Timeline of Providence, Rhode Island

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Providence, Rhode Island, United States.

Prior to 19th century

Providence Gazette, 1782

Old Providence Bank around the time of its founding, 1791

• 1635 – Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635
• 1636 – Providence founded by Roger Williams.
• 1638 – Baptist congregation formed.
• 1700 – North Burial Ground established^[1]
• 1711 – First burial at North Burial Ground^[1]
• 1753 – Providence Library Company organized.
• 1762
  • State House built.
  • William Goddard sets up printing press; Providence Gazette newspaper begins publication.^[2]
• 1764 – College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations established.
• 1768 – Brick Schoolhouse built on Meeting Street.
• 1770 – Brown College relocated to Providence.^[3]
• 1775 – Market House and First Baptist Meetinghouse built.
• 1776 – 1777: Colonial and French troops use University Hall as a barracks and hospital during the American Revolutionary War^[4]
• 1785 – Beneficent Congregational Society established.^[5]
• 1789
  • Providence Association of Mechanics and Manufacturers^[6] and Providence Society for Abolishing the Slave-Trade established.^[7]
• 1790
  • U.S. Custom House established.^[8]
  • Population: 6,380.^[9]
• 1791
  • Providence Bank founded on South Main Street. Later known as Providence National Bank, Providence Union Bank and Trust Company, Industrial National Bank, and FleetBoston Financial.
• 1793
  • The first covered drawbridge is built over the Seekonk River where the Washington Bridge currently stands, followed the same year by the Central Bridge further north.^[10]
• 1794 – Serril Dodge opens his first jewelry store on North Main Street, thus beginning Providence's jewelry industry^[11]
• 1795 – Theatre opens.^[12]
• 1798 – Providence Marine Society established.^[13]

