Smart (automobile)

For cars with artificial intelligence, see Intelligent car.
Smart Automobile
Division
Industry Automotive
Founded 1994 (1994)
Headquarters Böblingen, Germany
Key people
 Annette Winkler (CEO, 2010—present)
Products Microcar
Owner Daimler AG
Website smart.com
Smart Fortwo
Smart Fortwo cabriolet
1993 eco-sprinter and eco-speedster concepts
A Stack of Smart vehicles in Canberra
Smart Crossblade
A Smart Fortwo mhd cabrio (left) and a Smart Fortwo mhd coupe (right)

Smart Automobile[1] (stylized and marketed as "smart") is a German automotive company and division of Daimler AG, based in Böblingen, Germany. It ranges in microcars and subcompacts, primarily the Fortwo and Forfour with its primary assembly plants located in Hambach, France and Novo Mesto, Slovenia. Marketed in 46[2] countries in Asia, North and South America, Africa, Australia and Europe, production of the Fortwo had surpassed 1.7M units by early 2015.[3][4][5]

The design concept for the company's automobiles began at Mercedes-Benz in the early-70s and late-80s. After brief backing by Volkswagen, the first model was released by Daimler-Benz in October 1998. Several variants on the original design have been introduced, with the original being the "Fortwo".

Smart derives from cooperation with Swatch and Mercedes: Swatch Mercedes ART.[6] In its branding, the company lowercases its logotype and the logo incorporating a "c" and an arrow for "compact" and "forward thinking" respectively.

Origins

In late 1982, SMH (makers of the Swatch brand of watches) CEO Nicolas Hayek began developing an idea for a new car using the same type of manufacturing strategies and personalization features used to popularize Swatch watches. He believed that the automotive industry had ignored a sector of potential customers who wanted a small and stylish city car. This idea soon became known as the "Swatchmobile". Hayek's private company Hayek Engineering AG began designing the new car for SMH, with seating for two and a hybrid drivetrain.[7]

While design of the car was proceeding, Hayek feared existing manufacturers would feel threatened by the Swatchmobile. Thus, rather than directly competing, he preferred to cooperate with another company in the automotive industry. This would also relieve SMH of the cost burden in setting up a distribution network. Hayek approached several automotive manufacturers and on July 3, 1991, he reached an agreement with Volkswagen to share development of the new project.[8]

By 1993, Ferdinand Piëch had become CEO of Volkswagen and he immediately sought to terminate the project with SMH. Volkswagen had already been working on their own "three-litre car": a car which would consume three litres of fuel per 100 km of driving (the eventual Volkswagen Lupo 3L). Volkswagen's own concept was believed to be a better business proposition, featuring four seats and more cargo room.[9]

Hayek had suspected that Piëch would seek to end the agreement with SMH upon his ascendancy to the CEO position; therefore, he discreetly began approaching other car companies with the Swatchmobile project. Rebuffed by BMW, Fiat, General Motors and Renault, he finally reached an informal agreement with Daimler-Benz AG, maker of Mercedes-Benz cars.[10]

A deal was announced on March 4, 1994, at a press conference at Mercedes-Benz headquarters in Stuttgart that the companies would join forces in founding Micro Compact Car AG (MCC). 49% of the initial capital of 50 million Swiss francs were provided by SMH and the remaining 51% by Daimler-Benz. The company consisted of two subsidiaries: MCC GmbH based in Renningen (a suburb of Stuttgart) which would design the car, and the then-unnamed manufacturing plant. SMH Auto SA, owned by Hayek, would design a hybrid electric drive system for the car, while Hayek Engineering would audit the design and manufacturing.[11]

The press conference also featured the debut of two concept cars: the eco-sprinter and eco-speedster, styled by Mercedes-Benz's design studio in California.[12] The cars were similar to the eventual Smart City-Coupé. No mention was made of the fact that SMH had no input in the design of these concepts,[13] and they were badged as Mercedes-Benzes.

By the end of April 1994, MCC had set up a head office in Biel, Switzerland.[14]

Company history

Three co-directors were immediately named to head the new company: designer and engineer Johann Tomforde and financial administrator Christoph Baubin from Daimler-Benz, and marketing manager Hans Jürg Schär, who spearheaded the original Swatch marketing campaigns in the mid-1980s. Tomforde had been working on the Mercedes City Car (coincidentally abbreviated MCC) project at Daimler-Benz since 1990, which produced the eco-sprinter and eco-speedster concepts as well as the Vision-A concept, which eventually became the Mercedes-Benz A-Class.[15]

One of the first controversies at MCC was the name of the car itself. Nicolas Hayek insisted it retain Swatch in some way: "Swatchmobile", or "Swatch Car". Daimler-Benz refused, and pushed for a neutral name.[16] The final selection was Smart, an acronym that had been previously used internally by MCC for Swatch Mercedes Art.

