. ↑ "Vatican may have found Pope John Paul's 'miracle'". includes material from Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, CNN and the BBC World Service. 2007 ABC (Australia). 31 January 2006. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
  17. ↑ "Miracle attributed to John Paul II involved Parkinson's disease". Catholic World News (CWN). 2009 Trinity Communications. 30 January 2006. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
  18. ↑ "Nun Who Claims Cure by John Paul II Emerges to Make Her Case". The New York Times. Agence France-Presse. 30 March 2007. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
  19. ↑ Willan, Philip. "No more shortcuts on Pope John Paul's road to Sainthood". 2009 Newsquest (Sunday Herald) Limited. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2009. External link in |publisher= (help)
  20. 1 2 "French nun says life has changed since she was healed thanks to JPII". 2007,2009 Catholic News Service/U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  21. ↑ "John Paul II on fast track for canonization". The MetroWest Daily News. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
  22. ↑ CBS news report on miracle
  23. ↑ AOL news report on miracle
  24. 1 2 Westcott, Kathryn (2 April 2007). "Vatican under pressure in John Paul push". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
  25. ↑ Moore, Malcolm (25 September 2007). "Clamour for free Pope John Paul II relics". Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
  26. ↑ "CNS STORY: For Pope John Paul II, beatification process may be on final lap". catholicnews.com. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  27. 1 2 "Boy Walks after Praying at John Paul II's Grave". javno.com. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  28. 1 2 "Wheelchair-boy 'miraculously walks again' at memorial visit to tomb of Pope John Paul II". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  29. ↑ "Blessed John Paul II?". catholic.net. Retrieved 2011-03-07.
  30. 1 2 "Child 'able to walk again' after praying at pope's tomb". Catholic Herald. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  31. 1 2 "Wheelchair-Bound Boy Walks Again After Visit to Pope John Paul II Tomb". huliq.com. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  32. 1 2 "Wheelchair Boy 'Can Walk Thanks to Pope' [Éire Region] – Daily Mail – vLex United Kingdom". vlex.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  33. ↑ Wooden, Cindy (5 November 2009) "Pope John Paul's legacy continues to touch people, cardinal says". Catholic News Service. Retrieved 7 May 2012
  34. 1 2 "Pope John Paul II's Sainthood on Fast Track – The World Newser". blogs.abcnews.com. Archived from the original on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
  35. 1 2 3 "Catholic Culture : Latest Headlines : Beatification looms closer for John Paul II". catholicculture.org. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
  36. ↑ "Pope John Paul II a Step Closer to Sainthood". Fox News. 19 December 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  37. ↑ "Pope paves way to beatification of John Paul II". bbc.news.co.uk. 14 January 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
  38. ↑ Day, Michael (6 March 2010). "'Miracle' doubts delay sainthood for John Paul II". The Independent. London.
  39. ↑ "Pope paves way to beatification of John Paul II". BBC News. 14 January 2011.
  40. ↑ Antonius Cañizares Llovera. "DECREE CONCERNING LITURGICAL WORSHIP IN HONOUR OF BLESSED JOHN PAUL II". Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. The Holy See. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  41. ↑ "A Tribute to John Paul II: Calendar of the Beatification". The Holy See. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  42. ↑ "The Vigil: testimonies and prayer" Radio Vaticana, 30 April 2011
  43. 1 2 "John Paul II's coffin brought out before beatification". BBC News. 29 April 2011. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  44. ↑ "Blood of Pope John Paul II to go on display at Vatican". BBC News. 27 April 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  45. 1 2 "Late Polish-Born Pontiff to Be Declared Blessed on May 1". Warsaw Voice. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  46. ↑ Jakachira, Kevin (29 April 2011). "Mugabe to attend special Vatican Mass". News Day. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  47. ↑ "Beatification of John Paul II celebrated across Poland". Warsaw Business Journal. 2 May 2011. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
  48. ↑ "One million go to beatification of Pope". 1 May 2011.
