Troy, New York

Troy
City
The Troy waterfront along the Hudson River, 2009
Official name: City of Troy
Name origin: Classical Troy
Motto: Ilium fuit, Troja est (Latin for "Ilium was, Troy is" also translated as "Troy was, Troy is")
Nickname: The Collar City
Country  United States
State  New York
Region Capital District
County Rensselaer
Landmark Green Island Bridge
River Hudson
Coordinates 42°43′54″N 73°41′33″W / 42.73167°N 73.69250°W / 42.73167; -73.69250Coordinates: 42°43′54″N 73°41′33″W / 42.73167°N 73.69250°W / 42.73167; -73.69250
Highest point
 - elevation 500 ft (152 m)
Lowest point Sea level (at the Hudson River)
 - elevation 0 ft (0 m)
Area 11 sq mi (28 km2)
 - land 10.4 sq mi (27 km2)
 - water 0.6 sq mi (2 km2)
 - metro 6,570 sq mi (17,016 km2)
Population 50,129 (2010)
 - metro 1,170,483
Density 4,557/sq mi (1,759/km2)
Settled 1787
Incorporated 1816
Government Troy City Hall
 - location 433 River St., Suite 5001
Mayor Patrick Madden (D)
Timezone Eastern (EST) (UTC−5)
 - summer (DST) EDT (UTC−4)
ZIP code 12179, 12180, 12181, 12182
Area code 518
FIPS code 36-75484
GNIS feature ID 0967902
Map of Troy and its major thoroughfares
Location in Rensselaer County and the state of New York.
Wikimedia Commons: Troy, New York
Website: www.troyny.gov

Troy is a city in the U.S. State of New York and the seat of Rensselaer County. The city is located on the western edge of Rensselaer County and on the eastern bank of the Hudson River. Troy has close ties to the nearby cities of Albany and Schenectady, forming a region popularly called the Capital District. The city is one of the three major centers for the Albany Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which has a population of 1,170,483. At the 2010 census, the population of Troy was 50,129. Troy's motto is Ilium fuit, Troja est, which means "Ilium was, Troy is".[1]

Before European arrival, the area was settled by the Mahican Indian tribe. The Dutch began settling in the mid 17th century; the patroon Kiliaen van Rensselaer called the area Pafraets Dael, after his mother. Control of New York passed to the English in 1664 and in 1707 Derick Van der Heyden purchased a farm near today's downtown area. In 1771 Abraham Lansing had his farm in today's Lansingburgh laid out into lots. Responding to Lansing's success to the north, in 1787, Van der Heyden's grandson Jacob had his extensive holdings surveyed and laid out into lots as well, calling the new village Vanderheyden.

In 1789, Troy got its current name after a vote of the people. In 1791, Troy was incorporated as a town and extended east across the county to the Vermont line and included Petersburgh. In 1796, Troy became a village and in 1816 it became a city. Lansingburgh, to the north, became part of Troy in 1900.

History

Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Mohican Indians had a number of settlements along the Hudson River near the confluence with the Mohawk River. The land comprising the Poesten Kill and Wynants Kill areas were owned by two Mohican groups. The land around the Poesten Kill was owned by Skiwias and was called Panhooseck. The area around the Wynants Kill, was known as Paanpack, was owned by Peyhaunet. The land between the creeks, which makes up most of downtown and South Troy, was owned by Annape. South of the Wynants Kill and into present-day North Greenbush, the land was owned by Pachquolapiet. These parcels of land were sold to the Dutch between 1630 and 1657 and each purchase was overseen and signed by Skiwias, the sachem at the time.[2] In total, more than 75 individual Mohicans were involved in deed signings in the 17th century.[3]

The site of the city was a part of Rensselaerswyck, a patroonship created by Kiliaen van Rensselaer. Dirck Van der Heyden was one of the first settlers. In 1707, he purchased a farm of 65 acres (26 ha) which in 1787 was laid out as a village.

An early local legend that a Dutch girl had been kidnapped by an Indian male who did not want her to marry someone else gained some credence when two skeletons were found in a cave under Poestenkill Falls in the 1950s. One skeleton was female and Caucasian with an iron ring. The other was Native-American and male.