By May 1994, the co-directors had identified 74 potential sites for the assembly plant. The final site was announced on December 20, 1994: Hambach, France.[17] The purpose-built factory quickly gained the nickname "Smartville".

In 1995, Tomforde devised a modular system of assembly for the car, insisting suppliers design and assemble, and even install their own modules onto the final car, at the new plant using their own employees thus reducing the cost overhead for the parent companies and divesting MCC of the financial and legal liabilities for those parts. It also provided a fiscal framework whereby MCC could share the development costs with the suppliers, rather than having to fund the entire project themselves.[18] MCC secured contracts with suppliers to design and supply almost all parts of the car: seats by Faurecia, interiors by VDO, chassis and door modules by Magna, door panels by Dynamit Nobel, and suspension by Krupp.[19]

Despite offloading a substantial amount of the development on the suppliers MCC required more capital. Recapitalization by Daimler-Benz increased their share of ownership in the company to 81% by 1996, leaving SMH with only the remaining 19%.[20]

The assembly plant opened on October 27, 1997, with a ceremonial ribbon-cutting by then-French President Jacques Chirac and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl.[21] Introduction of the new Smart city-Coupé was planned for March, 1998, however dynamic instability of the prototypes prompted Daimler-Benz to announce postponing the launch until October, 1998. Johann Tomforde was replaced as chief engineer by Gerhard Fritz.[22] Fritz lowered the centre of gravity, widened the track, stiffened the suspension, changed the steering, and added ballast weight to the front of the car in order to increase its stability in emergency avoidance manoeuvres (notably the Swedish "moose test").[23]

The car launched successfully in nine European countries in October 1998, but the final design did not fulfill Hayek's expectations. Hayek pushed for a hybrid drivetrain but the final product used a relatively conventional gasoline engine. Shortly afterward Daimler-Benz bought out SMH's remaining stake in the company.[24] MCC was now a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler-Benz (which soon merged with Chrysler Corporation to become DaimlerChrysler). The office in Biel was shut down and operations were consolidated at the MCC GmbH design centre in Germany. On January 1, 1999, MCC GmbH changed its name to MCC Smart GmbH,[25] and by 2000, it dropped the last vestiges of the association with SMH, becoming Smart GmbH.[26]

The model line was subsequently expanded to include the Roadster a rear-engine, rear-drive and four-door, four-seat supermini aptly named Forfour (the original City-Coupé was renamed Fortwo to fit the new naming scheme).

The expansion did not increase profits at the company; Smart GmbH lost nearly 4 billion euros from 2003 to 2006.[27] Plans were enacted to increase the company's profitability and integrate its operations with Daimler (at the time DaimlerChrysler).

In 2005, Daimler decided against purchasing a 50% share in the Dutch NedCar plant used to manufacture the ForFour, ending its production. A planned SUV called Formore was terminated as the assembly plant in Brazil was being fitted with machines, and production of the Roadster was discontinued. In 2006, after dwindling sales and heavy financial losses, Smart GmbH was liquidated and its operations were absorbed by DaimlerChrysler directly.

Smart now operates under the Mercedes-Benz Cars division of Daimler AG, offering the fortwo coupe, fortwo cabrio and forfour hatchback.[28]

Models

Apart from the original Smart Fortwo, a sporty Smart Roadster, a limited production of 2000 erstwhile concept Smart Crossblade and a supermini Smart Forfour were also offered. These have now been discontinued. There were also plans to introduce the French made cross-over based on the body of the ForFour and the AWD hardware of the Mercedes C-class with the name of Formore but industrialization of this was cancelled at the 11th hour (even as tooling was being installed in the assembly plant) due to unfavourable exchange rate swings and spending cutbacks driven by losses elsewhere within Smart.

