Labour Party (UK)

Labour Party
Leader	Rt. Hon. Jeremy Corbyn MP
Deputy Leader	Tom Watson
General Secretary	Iain McNicol
Founded	27 February 1900[1][2]
Headquarters	Labour Central Kings Manor Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 6PA
Student wing	Labour Students
Youth wing	Young Labour
Membership  (2016)	551,000 [3]
Ideology	Social democracy Democratic socialism
Political position	Centre-left
European affiliation	Party of European Socialists
International affiliation	Progressive Alliance Socialist International (observer)
European Parliament group	Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats
Colours	Red
House of Commons	231 / 650
House of Lords	204 / 809
European Parliament	20 / 73
Scottish Parliament	23 / 129
Welsh Assembly	29 / 60
London Assembly	12 / 25
Local government	6,877 / 20,690
Police & Crime Commissioners	15 / 40
Directly-elected Mayors	13 / 17
Website
www.labour.org.uk
Politics of the United Kingdom Political parties Elections

The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Growing out of the trade union movement and socialist parties of the nineteenth century, the Labour Party has been described as a "broad church", encompassing a diversity of ideological trends from strongly socialist to moderately social democratic.

Founded in 1900, the Labour Party overtook the Liberal Party as the main opposition to the Conservative Party in the early 1920s, forming minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in 1924 and from 1929 to 1931. Labour later served in the wartime coalition from 1940 to 1945, after which it formed a majority government under Clement Attlee. Labour was also in government from 1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson and from 1974 to 1979, first under Wilson and then James Callaghan.

The Labour Party was last in government from 1997 to 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, beginning with a landslide majority of 179, reduced to 167 in 2001 and 66 in 2005. Having won 232 seats in the 2015 general election, the party is the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

The Labour Party is the largest party in the Welsh Assembly, the third largest party in the Scottish Parliament and has twenty MEPs in the European Parliament, sitting in the Socialists and Democrats Group. The party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance, and holds observer status in the Socialist International. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party.

History

Founding

The Labour Party originated in the late 19th century, when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat, a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise.^[4] Some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field, and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885, the Liberal Party endorsed some trade-union sponsored candidates. The first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, with the intention of linking the movement to political policies. Among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation^[5] and the Scottish Labour Party.

In the 1895 general election, the Independent Labour Party put up 28 candidates but won only 44,325 votes. Keir Hardie, the leader of the party, believed that to obtain success in parliamentary elections, it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups. Hardie's roots as a lay preacher contributed to an ethos in the party which led to the comment by 1950s General Secretary Morgan Phillips that "Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx".^[6]

Labour Representation Committee

Keir Hardie, one of the Labour Party's founders and its first leader

In 1899, a Doncaster member of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, Thomas R. Steels, proposed in his union branch that the Trade Union Congress call a special conference to bring together all left-wing organisations and form them into a single body that would sponsor Parliamentary candidates. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, and the proposed conference was held at the Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street on 26 and 27 February 1900. The meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations—trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates.^[7]

After a debate, the 129 delegates passed Hardie's motion to establish "a distinct Labour group in Parliament, who shall have their own whips, and agree upon their policy, which must embrace a readiness to cooperate with any party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interests of labour."^[8] This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and represent the working-class population.^[2] It had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the difficult task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 "Khaki election" came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively; total expenses for the election only came to £33.^[9] Only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful; Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby.^[10]

Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, a dispute between strikers and a railway company that ended with the union being ordered to pay £23,000 damages for a strike. The judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. The apparent acquiescence of the Conservative Government of Arthur Balfour to industrial and business interests (traditionally the allies of the Liberal Party in opposition to the Conservative's landed interests) intensified support for the LRC against a government that appeared to have little concern for the industrial proletariat and its problems.^[10]

Labour Party Plaque from Caroone House, 14 Farringdon Street

In the 1906 election, the LRC won 29 seats—helped by a secret 1903 pact between Ramsay MacDonald and Liberal Chief Whip Herbert Gladstone that aimed to avoid splitting the opposition vote between Labour and Liberal candidates in the interest of removing the Conservatives from office.^[10]