The name Troy (after the legendary city of Troy, made famous in Homer's Iliad) was adopted in 1789, and the region was formed into the Town of Troy in 1791 from part of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck. The township included Brunswick and Grafton. Troy became a village in 1801 and was chartered as a city in 1816. In 1900, the city of Lansingburgh was merged into Troy. In the post-Revolutionary War years, as central New York was first settled, there was a strong trend to classical names, and Troy's naming fits the same pattern as the New York cities of Syracuse, Rome, Utica, Ithaca, or the towns of Sempronius, Manlius, or dozens of other classically named towns to the west of Troy.

Northern and Western New York was a theater of the War of 1812, and militia and regular army forces were led by Stephen Van Rensselaer of Troy. Quartermaster supplies were shipped through Troy. A local butcher and meat-packer named Samuel Wilson supplied the military, and, according to an unprovable legend, barrels stamped "U.S." were jokingly taken by the troops to stand for "Uncle Sam" meaning Wilson. Troy has since claimed to be the historical home of Uncle Sam.

Through much of the 19th and into the early 20th century, Troy was not only one of the most prosperous cities in New York State, but one of the most prosperous cities in the entire country. Prior to its rise as an industrial center, Troy was the transshipment point for meat and vegetables from Vermont, which were sent by the Hudson River to New York City. The Federal Dam at Troy is the head of the tides in the Hudson River and Hudson River sloops and steamboats plied the river on a regular basis. This trade was vastly increased after the construction of the Erie Canal, with its eastern terminus directly across the Hudson from Troy at Cohoes in 1825.

Troy's one-time great wealth was produced in the steel industry, with the first American Bessemer converter erected on the Wyantskill, a stream with a falls in a small valley at the south end of the city.[4] The industry first used charcoal and iron ore from the Adirondacks. Later on, ore and coal from the Midwest was shipped on the Erie Canal to Troy, and there processed before being sent on down the Hudson to New York City. The iron and steel was also used by the extensive federal arsenal across the Hudson at Watervliet, New York, then called West Troy. After the American Civil War, the steel production industry moved west to be closer to raw materials. The presence of iron and steel also made it possible for Troy to be an early site in the development of iron storefronts and steel structural supports in architecture, and there are some significant early examples still in the city.

The initial emphasis on heavier industry later spawned a wide variety of highly engineered mechanical and scientific equipment. Troy was the home of W. & L. E. Gurley, Co., makers of precision instruments. Gurley's theodolites were used to survey much of the American West after the Civil War and were highly regarded until laser and digital technology eclipsed the telescope and compass technology in the 1970s. Bells manufactured by Troy's Meneely Bell Company ring all over the world. And Troy was also home to a manufacturer of racing shells that used impregnated paper in a process that presaged the later use of fiberglass, Kevlar and carbon fiber composites.

This scientific and technical proficiency was supported by the presence of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, or RPI, one of the highest-ranked engineering schools in the country.[5] RPI was originally sponsored by Stephen Van Rensselaer, one of the most prominent members of that family. RPI was founded in 1824, and eventually absorbed the campus of the short-lived, liberal arts based Troy University, which closed in 1862 during the Civil War. Rensselaer founded RPI for the "application of science to the common purposes of life", and it is the oldest technological university in the English-speaking world.[6] The institute is known for its success in the transfer of technology from the laboratory to the marketplace.[7]

On December 23, 1823, The Troy Sentinel was the first publisher of the world-famous Christmas poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (also known as "The Night Before Christmas" or "Twas the Night Before Christmas"). The poem was published anonymously. Its author has long been believed to have been Clement Clarke Moore, but its author is now regarded by a few to have been Henry Livingston, Jr.

Troy was an early home of professional baseball, and was the host of two major league teams. The first team to call Troy home was the Troy Haymakers, a National Association team in 1871 and 1872. One of their major players was Williams H. "Bill" Craver, a noted catcher and Civil War veteran, who also managed the team. Their last manager was Jimmy Wood, reckoned the first Canadian in professional baseball. The Troy Haymakers folded, and Troy had no team for seven seasons. Then, for four seasons, 1879 to 1882, Troy was home to the National League Troy Trojans. The Trojans were not competitive in the league, but they did have the biggest hitter in professional baseball, Dan Brouthers.

Troy has been nearly destroyed by fire three times. The Great Troy fire of 1862 burnt the W. & L. E. Gurley, Co. factory, which was later that year replaced by the new W. & L. E. Gurley Building, now a National Historic Landmark: Gurley & Sons remains a world-wide leader in precision instrumentation.