19th century

Union Railroad depot, Providence, 19th century

Arcade, Providence, 19th century

Map of Providence, 1882

• 1801 – Providence Marine Corps of Artillery founded.^[14]
• 1802 – Providence Phoenix newspaper begins publication.^[15]
• 1814
  • Union Bank of Providence founded.^[16]
• 1815
  • September 23: The Great Gale of 1815 causes extensive damage and flooding.^[17]
• 1816
  • October 13: The First Congregational Church (Unitarian) dedicated; now known as First Unitarian Church.^[18]
• 1818 – Rhode Island Peace Society^[19] and Merchants Bank established.^[20]
• 1819
  • New England Yearly Meeting Boarding School opens.
• 1820
  • January 3: The Manufacturers' & Farmers' Journal, Providence & Pawtucket Advertiser, precursor to The Providence Journal, begins publication^[21]
• 1822 – Rhode Island Historical Society founded.
• 1823 – Providence Franklin Society incorporated.^[22]
• 1824 – Race riot in Hard Scrabble.
• 1828
  • Dexter Asylum built.^[23]
  • Westminster Arcade built.
  • High Street Bank established.
  • Herald newspaper begins publication.^[15]
• 1829
  • The Providence Journal newspaper begins publishing daily.^[21]
• 1831
  • Boston and Providence Railroad begins operating.
  • Race riot in Snow Town.
  • Gorham Silver and Franklin Lyceum established.
• 1832
  • City incorporated.^[24] City government meets at Market House^[25]
  • Samuel W. Bridgham elected first mayor.
• 1835 – Train station and first India Point Railroad Bridge built.
• 1836
  • Providence Athenaeum formed.
  • City hosts Rhode-Island Anti-Slavery convention.^[26]
• 1838 – Providence Association for the Benefit of Colored Children organized.^[27] and Narragansett Boat Club organized.^[22]
• 1839 – Providence Marine Corps of Artillery armory built.
• 1841 – 1842: Dorr Rebellion
• 1843 – Classical High School established.
• 1844
  • Butler Hospital for the Insane founded^[28]
  • Corliss, Nightingale & Co. in business.^[29]
• 1845
  • The City Council votes to prepare plans for a new City Hall^[25]
  • Grace Church built.
  • Laureldale Chemical Works established.^[30]
• 1846
  • Swan Point Cemetery established.
  • Scholfield's Commercial College, a business college located downtown, established.^[31]
• 1847
  • Providence and Worcester Railroad begins operating
  • Union Railroad Depot built
  • Providence Tool Company^[32] established.
• 1848 – Providence Medical Association instituted.^[27]
• 1850 – Providence Reform School opens.^[27]
• 1852
  • Central Congregational Church established.^[33]
  • Locust Grove Cemetery incorporated.^[34]
• 1853 – Providence Young Men's Christian Union^[27] and J.R. Brown & Sharpe established.^[35]
• 1854 – Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad begins operating.
• 1855
  • James Y. Smith becomes mayor.
  • Providence Aid Society organized.^[27]
  • U.S. Customshouse built.
• 1860 - Population: 50,666.^[9]
• 1863
  • Bryant and Stratton National Business College, now Bryant University, opens a campus in Providence^[36]
• 1865 – Population: 54,595.
• 1866
  • Providence receives state approval to tap the Pawtuxet River as a source of drinking water^[37]
• 1867
  • Prospect Terrace Park created.
  • Young Women's Christian Association organized.^[22]
• 1868
  • Rhode Island Hospital dedicated.^[38]
  • Women's City Missionary Society organized.^[39]
• 1869 – Morning Star newspaper begins publication.^[15]
• "1870's" – A sewer system is constructed which discharges city waste into the harbor.^[40]
• 1871
  • Roger Williams Park donated to the people of Providence by Betsy Williams
  • Thanksgiving Day: Providence municipal water service begins, pumping water from the Pawtuxet River^[37]
  • Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument dedicated.^[41]
• 1872
  • Roger Williams Park Zoo founded.
  • First Universalist Church built.
  • First Point Street Bridge built.
• 1874
  • Cornerstone of City Hall is laid, June 24.^[42]
• 1876 – Rhode Island Women's Club established.^[22]
• 1877
  • Rhode Island School of Design and museum established.
  • Providence County Court House dedicated.^[43]
  • Grammar school built on Candace Street.^[44]
• 1878
  • Providence Grays baseball team formed; Messer Street Grounds baseball stadium built
  • Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul completed
  • City Hall opens, November 14.^[42]
  • Providence Public Library opens.^[45][46]
  • Homeopathic Hospital founded.^[47]
• 1880 – Providence Art Club incorporated.^[48]
• 1883
  • Providence Press Club formed.^[49]
  • Providence Literary Association organized.^[22]
• 1884
  • Providence Lying-In Hospital founded.
  • Providence Camera Club organized.^[22]
  • October: The Providence Grays win baseball's 1884 World Series championship game
• 1885
  • Fleur-de-lys Studios built
  • Providence Grays baseball team disbanded
  • The Providence Journal begins publishing seven days per week.^[21]
• 1886
  • June 9: Thomas A. Doyle, Providence's longest-serving mayor (18 years), dies in office.^[50]
  • June 14: Providence businesses shut down as Mayor Doyle's funeral procession marches through the city.^[51]
• 1888
  • City Hall is powered by electric lighting for the first time^[25]
• 1890
  • Providence's jewelry industry includes more than 200 firms with almost 7,000 workers^[11]
• 1891
  • Providence Athletic Association incorporated.^[52]
  • The Outlet Company established.
  • Providence News begins publication.^[15]
• 1892
  • First electric streetcar begins operation on January 20.^[53]
• 1894 – Providence Engineering Society founded.^[6]
• 1896 – Providence Water Color Club organized.^[48]
• 1897 – Emma Goldman arrested for "open-air speaking" at Market Square.
• 1898 – Union Station rebuilt.