In their first meeting after the election the group's Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name "The Labour Party" formally (15 February 1906). Keir Hardie, who had taken a leading role in getting the party established, was elected as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party (in effect, the Leader), although only by one vote over David Shackleton after several ballots. In the party's early years the Independent Labour Party (ILP) provided much of its activist base as the party did not have individual membership until 1918 but operated as a conglomerate of affiliated bodies. The Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement.^[10]

The People's History Museum in Manchester holds the minutes of the first Labour Party meeting in 1906 and has them on display in the Main Galleries.^[11] Also within the museum is the Labour History Archive and Study Centre, which holds the collection of the Labour Party, with material ranging from 1900 to the present day.^[12]

Early years

The 1910 election saw 42 Labour MPs elected to the House of Commons, a significant victory since, a year before the election, the House of Lords had passed the Osborne judgment ruling that Trades Unions in the United Kingdom could no longer donate money to fund the election campaigns and wages of Labour MPs. The governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation. The height of Liberal compromise was to introduce a wage for Members of Parliament to remove the need to involve the Trade Unions. By 1913, faced with the opposition of the largest Trades Unions, the Liberal government passed the Trade Disputes Act to allow Trade Unions to fund Labour MPs once more.

During the First World War the Labour Party split between supporters and opponents of the conflict but opposition to the war grew within the party as time went on. Ramsay MacDonald, a notable anti-war campaigner, resigned as leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party and Arthur Henderson became the main figure of authority within the party. He was soon accepted into Prime Minister Asquith's war cabinet, becoming the first Labour Party member to serve in government.

Despite mainstream Labour Party's support for the coalition the Independent Labour Party was instrumental in opposing conscription through organisations such as the Non-Conscription Fellowship while a Labour Party affiliate, the British Socialist Party, organised a number of unofficial strikes.

Arthur Henderson resigned from the Cabinet in 1917 amid calls for party unity to be replaced by George Barnes. The growth in Labour's local activist base and organisation was reflected in the elections following the war, the co-operative movement now providing its own resources to the Co-operative Party after the armistice. The Co-operative Party later reached an electoral agreement with the Labour Party.

With the Representation of the People Act 1918, almost all adult men (excepting only peers, criminals and lunatics) and most women over the age of thirty were given the right to vote, almost tripling the British electorate at a stroke, from 7.7 million in 1912 to 21.4 million in 1918. This set the scene for a surge in Labour representation in parliament.^[13]

The Communist Party of Great Britain was refused affiliation to the Labour Party between 1921 and 1923.^[14] Meanwhile, the Liberal Party declined rapidly, and the party also suffered a catastrophic split which allowed the Labour Party to gain much of the Liberals' support. With the Liberals thus in disarray, Labour won 142 seats in 1922, making it the second largest political group in the House of Commons and the official opposition to the Conservative government. After the election the now-rehabilitated Ramsay MacDonald was voted the first official leader of the Labour Party.

First Labour government, 1924

Ramsay MacDonald: First Labour Prime Minister, 1924 and 1929–31

The 1923 general election was fought on the Conservatives' protectionist proposals but, although they got the most votes and remained the largest party, they lost their majority in parliament, necessitating the formation of a government supporting free trade. Thus, with the acquiescence of Asquith's Liberals, Ramsay MacDonald became the first ever Labour Prime Minister in January 1924, forming the first Labour government, despite Labour only having 191 MPs (less than a third of the House of Commons).

Because the government had to rely on the support of the Liberals it was unable to get any socialist legislation passed by the House of Commons. The only significant measure was the Wheatley Housing Act, which began a building programme of 500,000 homes for rental to working-class families. Legislation on education, unemployment and social insurance were also passed.

While there were no major labour strikes during his term, MacDonald acted swiftly to end those that did erupt. When the Labour Party executive criticised the government, he replied that, "public doles, Poplarism [local defiance of the national government], strikes for increased wages, limitation of output, not only are not Socialism, but may mislead the spirit and policy of the Socialist movement."^[15]

The government collapsed after only nine months when the Liberals voted for a Select Committee inquiry into the Campbell Case, a vote which MacDonald had declared to be a vote of confidence. The ensuing 1924 general election saw the publication, four days before polling day, of the Zinoviev letter, in which Moscow talked about a Communist revolution in Britain. The letter had little impact on the Labour vote—which held up. It was the collapse of the Liberal party that led to the Conservative landslide. The Conservatives were returned to power although Labour increased its vote from 30.7% to a third of the popular vote, most Conservative gains being at the expense of the Liberals. However many Labourites for years blamed their defeat on foul play (the Zinoviev letter), thereby according to A. J. P. Taylor misunderstanding the political forces at work and delaying needed reforms in the party.^[16][17]