Production models

Production Model Picture
1998–2000 Smart City-Coupé & City-Cabrio* (*from 2000)
2002 Smart Crossblade
2001–2007 Smart City-Coupé & City-Cabrio (renamed Fortwo in 2004)
2001–2004 Smart K (Japan only)
2003–2005 Smart Roadster
2004–2006
2014– present		 Smart Forfour
2007 – 2015 Smart Fortwo
2008 – 2016 (in limited trials[29]) Smart Fortwo ED (formerly known as EV)
2016–Present Smart Fortwo

Concept and unproduced models

Electric versions

Smart Electric Vehicle

Two Smart electric drive cars deployed in the Car2Go carsharing program charging at the Herengracht in Amsterdam
Main article: Smart electric drive

An all-electric version of the Fortwo, the Smart Fortwo Electric Vehicle (previously known as Smart ED), began development in 2006.[31][32] Field testing began in London with 100 units in 2007, and the second generation, with a total of 2,000 units produced, was introduced in 2009 and available in 18 markets around the world for leasing or through the Car2Go carsharing service in San Diego and Amsterdam.[33][34][35][36] Production of the second-generation Smart Fortwo electric drive began in November 2009, in Hambach, France. The Smart EDs have a lithium-ion battery provided by Tesla Motors with capacity of 14 kilowatt-hours (50 MJ). The range of a fully charged battery is up to 135 kilometres (84 miles) under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC).[37][38] The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's official all-electric range is 63 miles (101 km) and rated the Smart ED with a combined fuel economy of 87 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (mpg-e) (2.7 L gasoline equivalent/100 km; 104 mpg-imp gasoline equivalent).[39]

The third-generation Smart electric drive launched in the U.S. and Europe in 2013 and Daimler AG plans to mass-produce the electric car with availability in 30 markets worldwide.[34][40] The third-generation Smart electric drive was unveiled at the September 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show.[41] Key differences with the second-generation model include a more powerful electric motor, which improves acceleration and top speed, a new lithium-ion battery pack that will allow to increase the range to 140 kilometres (87 mi), and an option for quick-charge will be available.[34][41]

The fourth-generation smart fortwo electric drive was shown on September 29, 2016 at the 2016 Paris Motor Show.[42] Based on the redesigned 453 chassis, the new model will launch as a 2017 model. smart claims the new model will feature a 17.6-kilowatt-hour lithium-ion battery pack with 80 horsepower and 118 pound-feet of torque. Estimated range will be 99 miles on the European testing cycle.[43]

Electric vehicle conversions

Smart electric drive is a Smart Fortwo electric conversion. It has a 40 km range with AGM batteries (100 km with Li-ion batteries)

Marketing

Asia

Japan

First generation Smart models equipped with engine sizes smaller than 660 cubic centimetres (40 cu in) fit into the Kei car category of cars in Japan, and are eligible for a range of lower taxes. Recent models with a larger engine do not meet the Kei qualifications. Because of high taxation on older cars in Japan, many older used Smart cars are exported to other countries with right-hand drive, like Great Britain and South Africa. An official version of the Smart Fortwo called the 'Smart K' has been released to fit the Kei car category. English musician Steve Appleton is featured in a Smart TV commercial, running in Japan during 2010.

China

Smart was shown in April 2008, at the Beijing Auto Show. Smart Fortwo started the pre-sales in October 2008 and the Smart vending machine road show in 12 cities from October 2008 to February 2009.

Hong Kong

Smart is available in Hong Kong with authorized dealer, Zung Fu Motors.[44]

Indonesia

Since 29 November 2010, the Smart fortwo has been available in Indonesia with PT. Mercedes-Benz Indonesia (MBI) as the authorized dealer. MBI originally offered three models: Pure Coupe, Passion Coupe, and Passion Cabriolet, for sale in Jakarta and Bali.[45] Indonesia is also the first country in Southeast Asia to have the Smart Electric Drive, which has been lent to the Government of DKI Jakarta for a one-year period and can be extended for further indefinite period by a signed agreement between PT. Mercedes-Benz Indonesia, PT. Siemens Indonesia, and the Government of DKI Jakarta. The Smart ED will then serve as a pilot project to prove the effectivity of zero-emission car usage that can utilize alternative sources of energy.[46][47]

North America

Canada

The Smart Fortwo

The Smart Fortwo was introduced in Canada in late 2004 and was sold through Mercedes-Benz dealers. Demand was initially heavy with up to 6-month waiting lists in major urban areas in the spring of 2005. The vehicle was especially popular for commuters, small car enthusiasts, people needing light delivery and service vehicles. Demand relaxed slightly in the second year on the market. Sales rebounded with the second generation. Canadian Smart cdis cannot be registered in some states in the US.