20th century

• 1900 – Population: 175,597.
• 1901 – Providence's first sewage treatment plant begins "chemical precipitation" treatment of city waste, one of the first such plants in the US.^[40]
• 1904 – Rhode Island State House built.
• 1905 – Handicraft Club organized.^[48]
• 1906 – Evening Tribune newspaper begins publication.^[54]
• 1907 – Annmary Brown Memorial museum dedicated.^[48]
• 1908 – Federal Building constructed.
• 1913
  • Turk's Head Building constructed
• 1914
  • Johnson & Wales School of Business is formed, later becomes known as Johnson & Wales University^[55]
• 1926
  • Miriam Hospital opens.
• 1928
  • Construction finishes on the Industrial Trust Building (aka "Superman Building").
  • February: Providence author H. P. Lovecraft publishes his most famous story The Call of Cthulhu in Weird Tales magazine
  • Vedanta Society of Providence founded.^[56]
• 1930
  • 25 September: Current Washington Bridge south span opens
• 1932
  • Rhode Island Public Expenditure Council headquartered in city.^[57]
• 1935
  • Bryant College of Business Administration, now known as Bryant University, moves from downtown to the East Side^[36]
• 1937
  • March 15: Author H.P. Lovecraft dies, aged 47
• 1938 – September: Hurricane.
• 1945 – The Providence Journal wins its first Pulitzer Prize^[21]
• 1949 – WJAR-TV begins broadcasting.
• 1950 – Veterans Memorial Auditorium opens.
• 1953 – The Providence Journal wins its second Pulitzer Prize^[21]
• 1954 – Hurricane Carol strikes the area.
• 1955 – WPRO-TV begins broadcasting.
• 1956 – Providence Preservation Society organized.
• 1957 – Dexter Asylum demolished.^[23]
• 1961 — July: Construction on Fox Point Hurricane Barrier begun^[58]
• 1962 – Brown Broadcasting Service established.
• 1966 – January: Fox Point Hurricane Barrier completed^[58]
• 1968 – Rhode Island League of Cities and Towns headquartered in Providence.^[59]
• 1969 – Current Henderson Bridge opens
• 1971
  • Bryant College vacates Providence for Smithfield^[36]
• 1972 – Providence Zen Center founded.^[60]
• 1975 – Buddy Cianci becomes mayor.
• 1976
  • November: Masjid Al-Karim, Islamic Center of Rhode Island, established.^[56]
• 1978
  • City Archives established.^[61]
  • The city's jewelry industry peaks, with 32,500 workers, then begins a decline.^[62]
• 1980
  • Voters approve an $87 million bond issue to improve municipal sewage treatment plant^[40]
  • The Narragansett Bay Commission is formed^[40]
• 1984
  • First Night Providence begins
  • Mayor Buddy Cianci forced to resign after pleading "no contest" to an assault charge
• 1986
  • Providence Business News begins publication.
  • Providence Station opens.
• 1990 – Governor Henry Lippitt House museum opens (approximate date).^[63]
• 1991
  • Buddy Cianci returns to the mayor's office
• 1994
  • Waterplace Park constructed.
  • WaterFire begins.
  • Gun court established in the Providence Superior Court.^[64]
• 1996
  • The Providence Journal goes public and subsequently is purchased by the Dallas-based A.H. Belo Company^[21]
• 1997
  • City website online (approximate date).^[65]
  • Providence Children's Museum opens.
• 1999
  • Providence Urban Debate League founded.
  • Providence Place Mall opens.