In opposition MacDonald continued his policy of presenting the Labour Party as a moderate force. During the General Strike of 1926 the party opposed the general strike, arguing that the best way to achieve social reforms was through the ballot box. The leaders were also fearful of Communist influence orchestrated from Moscow.^[18]

The Party had a distinctive and suspicious foreign policy based on pacifism. Its leaders believed that peace was impossible because of capitalism, secret diplomacy, and the trade in armaments. That is it stressed material factors that ignored the psychological memories of the Great War, and the highly emotional tensions regarding nationalism and the boundaries of the countries.^[19][20]

Second Labour government, 1929–1931

The original "Liberty" logo, in use until 1983

In the 1929 general election, the Labour Party became the largest in the House of Commons for the first time, with 287 seats and 37.1% of the popular vote. However MacDonald was still reliant on Liberal support to form a minority government. MacDonald went on to appoint Britain's first female cabinet minister, Margaret Bondfield, who was appointed Minister of Labour.

The government, however, soon found itself engulfed in crisis: the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and eventual Great Depression occurred soon after the government came to power, and the crisis hit Britain hard. By the end of 1930 unemployment had doubled to over two and a half million.^[21] The government had no effective answers to the crisis. By the summer of 1931 a dispute over whether or not to reduce public spending had split the government.

As the economic situation worsened MacDonald agreed to form a "National Government" with the Conservatives and the Liberals. On 24 August 1931 MacDonald submitted the resignation of his ministers and led a small number of his senior colleagues in forming the National Government together with the other parties. This caused great anger among those within the Labour Party who felt betrayed by MacDonald's actions: he and his supporters were promptly expelled from the Labour Party and formed a separate National Labour Organisation. The remaining Labour Party MPs (led again by Arthur Henderson) and a few Liberals went into opposition. The ensuing 1931 general election resulted in overwhelming victory for the National Government and disaster for the Labour Party which won only 52 seats, 225 fewer than in 1929.

In 1931 Labour campaigned on opposition to public spending cuts, but found it difficult to defend the record of the party's former government and the fact that most of the cuts had been agreed before it fell. Historian Andrew Thorpe argues that Labour lost credibility by 1931 as unemployment soared, especially in coal, textiles, shipbuilding, and steel. The working class increasingly lost confidence in the ability of Labour to solve the most pressing problem.^[22]

The 2.5 million Irish Catholics in England and Scotland were a major factor in the Labour base in many industrial areas. The Catholic Church had previously tolerated the Labour Party, and denied that it represented true socialism. However, the bishops by 1930 had grown increasingly alarmed at Labour's policies toward Communist Russia, toward birth control and especially toward funding Catholic schools. They warned its members. The Catholic shift against Labour and in favour of the National government played a major role in Labour's losses.^[23]

1930s split

Arthur Henderson, elected in 1931 to succeed MacDonald, lost his seat in the 1931 general election. The only former Labour cabinet member who had retained his seat, the pacifist George Lansbury, accordingly became party leader.

The party experienced another split in 1932 when the Independent Labour Party, which for some years had been increasingly at odds with the Labour leadership, opted to disaffiliate from the Labour Party and embarked on a long, drawn-out decline.

Lansbury resigned as leader in 1935 after public disagreements over foreign policy. He was promptly replaced as leader by his deputy, Clement Attlee, who would lead the party for two decades. The party experienced a revival in the 1935 general election, winning 154 seats and 38% of the popular vote, the highest that Labour had achieved.

As the threat from Nazi Germany increased, in the late 1930s the Labour Party gradually abandoned its pacifist stance and supported re-armament, largely due to the efforts of Ernest Bevin and Hugh Dalton who by 1937 had also persuaded the party to oppose Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement.^[21]

Wartime coalition, 1940–1945

The party returned to government in 1940 as part of the wartime coalition. When Neville Chamberlain resigned in the spring of 1940, incoming Prime Minister Winston Churchill decided to bring the other main parties into a coalition similar to that of the First World War. Clement Attlee was appointed Lord Privy Seal and a member of the war cabinet, eventually becoming the United Kingdom's first Deputy Prime Minister.