10,239 Smart Fortwo cdis had been sold in Canada by the first month of 2008. Just before the Type 450 ended production (after which the production had equaled 770,256 cars) Mercedes-Benz Canada built up stock of cdis to tide dealers over until the successor model 451 arrived at the end of 2007.

The Canadian version of the Type 450 Smart Fortwo cdi sold to 915 customers over three months in 2004, 4,080 were sold in 2005, and 3,023 in 2006. Virtually all the deliveries in 2004 and many of the deliveries in 2005 were to long-time Smart fans who had been waiting for their car for years, which largely accounts for the higher numbers. Through 2007, sales totaled about 2,200 units, with the last few cars being sold in the first month of 2008, when the new Type 451 was already on sale. The Smart's strongest sales performance ever in Canada was in April 2007, when more than 500 units were sold. Sales are strongest (per capita) in Western Canada, with Vancouver Island and Vancouver being especially hot markets.

The 2008-2011 (North America) Smart Fortwo Type 451 was totally redesigned, with a 70 HP naturally aspirated Mitsubishi-sourced gasoline engine of 999 cc for North America, up from the 799 cc cdi diesel, with the attendant loss of fuel economy. Smart decided not to import the cdi version of the 451, now with 55 DIN HP, although this decision has led to criticism that the new Smart does not get the fuel economy that many would expect from such a small car. The 799 cc, far more fuel efficient diesel is sold in Europe and some other markets.

The BRABUS Tailor-Made program is not well advertised in Canada, but at least 16 Tailor-Made cars have been produced to Canadian specification. These vehicles are sent to the BRABUS factory in Bottrop, Germany, where the standard ex-works cars are stripped to the shell and repainted/retrimmed to suit individual customers' tastes. The first four are the BRABUS Canada 1; three in bright red (including the tridion, two cabriolets and one coupé) and one in all white (a cabriolet). Aside from the special paint, all had every BRABUS part fitted to the body and interior, and the seats, door panels and dashboards were trimmed in black Nappa leather and Alcantara. Three of these cars are in British Columbia and #1-of-1, the Concept vehicle used at Canadian International Auto Shows (a red cabrio with silver alloys), is now in London, Ontario. The next BRABUS Tailor-Made Canadian car was a one-off all orange 451 made for a customer in Vancouver. The other ten were all ordered by Mercedes-Benz Canada as the special "edit10n" of the Canadian BRABUS 451 (with only 70 HP), painted in metallic dark grey with an orange Nappe leather interior. There is also at least one BoConcept 451 built to Canadian standards.

In 2009, the Government of Canada acquired the European Smart mhd (micro hybrid drive) through partnership with Mercedes-Benz Canada. The project was administered by the ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles(eTV) program within Transport Canada. Goals were to identify the benefits of the start-stop system equipped on the vehicle and how to accelerate the penetration of this technology throughout Canada. See Smart mhd Test Results Report.

United States

Smart Fortwo (2nd generation) parked in downtown Washington, D.C.

Before 2008, Smart cars were only available in the United States as "grey market" imports, such as ZAP. U.S. federal regulations allow certain grey market importing in large quantities provided the vehicles are modified and tested to conform to U.S. safety and emissions regulations. Smarts imported into the United States by "The Defiance Company LLC", modified by G&K Automotive Conversion in Santa Ana, California, and distributed and sold by independent dealerships which were not affiliated with Mercedes. U.S. regulations did not permit the purchase and import of used Smart CDi vehicles from Canada, as the diesel powered Canadian Smarts did not meet American emissions regulations.

In June 2006, DaimlerChrysler confirmed that Smart would be officially launched in the United States in the first quarter of 2008. The cars were offered through a dealership holding company Penske Automotive Group, which created a new U.S. dealership network for the brand under the name Smart USA.[48] Initially, an updated gasoline powered Fortwo was offered, starting around US$12,000.[49] The new model made its debut at European auto shows in November 2006.

Hybrid Technologies plans to sell an electric version of the Smart Fortwo model in the U.S. starting at US$35,000. It is being called a hybrid car even though the vehicle is all-electric. The electric Smart will have a range of 120 to 150 miles (190–240 km), a top speed of 80 mph (130 km/h), and charge in 5 to 6 hours using a standard 120 V AC outlet. An electric model is currently undergoing testing in the UK and will only be offered to commercial clients as a trial for the time being.[50][51] The electric model is scheduled for a U.S. release for the 2012 model year with some test market cars surfacing in 4th quarter 2010.