21st century

• 2001
  • April: Sitting mayor Buddy Cianci is indicted on federal criminal charges of racketeering, conspiracy, extortion, witness tampering, and mail fraud
• 2002
  • Soviet submarine K-77 museum opens
  • September: Mayor Buddy Cianci is sentenced to serve five years in federal prison
• 2003 – David Cicilline becomes mayor.
• 2006 – Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology opens at Brown University.
• 2007
  • April 18: Soviet submarine K-77 sinks after a storm.^[66]
  • May: Former mayor Cianci released from prison^[67]
  • November: New Iway bridge opens for eastbound traffic
• 2008
  • Historic Westminster Arcade closes for renovations^[68]
• 2009
  • October: Final section of Iway bridge opens for westbound traffic.^[69]
• 2010
  • Population: 178,042.
  • March: A series of rainstorms causes severe flood damage. President Obama declares a state of emergency for the region.^[70]
• 2011
  • January: Angel Taveras becomes mayor.
  • August 28: Hurricane Irene downs 300-400 trees and leaves 12,700 without power.^[71]
  • October: Occupy protest begins.
  • November: Open Providence Commission for Transparency and Accountability established.^[72]
• 2012
  • October 29: Hurricane Sandy hits Providence. The Fox Point Hurricane Barrier is credited with saving the city from major damage.^[73]
• 2013
  • Historic Westminster Arcade re-opens after renovation^[68]
  • Historic Mayoral portraits in City Hall cleaned and restored^[74]
  • April: The landmark Industrial Trust Building, aka "Superman Building," loses its sole tenant, and goes dark.^[75]
• 2014
  • October 17: The Phoenix publishes its last print issue^[76]
• 2015
  • January 5: Jorge Elorza sworn in as mayor
  • January: Kennedy Plaza re-opens after major renovation^[77]
  • September 20: George Redman Linear Park, a bicycle and pedestrian path on the Washington Bridge, is dedicated.^[78]
• 2016
  • January 28: Former mayor Buddy Cianci dies
  • February 6-7: Former mayor Cianci lies in state at City Hall^[79]
  • February 8: Cianci's funeral procession marches through the city, stopping for a funeral mass at the Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul and ending at St. Ann’s Cemetery in Cranston for burial.^[79]
  • September 11: Mayor Elorza and the president of the firefighter's union come to an agreement after a 13-month contract dispute.^[80]

See also

• History of Providence, Rhode Island
• List of mayors of Providence, Rhode Island
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence, Rhode Island
• Construction projects in Providence
• Timeline of Newport, Rhode Island
• Timeline of Rhode Island^[81]