In 1892, Robert Ross, a poll watcher, was shot dead (and his brother wounded) by operatives of Mayor Edward Murphy, later a U.S. Senator, after uncovering a man committing voter fraud. The convicted murderer, Bartholomew "Bat" Shea, was executed in 1896, although another man, John McGough, later boasted that he had actually been the shooter.

In 1900 Troy annexed Lansingburgh, a former town and village whose standing dates back prior to the War of Independence, in Rensselaer County. Lansingburgh is thus often referred to as "North Troy". However, prior to the annexation, that portion of Troy north of Division Street was called North Troy and the neighborhood south of Washington Park is referred to as South Troy. To avoid confusion with streets in Troy following the annexation, Lansingburgh's numbered streets were renamed: its 1st Street, 2nd Street, 3rd Street, etc., became North Troy's 101st Street, 102nd Street, 103rd Street, etc. Lansingburgh was home to the Lansingburgh Academy.

Illustration for Arrow Collar, 1907. J.C. Leyendecker.
Troy's Union Depot ca.1900

In addition to the strong presence of the early American steel industry, Troy was also a manufacturing center for shirts, shirtwaists, collars and cuffs. In 1825, a local resident Hannah Lord Montague, was tired of cleaning her blacksmith husband's shirts. She cut off the collars of her husband's shirts, since only the collar was soiled, bound the edges and attached strings to hold them in place. (This also allowed the collars and cuffs to be starched separately.) Montague's idea caught on, and changed the fashion for American men's dress for a century. Her patented collars and cuffs were first manufactured by Maullin & Blanchard, which eventually was absorbed by Cluett, Peabody & Company. Cluett's "Arrow shirts" are still worn by men across the country. The large labor force required by the shirt manufacturing industry also produced in 1864 the nation's first female labor union, the Collar Laundry Union, founded in Troy by Kate Mullany. On February 23, 1864, 300 members of the union went on strike. After six days, the laundry owners gave in to their demands and raised wages 25%. There were further developments in the industry, when, in 1933, Sanford Cluett invented a process he called Sanforization, a process that shrinks cotton fabrics thoroughly and permanently. Cluett, Peabody's last main plant in Troy was closed in the 1980s, but the industrial output of the plant had long been transferred to facilities in the South.

When the iron and steel industry moved west to Pennsylvania and beyond, and with a similar downturn in the collar industry, Troy's prosperity began to fade. After the passage of Prohibition, and given the strict control of Albany by the O'Connell political machine, Troy became a way station for an illegal alcohol trade from Canada to New York City. Likewise, the stricter control of morality laws in the neighboring New England states encouraged the development of openly-operating speakeasies and brothels in Troy. Gangsters such as "Legs Diamond" conducted their business in Troy, giving the city a somewhat colorful reputation through World War II. A few of the buildings from that era have since been converted to fine restaurants, such as the former Old Daly Inn.

Like many old industrial cities, Troy has had to deal with not only the loss of its manufacturing base, but a loss of population and wealth to suburbs and other parts of the country. This led to dilapidation and disinvestment, until later efforts were made to preserve Troy's architectural and cultural past.

Kurt Vonnegut lived in Troy and the area, and many of his novels include mentions of "Ilium" (an alternate name for Troy) or surrounding locations. Vonnegut wrote Player Piano in 1952, based on his experiences working as a public relations writer at nearby General Electric. His 1963 novel, Cat's Cradle, was written in the city and is set in Ilium. His recurring main character, Kilgore Trout, is a resident of Cohoes, just across the Hudson River from Troy.

As of 2014, Troy is updating its citywide comprehensive plan for the first time in more than 50 years.[8] The two-year process is known as "Realize Troy" and was initiated by the Troy Redevelopment Foundation (with members from the Emma Willard School, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Russell Sage College and St. Peter's Health Partners). Urban Strategies Inc. (Toronto) is planning Troy's redevelopment.[8][9]

Troy, as viewed from across the Hudson River looking east, circa 1909

Geography

Map of the neighborhoods of Troy

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.0 square miles (28 km2), of which 10.4 square miles (27 km2) is land and 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) (5.44%) is water.