A Forbes article has been critical of the stated reasons that Daimler-Chrysler gave for introducing the car in the United States.[52] The Smart fortwo may have claimed to be the most fuel-efficient fully gasoline-engined car for sale in the US, but it actually lags behind the 4-door Mitsubishi Mirage and 2-door Scion iQ (combined 40 mpg and 37 mpg, respectively).[53] According to the EPA, the Smart's fuel efficiency is lower than the fuel efficiency of some hybrids, including the Ford Fusion, the Toyota Prius, the Honda Civic Hybrid, and the 2-seat Honda Insight, which achieve 41/36, 51/48, 40/43, and 40/43 respectively while the Smart achieves 33 city and 41 highway. The Smart Fortwo is the most efficient car at its pricepoint, since it costs about half as much as a hybrid in the US.

Car2Go carsharing Smart fortwo (2nd generation) in downtown Washington, D.C.

The Fortwo has received much attention in the U.S. In its April 2008 issue, Men's Vogue raised the question, "in a nation where your supersized car is your castle, is the Smart too mini for a man?".[54]

To obtain a Smart Fortwo originally required obtaining a "reservation" costing $99 through a dealer or over the internet. The waiting time in January 2009 was approximately 12 months; by July 2009, there was no wait to obtain a vehicle and dealers had them in stock for immediate delivery.

On January 25, 2010, Smart USA began its first lease program in the US market for Smart fortwo models.[55] The program was scheduled to last through February 28, 2010, but has been extended indefinitely despite lack of leasing sales.

Penske Automotive Group announced plans February 14, 2011, to relinquish distribution of the Smart Fortwo under Smart USA, to Mercedes-Benz USA.[56] In 2011, Smart USA offered four versions of their Fortwo model. These models include the following: cabriolet, the high-cost convertible version; passion, the mid-cost moonroof version; pure, the low-cost basic version; and electric drive, the electric version.[57]

On July 1, 2011, Mercedes-Benz USA took over the distribution, sales and marketing of the Smart brand from Penske Automotive Group. Smart is owned and produced by Mercedes' parent, Daimler AG.

As of 2015 all models are powered by gasoline or electric.

Mexico

Smart offers the hardtop and convertible models of the Fortwo coupé in Mexico.[58]

The Smart Fortwo was introduced in 2003, and were sold in department stores Sanborns and Liverpool. Later Mercedes-Benz dealers started to offer the car. Currently Smart cars are still offered in the country, with only the Fortwo model available.

Smart Fortwo has fierce competition with the Hyundai Atos, Pontiac Matiz, and Chevrolet Chevy, which are compacts with low gas consumption at less than half the cost of a Smart but with more space for passengers.

South America

Argentina

In Argentina,[59] the Fortwo has been for sale since 2010 and models (Fortwo Cabrio and Fortwo Coupé) can be bought in dealerships located in the Puerto Madero neighborhood of Buenos Aires.

Brazil

In Brazil,[60] the Fortwo has been for sale since 2009 and models (fortwo cabrio turbo, fortwo coupé turbo and fortwo coupé MHD) can be bought in some Smart and/or Mercedes-Benz dealerships in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and Porto Alegre cities. The electric, brabus and forfour versions are not available for the Brazilian market.

Oceania

Australia

Since 2003, Smart models have been for sale in Australia. All models that have been produced have been sold in Australia. The Smart Fortwo is currently sold through Mercedes-Benz Dealerships. Mercedes-Benz dealerships around Australia as of 2003 were only offering the Fortwo in the "Pulse" mid-range trim, thus the "Passion", "Brabus Xclusive" and other trims are not available as yet, until further notice or changes.

In March 2015 it was announced that the Smart brand would be withdrawn from Australia due to poor sales.[61]

Europe

United Kingdom

Launched in the United Kingdom in 2000, the current range features the Smart Fortwo convertible, and Smart Fortwo Coupé. Smart is available in the UK through Mercedes-Benz retailers.

The UK is host to a number of annual events, both official and unofficial, including the Smart Festival, held annually at Mercedes-Benz World in Weybridge, near historic Brooklands - the world's first purpose-built motor racing circuit.