  49. 1 2 Messia, Hada; Thompson, Nick (28 April 2011). "Rome prepares for beatification of John Paul II". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  50. ↑ "The Program of the Beatification of John Paul II ". John Paul II Foundation. Retrieved 7 May 2012
  51. ↑ "AFP: John Paul II laid to rest in Saint Peter's basilica"
  52. ↑ "Dissident theologians participate in the canonisation process of Pope John Paul II". Catholic News Agency. 6 December 2005. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  53. ↑ Catholic newspaper discusses reservations over beatification
  54. ↑ Catholics question beatification
  55. ↑ Newsweek article criticising the beatification
  56. ↑ "John Paul II beatified in Vatican ceremony". BBC News. 1 May 2011.
  57. ↑
  58. ↑ Daily News. New York http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/father-marcial-maciel-dad-sexually-abused-raul-gonzalez-claims-lawsuit-article-1.181520. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  59. 1 2
  60. ↑ Pancevski, Bojan; Follain, John (4 April 2010). "John Paul ignored abuse of 2000 boys". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 31 May 2010.
  61. ↑
  62. ↑ [Jason Berry, Render Unto Rome: The Secret Life of Money in the Catholic Church (NY: Random House, 2011), 156–196.]
  63. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Expected attendance of 87 delegations to beatification of Juan pablo II". The Informer. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
  64. ↑ "Днес обявяват папа Йоан Павел II за блажен " Visit Info
  65. ↑ http://www.uniaeuropejska.org/wszystkie-drogi-prowadz-do-rzymu
  66. ↑ "John Paul II beatified before huge Rome crowd". RTÉ. 1 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
  67. 1 2 Bottum, Joseph. "John Paul the Great". From the 18 April 2005 issue: Statesman and prophet, he overcame the poverty of the possible. 2009 News Corporation, Weekly Standard. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 2009-01-09. External link in |publisher= (help)
  68. 1 2 3 Saunders, Fr. William. "John Paul the Great". CatholicHerald.Com. 2005 Arlington Catholic Herald. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
  69. ↑ O'Reilly, David (4 April 2005). "Papal Legacy: Will history use name John Paul the Great?". Knight Ridder Newspapers. Detroit Free Press. Pope John Paul the Great was a name suggested by many for Karol Józef Wojtyła. Through all its long history, the Catholic Church has conferred the posthumous title of "Great" on just two popes: Leo I and Gregory I, both of whom reigned in the first thousand years of Christianity
  70. ↑ Murphy, Brian (5 April 2005). "Faithful hold key to 'the Great' honour for John Paul". Associated Press.
  71. ↑ Noonan, Peggy (2 August 2002). "John Paul the Great: What the 12 million know—and I found out too". The Wall Street Journal. 2002, 2009 Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
  72. ↑ Noonan, Peggy (November 2005). John Paul the Great: Remembering a Spiritual Father. New York: Penguin Group (USA). ISBN 978-0-670-03748-3. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  73. ↑ "Text: Benedict XVI's first speech". 2005 BBC. 19 April 2005. Retrieved 2009-01-09. Dear brothers and sisters, after the great Pope John Paul II, the cardinals have elected me, a simple and humble worker in the Lord's vineyard. The fact that the Lord can work and act even with insufficient means consoles me, and above all I entrust myself to your prayers. In the joy of the resurrected Lord, we go on with his help. He is going to help us and Mary will be on our side. Thank you.
  74. ↑ "Eucharistic Concelebration for the Repose of the Soul of Pope John Paul II: Homily of Card. Angelo Sodano". 2005,2009 The Holy See. 3 April 2005. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
  75. ↑ Noonan, Peggy. John Paul the Great: Remembering a Spiritual Father. New York: Viking, 2005. Print.
  76. ↑ Living Miracles: The Spiritual Sons of John Paul the Great Living Miracles, the book focuses especially on the influence of John Paul II on Catholic culture from the perspective of priests, bishops, and seminarians.

References

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