Troy is located several miles north of Albany near the junction of the Erie and Champlain canals, via the Hudson River and is the terminus of the New York Barge Canal. It is the distributing center for a large area.[10]

The city is on the central part of the western border of Rensselaer County. The Hudson River makes up the western border of the city and the county's border with Albany County. The city borders within Rensselaer County, Schaghticoke to the north, Brunswick to the east, and North Greenbush to the south; to the west the city borders the Albany County town of Colonie, the villages of Menands and Green Island, and the cities of Watervliet and Cohoes. To the northwest Troy borders the Saratoga County village of Waterford within the town of Waterford

The western edge of the city is flat along the river, and then steeply slopes to higher terrain to the east. The average elevation is 50 feet, with the highest elevation being 500 feet in the eastern part of the city. The city is longer than it is wide, with the southern part wider than the northern section of the city (the formerly separate city of Lansingburgh). Several kills (Dutch for creek) pass through Troy and empty into the Hudson. The Poesten Kill and Wynants Kill are the two largest and both have several small lakes and waterfalls along their routes in the city. There are several lakes and reservoirs within the city including Ida Lake, Burden Pond, Lansingburgh Reservoir, Bradley Lake, Smarts Pond and Wright Lake.

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18205,264—
183011,556119.5%
184019,33467.3%
185028,78548.9%
186039,23536.3%
187046,46518.4%
188056,74722.1%
189060,9567.4%
190060,651−0.5%
191076,81326.6%
192071,996−6.3%
193072,7631.1%
194070,304−3.4%
195072,3112.9%
196067,492−6.7%
197062,918−6.8%
198056,638−10.0%
199054,269−4.2%
200049,170−9.4%
201050,1292.0%
Est. 201549,906[11]−0.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[12]

At the 2010 census, there were 50,129 people, 20,121 households and 10,947 families residing in the city.[13] The population density was 4,840.1 per square mile. There were 23,474 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 69.7% non-Hispanic White, 16.4% African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.4% Asian, 0% Pacific Islander, and 4.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.9% of the population.[13]

The median household income in 2013 was $37,805 (NYS average of $57,369), and the median family income was $47,827 (NYS average of $70,485). The median per capita income for the city was $20,872 (NYS average of $32,514). About 27.3% of the population were living in poverty as of 2013.[14]

Economy

Troy is known as the "Collar City" due to its history in shirt, collar, and other textile production. At one point Troy was also the second largest producer of iron in the country, surpassed only by the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

The Rensselaer School, which later became Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), was founded in 1824 with funding from Stephen Van Rensselaer, a descendant of the founding patroon, Kiliaen. In 1821, Emma Willard founded the Troy Female Seminary. It was renamed Emma Willard School in 1895. The former Female Seminary was later reopened (1916) as Russell Sage College. All of these institutions still exist today.

Troy, like many older industrial cities, has been battered by industrial decline and the migration of jobs to the suburbs. Nevertheless, the presence of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute is helping Troy develop a small high-technology sector, particularly in video game development. The downtown core also has a smattering of advertising and architecture firms, and other creative businesses attracted by the area's distinctive architecture. RPI is the city's largest private employer.

In addition to Russell Sage College (a comprehensive college for women), Troy is also home to the 10,000-student Hudson Valley Community College (part of the State University of New York system), three private high schools: La Salle Institute (Catholic military-style), Emma Willard School (America's first girl's high school and a high-academic boarding and day school) and Catholic Central High School (a regional Catholic high school in Lansingburg section).

Northeast Health is now the umbrella administration of Troy two large hospitals (Samaritan Hospital and St. Mary's Hospital). The city is also home to many non-profits including the many good services provided by Unity House, Joseph's House, numerous churches (Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant), three synagogues, and one mosque.

Architecture

Troy is home to Victorian and Belle Époque architecture. The city's architectural achievements rate inspirational and serve its citizens, visitors and onlookers as well as posterity, with as a veritable treasure chest set in masonry exteriors, as evidenced by the sheer variety of its building's design vernacular, which includes specimens redolent of numerous ancient civilizations' and later European edifice models. Notably, the city's First and Second Industrial Revolutions' decades-long innovations and successes enabled commercial and residential builders the financial means and engineering knowledgebase to express themselves in highly individualized, and most often, grand masonry buildings. That opportunity to build such wondrous structures is owed, in part, too, to the fact that two major fires had devastated much of Troy's earlier wooden structures, availing large tracts for re-development.

The Hudson and Mohawk rivers play their part, as does the Erie Canal and its lesser tributary canal systems, and later the railroads that linked Troy to the rest of the Empire State, New York City to the south, and Utica, New York, Syracuse, New York, Rochester, New York, Buffalo, New York and the myriad of emergent Great Lakes' cities in the burgeoning United States.