References

1. Hill, John (24 Jan 2015). "Providence's North Burial Ground is running out of room". The Providence Journal.
2. Rhode Island imprints: a list of books, pamphlets, newspapers and broadsides printed at Newport, Providence, Warren, Rhode Island, between 1727 and 1800, Providence: Rhode Island Historical Society, 1915
3. Brewster 1830.
4. Mitchell, Margaret. "University Hall". Encyclopedia Brunoniana. Brown University. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
5. Mark Tucker (1845), Centennial sermon preached before the Beneficent Congregational Church and Society in Providence, R.I. March 19, 1843, Providence: Knowles & Vose
6. "Providence Engineering Society". Retrieved August 19, 2012.
7. Constitution of a Society for Abolishing the Slave-Trade, Providence: Printed by John Carter, 1789
8. "United States Custom House Records, Providence, Rhode Island". Rhode Island Historical Society. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
9. Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, US Census Bureau, 1998
10. Conforti 1976.
11. Davis, Paul (4 July 2015). "R.I.'s jewelry industry history in search of a permanent home". Providence: The Providence Journal. Retrieved 27 July 2016. In 1794, Seril Dodge opened a jewelry store on North Main Street in Providence ... started Rhode Island’s jewelry industry.
12. Willard 1891.
13. "Providence Marine Society Records". Rhode Island Historical Society. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
14. "Providence Marine Corps of Artillery Records". Rhode Island Historical Society. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
15. "US Newspaper Directory". Chronicling America. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
16. "Union Bank Records". Rhode Island Historical Society. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
17. Greene 1886, p. 73.
18. Greene 1886, p. 148.
19. Sampson 1919.
20. Merchants National Bank 1918.
21. "The Providence Journal Company - Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on The Providence Journal Company". Reference for Business. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
22. Sampson 1889.
23. Brown Daily Herald 2009.
24. Charter 1845.
25. Campbell, Paul. "A Brief History of Providence City Hall". City Archives. City of Providence. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
26. Proceedings of the Rhode-Island Anti-Slavery convention, held in Providence, on the 2d, 3d and 4th of February, 1836, Providence: H. H. Brown, printer, 1836
27. George Adams (1856), Rhode Island Register, Providence: Gladding & Brother, OCLC 5628226
28. "About Butler Hospital". Butler Hospital. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
29. Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1888. D. Appleton & Company. 1891.
30. Rhode Island industries catalogued, Providence, Rhode Island: Providence Chamber of Commerce, 1904, OCLC 36983588
31. Greene 1886, p. 174.
32. "Providence Tool Company Records". Rhode Island Historical Society. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
33. Historical manual of the Central Congregational Church, Providence, R.I. 1852-1902, Providence: E.L. Freeman & Sons, 1902
34. Sampson 1899.
35. Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co. (1902), Catalogue ... of Machinery and Tools, Providence, Rhode Island
36. "About Bryant: History & Traditions". Bryant University. Bryant University. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
37. "Recent Gift offers Details on Development of City's Water System". City Archives. City of Providence. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
38. "A History of Rhode Island Hospital". Retrieved August 19, 2012.
39. Greene 1886.
40. Fitzpatrick, Edward (28 Nov 2010). "Rhode Island was one of first states to build sewers and treatment plants". The Providence Journal.
41. Rhode Island. General Assembly. Committee on the soldiers' and sailors' monument (1871), Proceedings at the dedication of the Soldiers' and sailors' monument, in Providence, Providence R.I.: A. C. Greene, printer
42. "City Hall built atop 3,128 pilings". City of Providence. City of Providence. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
43. Thomas Durfee (1879), Oration delivered at the dedication of the Providence County Court House, December 18, 1877, Providence: E.L. Freeman & Co., printers to the state, OCLC 5762443
44. Providence city manual: or, Organization of the municipal government. 1878.
45. American Library Annual, 1917-1918. New York: R.R. Bowker Co. 1918.
46. Providence Public Library. "Providence Public Library History". Retrieved August 19, 2012.
47. Providence Magazine, February 1916
48. "American art annual". 13. American Federation of Arts. 1916.
49. Half a century with the Providence Journal, Providence, R.I.: The Journal Company, 1904, OCLC 333328
50. The Biographical Cyclopedia of Representative Men of Rhode Island Vol 2. Providence: Providence National Biographical Publishing Co. 1881. pp. 512–513.
51. Memorial of Thomas Arthur Doyle. Providence, RI: Providence City Council. 1886.
52. Souvenir club book of the Providence Athletic Association, Boston: G. L. Doane & Co., 1899
53. Molloy, Scott (2007). Trolley Wars: Streetcar Workers on the Line. UPNE. p. 66. ISBN 978-1584656302.
54. Printers and printing in Providence, 1762-1907, Providence: Providence Print. Co., 1907, OCLC 4125028
55. "Countdown to 100 Years: 1914-1947". About JWU. Johnson and Wales University. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
56. Pluralism Project. "Masjid Al-Karim, Islamic Center of Rhode Island (2006)". Directory of Religious Centers. Harvard University. Retrieved 26 Jan 2016.
57. "About Us". Providence, Rhode Island: Rhode Island Public Expenditure Council.
58. "Fox Point Hurricane Protection Barrier". US Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
59. "About the League". Rhode Island League of Cities and Towns. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
60. Pluralism Project. "Buddhism in America". America's Many Religions: Timelines. Harvard University. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
61. "Providence City Archives". ProvidenceRI.com. City of Providence. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
62. Abbott, Elizabeth (26 January 1997). "Providence Jewelry District Gets a New Luster". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
63. Preserve Rhode Island. "Governor Henry Lippitt House, 1865". Retrieved August 19, 2012.
64. Gregg Lee Carter, ed. (2012). "Chronology". Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-38671-8.
65. "Providence, RI Home Page". Archived from the original on December 1997 – via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine.
66. "Providence submarine museum sinks". The Boston Globe. The Associated Press. 19 April 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
67. "Cianci leaves prison for Boston halfway house". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. 31 May 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
68. "Historic Arcade reopens in Providence". Turn to 10. Associated Press. 21 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
69. Pateakos, Jay (14 October 2009). "Final section of Providence Iway project opens Tuesday". Fall River, MA: The Herald News. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
70. "Rhode Island flooding: 'Nobody was prepared'". CNN. CNN Wire Staff. 2 April 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
71. Stoller, Gary (28 August 2011). "Irene leaves up to half of Rhode Island without power". USA Today. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
72. "Open Providence Commission for Transparency and Accountability". City of Providence. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
73. "At a glance: Damage and recovery from superstorm Sandy state by state". The Providence Journal. The Associated Press. 27 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
74. "Thirteen Mayoral Portraits Restored, On Display at City Hall". Official website of the City of Providence. City of Providence. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
75. "Rhode Island's historic 'Superman building' set to go dark as final tenant leaves state's tallest skyscraper | DailyMail on Facebook". The Daily Mail. Associated Press. 7 April 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
76. Nesi, Ted (9 Oct 2014). "Providence Phoenix to publish last issue next week". WPRI News. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
77. Gugliotta, Tony (18 Jan 2015). "Kennedy Plaza reopens after a multi-million dollar renovation". Turn to 10.
78. Kuffner, Alex (21 September 2015). "$21.8-million George Redman Linear Park is dedicated to pioneer of R.I. bike paths". The Providence Journal. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
79. Mooney, Tom (8 Feb 2016). "Providence bids final farewell to Cianci, its longest-serving mayor". The Providence Journal. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
80. Hill, John (12 September 2016). "Providence firefighters, city reach tentative deal on contract". The Providence Journal. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
81. Federal Writers' Project (1937), "Chronology", Rhode Island, American Guide Series, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, OCLC 691847