Russia

The Smart brand debuted in the Russian market in 2012 with the Fortwo model only.[62]

Safety

Cutaway showing structure of the Smart Fortwo

The Smart Fortwo uses a very small front crumple zone. The second generation Smart Fortwo has been awarded 4 out of 5 stars in the Euro NCAP Adult Occupant Protection and 2 out of 4 stars in the Pedestrian protection test, but was not tested for Child Occupant Protection as it has no rear seats.[63] The original Smart was awarded 3 out of 5 stars for Adult Occupant Protection.[64] In American tests using a five-star rating, Smart cars received a four-star safety rating for the driver from a front impact, and a five-star safety rating for the driver for a side impact.[65] It also received "Good" ratings for front and side crash protection in Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) tests.[66] However, in an April 2009 40 mph frontal offset crash test between a Fortwo and a Mercedes C-Class, "the Smart went air-borne and turned around 450 degrees" causing "extensive intrusion into the space around the dummy from head to feet". The IIHS rated the Smart Fortwo "Poor," noting that "Multiple injuries, including to the head, would be likely for a real-world driver of a Smart in a similar collision."[67]

The main structure of the car is a stiff structure, marketed as the Tridion Safety Cell, designed to activate the crumple zones of a colliding vehicle. This design creates a safety cell around the passengers, according to the manufacturer.[68]

Modification

Smart models have been modified by Brabus of Germany, resulting in BRABUS production models, including Smart BRABUS electric drive.[69]