Notable buildings in Troy

Natives of Troy expressed their passion for building, using the following materials, for an array building features:

Tiffany and La Farge created magnificent stained-glass windows, transoms and other decorative stained-glass treatments for their customers in Troy. Rich with resplendent 19th-century architecture, particularly in its Central Troy Historic District, it is no wonder that several major movies have been filmed in Troy, including Ironweed, The Age of Innocence, Scent of a Woman, The Bostonians, The Emperor's Club, and The Time Machine. There are many buildings in a state of disrepair, but community groups and investors are restoring many of them.

Troy's downtown historic landmarks include Frear's Troy Cash Bazaar, constructed on a steel infrastructure clad in ornately carved white marble; the Corinthian Courthouse that is constructed of gray granite; the Troy Public Library, built in an elaborate Venetian palazzo style with high-relief carved white marble; the Troy Savings Bank Music Hall, designed in the Second Empire style, with a recital hall with highly regarded acoustic properties. There is a rich collection of Colonial, Federal, Italianate, Second Empire, Greek Revival, Egyptian Revival, Gothic Revival and other Romantic period townhouses surrounding the immediate downtown. The Hart-Cluett Mansion displays a Federal facade executed in white marble, quarried in Tuckahoe, New York. Often with foundations of rusticated granite block. Medina sandstone, a deep mud-red color, from Medina, New York, was also used.

As with many American cities, several city blocks in downtown Troy were razed during the 1970s as a part of an attempted urban renewal plan, which was never successfully executed, leaving still vacant areas in the vicinity of Federal Street. Today, however, there have since been much more successful efforts to save the remaining historic downtown structures.

Northern River Street

Part of this effort has been the arrival of the "Antique District" on River Street downtown. Cafes and art galleries are calling the area home. As home to many art, literature, and music lovers, the city hosts many free shows during the summer, on River Street, in parks, and in cafes and coffee shops. The Troy Farmer's Market is a popular event since 2000 that occurs every Saturday on River Street during the summer, or in the Atrium of downtown Troy during the winter.

Recurring events

In 2009, Troy ranked #15 on Newsmax magazine's list of the "Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities and Towns", a piece written by current CBS News travel editor Peter Greenberg. In determining his ranking, Greenberg cited Troy's Flag Day Parade and called the city a "great example of American spirit".[17]

Education

Under the patronage of Stephen van Rensselaer, in 1824 Troy became the home of the first strictly scientific academic institution in the United States, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. It trained students who later helped found the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale.

Emma Willard was a national leader in the education of women, and the author of standard instructional textbooks used for decades nationwide. She was involved in the establishment of several women's colleges, but most especially in Troy: Russell Sage College, and the Emma Willard School.

Colleges and universities

Secondary schools

Elementary schools

Sports

Government

City Council meeting in the former City Hall on River Street

Executive branch

The executive branch consists of a mayor who serves as the chief executive officer of the city. The mayor is responsible for the proper administration of all city affairs placed in his/her charge as empowered by the city charter. The mayor enforces the laws of New York State as well as all local laws and ordinances passed by the city council. She or he exercises control over all executive departments of the city government, including the Departments of Finance, Law, Public Safety, Public Works, Public Utilities, and Parks and Recreation.

The mayor's term of office is four years, and an incumbent is prohibited from serving for more than two consecutive terms (eight years).

The current mayor of Troy is Patrick Madden (D), who is serving his first term, having been elected on November 3, 2015.

Electoral history

Results from the last six mayoral elections (an asterisk indicates the incumbent):

Legislative branch

Troy's legislative branch consists of a city council composed of nine elected members: three at-large members who represent the entire city, and six district members who represent each of the six districts of Troy. Currently, there are 7 Democrats and 2 Republicans.

Each council member serves a two-year term, and an incumbent is prohibited from serving for more than four consecutive terms (eight years). The city council at-large representative who receives the greatest number of votes in the election is designated the City Council President.

The council meets on the first Thursday of every month at 7:00 pm in City Hall, in the council chambers. All meetings are open to the public, and include a public forum period held before official business where citizens can address the council on all matters directly pertaining to city government.

The current Troy City Council took office on January 1, 2016, and will serve until December 31, 2017. The members are:

Political boundaries

The City of Troy is divided into thirty (30) election districts, also known as EDs. An ED is the finest granularity political district that can be used, from which all other political districts are formed.