A number of other senior Labour figures also took up senior positions: the trade union leader Ernest Bevin, as Minister of Labour, directed Britain's wartime economy and allocation of manpower, the veteran Labour statesman Herbert Morrison became Home Secretary, Hugh Dalton was Minister of Economic Warfare and later President of the Board of Trade, while A. V. Alexander resumed the role he had held in the previous Labour Government as First Lord of the Admiralty.

Attlee government, 1945–1951

Clement Attlee: Labour Prime Minister, 1945–51

Aneurin Bevan speaking in October 1952

At the end of the war in Europe, in May 1945, Labour resolved not to repeat the Liberals' error of 1918, and promptly withdrew from government, on trade union insistence, to contest the 1945 general election in opposition to Churchill's Conservatives. Surprising many observers,^[24] Labour won a formidable victory, winning just under 50% of the vote with a majority of 159 seats.^[25]

Although Clement Attlee was no great radical himself,^[26] Attlee's government proved one of the most radical British governments of the 20th century, enacting Keynesian economic policies, presiding over a policy of nationalising major industries and utilities including the Bank of England, coal mining, the steel industry, electricity, gas, and inland transport (including railways, road haulage and canals). It developed and implemented the "cradle to grave" welfare state conceived by the economist William Beveridge.^[27][28][29] To this day, most people in the United Kingdom see the 1948 creation of Britain's publicly funded National Health Service (NHS) under health minister Aneurin Bevan as Labour's proudest achievement.^[30] Attlee's government also began the process of dismantling the British Empire when it granted independence to India and Pakistan in 1947, followed by Burma (Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) the following year. At a secret meeting in January 1947, Attlee and six cabinet ministers, including Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin, decided to proceed with the development of Britain's nuclear weapons programme,^[21] in opposition to the pacifist and anti-nuclear stances of a large element inside the Labour Party.

Labour went on to win the 1950 general election, but with a much reduced majority of five seats. Soon afterwards, defence became a divisive issue within the party, especially defence spending (which reached a peak of 14% of GDP in 1951 during the Korean War),^[31] straining public finances and forcing savings elsewhere. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Hugh Gaitskell, introduced charges for NHS dentures and spectacles, causing Bevan, along with Harold Wilson (then President of the Board of Trade), to resign over the dilution of the principle of free treatment on which the NHS had been established.

In the 1951 general election, Labour narrowly lost to Churchill's Conservatives, despite receiving the larger share of the popular vote – its highest ever vote numerically. Most of the changes introduced by the 1945–51 Labour government were accepted by the Conservatives and became part of the "post-war consensus" that lasted until the late 1970s. Food and clothing rationing, however, still in place since the war, were swiftly relaxed, then abandoned from about 1953.

Post-war consensus, 1951–1964

Following the defeat of 1951 the party spent 13 years in opposition. The party suffered an ideological split, while the postwar economic recovery and the social effects of Attlee's reforms made the public broadly content with the Conservative governments of the time. Attlee remained as leader until his retirement in 1955.

His replacement, Hugh Gaitskell, associated with the right wing of the party, struggled in dealing with internal party divisions (particularly over Clause IV of the Labour Party Constitution, which was viewed as Labour's commitment to nationalisation and Gaitskell wanted scrapped^[32][33]) in the late 1950s and early 1960s and Labour lost the 1959 general election. In 1963, Gaitskell's sudden death from a heart attack made way for Harold Wilson to lead the party.

Wilson government, 1964–1970

Harold Wilson: Labour Prime Minister, 1964–70 and 1974–76

A downturn in the economy and a series of scandals in the early 1960s (the most notorious being the Profumo affair) had engulfed the Conservative government by 1963. The Labour Party returned to government with a 4-seat majority under Wilson in the 1964 general election but increased its majority to 96 in the 1966 general election.

Wilson's government was responsible for a number of sweeping social and educational reforms under the leadership of Home Secretary Roy Jenkins such as the abolishment of the death penalty in 1964, the legalisation of abortion and homosexuality (initially only for men aged 21 or over, and only in England and Wales) in 1967 and the abolition of theatre censorship in 1968. Comprehensive education was expanded and the Open University created. However Wilson's government had inherited a large trade deficit that led to a currency crisis and ultimately a doomed attempt to stave off devaluation of the pound. Labour went on to lose the 1970 general election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath.