Bibliography

Published in the 19th century

• David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Rhode Island". Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
• "Providence, R.I.", American Advertising Directory, for Manufacturers and Dealers in American Goods, New York: Jocelyn, Darling & Co., 1831, OCLC 1018684
• Charter and Ordinances of the City of Providence, Knowles and Vose, printers, 1845
• "Providence", Appleton's Illustrated Hand-book of American Cities, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876
• Joseph Sabin, ed. (1885). "Providence, R.I.". Bibliotheca Americana. 15-16. New York. OCLC 13972268. part 2
• Greene, Welcome Arnold (1886). The Providence plantations for two hundred and fifty years. Providence: J.A. & R.A. Reid.
• Providence Directory. Providence, Rhode Island: Sampson, Murdock & Co. 1889.
• George Owen Willard (1891), History of the Providence stage, 1762-1891, Providence: Rhode Island News Co.
• Mariana M. Tallman (1893), "In and about Providence", Pleasant places in Rhode Island, and how to reach them, Providence: The Providence Journal Company
• Providence House Directory and Family Address Book. Sampson, Murdock & Co. 1899.

Published in the 20th century

• William Kirk (1909), A Modern City: Providence, Rhode Island and Its Activities, University of Chicago Press, OCLC 1431257
• "Providence", Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424 – via Internet Archive
• Old Providence: a collection of facts and traditions relating to various buildings and sites of historic interest in Providence, Providence, R.I: Printed for the Merchants National Bank of Providence, 1918, OCLC 9992847
• Providence Directory. Providence, Rhode Island: Sampson & Murdock. 1919.
• Federal Writers' Project (1937), "Providence", Rhode Island: a Guide to the Smallest State, American Guide Series, Boston: Houghton Mifflin
• "Rhode Island, Modern City-State", National Geographic Magazine, Washington DC, 94, 1948 (describes Providence)
• Conforti, Joseph (1976). Our Heritage: a History of East Providence. White Plains, New York: Monarch Publishing, Inc.
• Ory Mazar Nergal, ed. (1980), "Providence, Rhode Island", Encyclopedia of American Cities, New York: E.P. Dutton, OL 4120668M
• Trudy Ring and Robert M. Salkin, ed. (1995). "Providence". Americas. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 524+. ISBN 978-1-134-25930-4.

Published in the 21st century

• "Rhode Island: Providence", New England (3rd ed.), Lonely Planet, 2002, OL 24765202M
• Li, Sophia (27 February 2009), "The East Side's Untold Story", Brown Daily Herald

External links

• City Archives. "History". ProvidenceRI.com. City of Providence.
• Works related to Providence, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America).
• "Providence". Atlas of the Rhode Island Book Trade in the Eighteenth Century. Rhode Island Historical Society. 2010.
• Map of Providence, 1904

Coordinates: 41°49′25″N 71°25′20″W / 41.823611°N 71.422222°W