Other political districts that make use of these EDs include City Council Districts, County Legislative Districts, State Assembly Districts, State Senate Districts, and U.S. Congressional Districts.

City Council Districts

The 30 EDs are grouped into six Council Districts, as follows:

New York State Senate Districts

Two New York State Senate Districts, the 43rd and the 44th, each share a portion of their total areas with groups of EDs in Troy as follows:

New York State Assembly Districts

Two New York State Assembly Districts, the 107th and the 108th, each share a portion of their total areas with groups of EDs in Troy as follows:

Other districts

All other political districts that exist in Troy consist of the entire city — all 30 EDs:

Notable landmarks

Painted rocks spelling out the city's name placed on the western slope of Prospect Park.
Troy Gas Light Company, gasholder house
Manory's Restaurant from a street view.

Notable people

References

  1. ↑ Ilium fuit is the well-known expression from the Aeneid, where it is the beginning of Parthus' reply to Aeneas. Aeneid, Bk. II., 325. 30 153, and which had come to mean a complete and final end. The second half, Troja est, is a defiant declaratory statement that nevertheless, Troy still lives.
  2. ↑ Rittner (2002), p. 27
  3. ↑ Rittner (2002), p. 22
  4. ↑ "A Resourceful People A Pictorical History of Rensselaer County, New York"
  5. ↑ "America's Best Colleges 2007". U.S. News. 2006. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
  6. ↑ "RPI History Main Page". Retrieved 2007-01-21.
  7. ↑ "Rensselaer in Brief". 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
  8. 1 2 Kenneth C. Crowe II (June 20, 2014). "Troy plans for first citywide plan in 52 years". Times Union. Albany.
  9. ↑ Jim Franco (June 19, 2014). "A company to do a comprehensive plan (NEWS)". T-Spin.
  10. ↑ Robert Breuer, Troy's RiverSpark Visitor Center. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
  11. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". Retrieved July 2, 2016.
  12. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  13. 1 2 "Troy (city), New York Quick Facts". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
  14. ↑ "Troy (city), New York City data". Retrieved February 26, 2016.
  15. ↑ http://www.bakerloo.org
  16. ↑ http://www.downtowntroy.org/rockin-on-the-river/}}
  17. ↑ Greenberg, Peter. "Newsmax Magazine Rates the Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities And Towns". Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  18. ↑ Baseball Reference Bullpen
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  20. ↑ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 12/31/12 through 1/04/12. National Park Service. 2013-01-11.
  21. ↑ "50 years of innovation and excellence". Hudson Valley Community College. Retrieved 2009-12-21.
  22. ↑ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 11/19/12 through 11/23/12. National Park Service. 2012-11-30.
  23. ↑ "National Register of Historic Places listings for July 15, 2011". National Park Service. July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  24. ↑ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 1/13/14 through 1/17/14. National Park Service. 2014-01-24.
  25. ↑ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 12/09/13 through 12/13/13. National Park Service. 2013-12-20.
  26. ↑ "Troy Gas Light Company, Gasholder House" (PDF). Society for Industrial Archeology. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
  27. 1 2 "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 2/10/14 through 2/14/14. National Park Service. 2014-02-21.
  28. ↑ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 3/04/13 through 3/08/13. National Park Service. 2013-03-15.
  29. ↑ http://www.newsfromme.com/2016/02/03/joe-alaskey-r-p/
  30. ↑ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1929', Biographical Sketch of Thomas H. Conway, p. 558
  31. ↑ "Greg Schutz". Fiction Writers Review. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  32. ↑ "Companion Map to Alice Fulton's The Nightingales of Troy". Google Maps. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  33. ↑ Skinner, Charles. "Bell Casting in Troy". Meneeley Bell online Museum. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  34. ↑ Benjamin. "Manory's Restaurant celebrating centennial". The Troy Record. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  35. ↑ "William Marcy". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  36. ↑ "John Morrissey". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  37. ↑ The Blue Book of the State of Wisconsin (18th ed.). Madison, Wis.: David Atwood. 1879. p. 495.
  38. ↑ "Edward Murphy". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  39. ↑ "WARREN, Joseph Mabbett, (1813 - 1896)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved October 10, 2012.

Further reading

Rensselaer County histories

Troy histories

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Troy, New York.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Troy (New York).
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