Other companies modify the Smart Fortwo to use motorcycle engines, such as the Suzuki Hayabusa 1340 cc inline four-cylinder. These cars are known as Smartuki.[70] The most powerful models can accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (0 to 100 km/h) in less than 3.5 seconds.[71] The original car was fitted with a mildly tuned engine and ran 0-60 mph in 4.5 seconds, 1/4 mile standing start in 12.4 seconds and a top speed of 132 mph (212 km/h). It is possible to push the GSXR engine further; nitrous oxide will add another 50 bhp (37 kW; 51 PS) - 80 bhp (60 kW; 81 PS) and there is a turbocharged option.[72]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Smart corporate home page".
  2. ↑ "Celebrating 20 Years of History: Smart Hambach Plant Writes Next Chapter of its Success Story". Daimler Press, via AutoChannel.com.
  3. ↑ "New Vehicle Generation Provides Foundation for Growth 2015". Daimler.com, January 5, 2015.
  4. ↑ "Smart CEO Annette Winkler: The World Needs This Car". Motor Trend, Paul Horrell, August 28, 2014.
  5. ↑ "Smart celebrates 1.5 million Fortwo models built, prepares to upgrade factory". Autoblog, Damon Lowney, Jul 18 2013.
  6. ↑ "SMART". Acronyms.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  7. ↑ Lewin, pp 39–40
  8. ↑ Lewin, pp 40-45
  9. ↑ Lewin, pp 55-59
  10. ↑ Lewin, p 77
  11. ↑ Lewin, pp 79-80
  12. ↑ Lewin, pp 67-70
  13. ↑ Lewin, p 68
  14. ↑ Lewin, p 69
  15. ↑ Lewin, p 75
  16. ↑ Lewin, pp 85-86
  17. ↑ Lewin, p 91
  18. ↑ Lewin, pp 88-90
  19. ↑ Lewin, pp 107-108
  20. ↑ Lewin, pp 100
  21. ↑ Lewin, p 95
  22. ↑ Lewin, pp 115-119
  23. ↑ Lewin, pp 119-120
  24. ↑ Lewin, p 132
  25. ↑ "Smart Cars". Electrick Publications. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
  26. ↑ Lewin, p 169
  27. ↑ "Smart's three-year loss more than $5 billion, report says | Car News Blog at Motor Trend". Blogs.motortrend.com. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  28. ↑ smart. "smart UK | Small Cars | Urban Cars For City Driving". www.smart.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
  29. ↑ Nunez, Alex (2006-07-13). "News article". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  30. ↑ "Smart Forstars is going to be presented in Paris Motor Show 2012".
  31. ↑ "smart.com". smart.com. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
  32. ↑ ">> Smart ed". smart.com. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
  33. ↑ Jeffrey N. Ross (2012-10-03). "Smart ForTwo Electric Drive will be cheapest EV at $25,000*". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  34. 1 2 3 "Third-generation Smart fortwo electric drive to launch worldwide in spring 2012; first use of battery packs from Daimler JV Deutsche Accumotive and motor from JV EM-motive". Green Car Congress. 2011-08-16. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  35. ↑ "Smart Fortwo electric drive debuts in the US". Green Car Congress. 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
  36. ↑ Michael Austin (June 2010). "2011 Smart Fortwo Electric Drive - First Drive Review". Car and Driver. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
  37. ↑ Sebastian Blanco (2010-06-10). "250 Smart EDs coming to U.S. this fall with $599/month leases attached". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
  38. ↑ "Smart goes into series production with second-generation electric drive". Daimler AG. 20 August 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
  39. ↑ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy. "2011 Smart fortwo electric drive cabriolet". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2011-04-19. Select Model Year 2011 and Electric Vehicles, then click on any of the two trims for Smart Fortwo electric drive.
  40. ↑ Karla Sanchez (2012-10-04). "Smarter Car: 2013 Smart Fortwo Electric Drive Starts at $25,750 – Photos Galore". Motor Trend. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  41. 1 2 Eric Loveday (2011-08-16). "2012 Smart Fortwo Electric Drive hits 75 mph, whizzes to 60 in 13 seconds". AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
  42. ↑ Henry, Jim. "A New Smart Car Electric Vehicle: Why, Yes. Yes, It Is.". Retrieved 2016-09-30.
  43. ↑ "2018 Smart ForTwo Electric Drive details released before Paris Motor Show". Retrieved 2016-09-30.
  44. ↑ "Smart - Home". Hk.smart.com. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
  45. ↑ "Smart fortwo resmi hadir di Indonesia (Smart Fortwo has been launched officially in Indonesia)". The Mercedes Lounge. 2010-11-29. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
  46. ↑ "Smart Electric Drive pertama di Asia Tenggara hadir di Balai Kota Jakarta (The first Smart ED in Southeast Asia make its presence in City Hall of Jakarta)". The Mercedes Lounge. 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
  47. ↑ "Smart ED dan Pengisi Baterai untuk Pemda DKI Jakarta (Smart ED and battery charger for Government of DKI Jakarta)". Kompas Otomotif. 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
  48. ↑ "Smart Vehicles Go USA" (Press release). Daimler AG. 2006-06-28. Archived from the original on 2008-01-12. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  49. ↑ "smart fortwo pure". smartusa.com. 2009-01-01. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  50. ↑ "The Smart EV: Coming Soon to the Public?". TreeHugger. Discovery Communications. 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  51. ↑ "Pull Plug On High Gas Prices". CBS News. 2006-07-18. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  52. ↑ Marc E. Babej, Tim Pollak (2006-07-12). "Is Smart A Dumb Idea?". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  53. ↑ "Fuel Economy". Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  54. ↑ "Smart: too mini for a man?". mensvogue.com. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  55. ↑ "Smart lease program". smartusa.com. 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  56. ↑ Woodall, Bernie (2011-02-14), Reuters article, retrieved 2011-08-08
  57. ↑ "unbig. uncar.". Daimler Vehicle Innovations USA LLC. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  58. ↑ "Mexico homepage". smart.com. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  59. ↑ "Argentina homepage".
  60. ↑ "Brazil homepage".
  61. ↑ "Smart car brand axed in Australia due to slow sales". NewsComAu. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  62. ↑ "Smart Enters Russian Market". Wroom.ru. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  63. ↑ "Smart Fortwo test results". Euro NCAP. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  64. ↑ "Smart City Coupe test results". Euro NCAP. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  65. ↑ "Smart fortwo crash ratings". Safercar.gov. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
  66. ↑ "First Institute crash tests of Smart car: diminutive two-seater earns top ratings for protecting people in front & side crashes". Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
  67. ↑ "IIHS Status Report, Special Issue: Car Size, Weight, and Safety" (PDF). Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
  68. ↑ "Smart fortwo safety design". Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  69. ↑ "2012 Geneva Preview: Smart BRABUS electric drive and Smart BRABUS ebike". Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  70. ↑ "Smart Car + Suzuki GSXR = Ultimate Tuned Smart". smartuki. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  71. ↑ "Questions and Answers". smartuki. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  72. ↑ "Motorcycle tuning, engine tuning, turbocharging, dynojet, hayabusa turbo, turbo hayabusa, land speed record, dynojet, powercommander, motec, dynojet northern ireland, dyno testing northern ireland, turbo motorcycle". Holeshot Racing. Retrieved 2010-10-16.

References

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