Spell in opposition, 1970–1974

After losing the 1970 general election, Labour returned to opposition, but retained Harold Wilson as Leader. Heath's government soon ran into trouble over Northern Ireland and a dispute with miners in 1973 which led to the "three-day week". The 1970s proved a difficult time to be in government for both the Conservatives and Labour due to the 1973 oil crisis which caused high inflation and a global recession.

The Labour Party was returned to power again under Wilson a few weeks after the February 1974 general election, forming a minority government with the support of the Ulster Unionists. The Conservatives were unable to form a government alone as they had fewer seats despite receiving more votes numerically. It was the first general election since 1924 in which both main parties had received less than 40% of the popular vote and the first of six successive general elections in which Labour failed to reach 40% of the popular vote. In a bid to gain a majority, a second election was soon called for October 1974 in which Labour, still with Harold Wilson as leader, won a slim majority of three, gaining just 18 seats taking its total to 319.

Majority to minority, 1974–1979

For much of its time in office the Labour government struggled with serious economic problems and a precarious majority in the Commons, while the party's internal dissent over Britain's membership of the European Economic Community, which Britain had entered under Edward Heath in 1972, led in 1975 to a national referendum on the issue in which two thirds of the public supported continued membership.

Harold Wilson's personal popularity remained reasonably high but he unexpectedly resigned as Prime Minister in 1976 citing health reasons, and was replaced by James Callaghan. The Wilson and Callaghan governments of the 1970s tried to control inflation (which reached 23.7% in 1975^[34]) by a policy of wage restraint. This was fairly successful, reducing inflation to 7.4% by 1978.^[10][34] However it led to increasingly strained relations between the government and the trade unions.

James Callaghan: Labour Prime Minister, 1976–79

Fear of advances by the nationalist parties, particularly in Scotland, led to the suppression of a report from Scottish Office economist Gavin McCrone that suggested that an independent Scotland would be "chronically in surplus".^[35] By 1977 by-election losses and defections to the breakaway Scottish Labour Party left Callaghan heading a minority government, forced to trade with smaller parties in order to govern. An arrangement negotiated in 1977 with Liberal leader David Steel, known as the Lib–Lab pact, ended after one year. Deals were then forged with various small parties including the Scottish National Party and the Welsh nationalist Plaid Cymru, prolonging the life of the government.

The nationalist parties, in turn, demanded devolution to their respective constituent countries in return for their supporting the government. When referendums for Scottish and Welsh devolution were held in March 1979 Welsh devolution was rejected outright while the Scottish referendum returned a narrow majority in favour without reaching the required threshold of 40% support. When the Labour government duly refused to push ahead with setting up the proposed Scottish Assembly, the SNP withdrew its support for the government: this finally brought the government down as it triggered a vote of confidence in Callaghan's government that was lost by a single vote on 28 March 1979, necessitating a general election.

Callaghan had been widely expected to call a general election in the autumn of 1978 when most opinion polls showed Labour to have a narrow lead.^[10] However he decided to extend his wage restraint policy for another year hoping that the economy would be in a better shape for a 1979 election. But during the winter of 1978–79 there were widespread strikes among lorry drivers, railway workers, car workers and local government and hospital workers in favour of higher pay-rises that caused significant disruption to everyday life. These events came to be dubbed the "Winter of Discontent".

In the 1979 general election Labour was heavily defeated by the Conservatives now led by Margaret Thatcher. The number of people voting Labour hardly changed between February 1974 and 1979 but the Conservative Party achieved big increases in support in the Midlands and South of England, benefiting from both a surge in turnout and votes lost by the ailing Liberals.

Internal conflict and opposition, 1979–1997

After its defeat in the 1979 general election the Labour Party underwent a period of internal rivalry between the left represented by Tony Benn, and the right represented by Denis Healey. The election of Michael Foot as leader in 1980, and the leftist policies he espoused, such as unilateral nuclear disarmament, leaving the European Economic Community and NATO, closer governmental influence in the banking system, the creation of a national minimum wage and a ban on fox hunting^[36] led in 1981 to four former cabinet ministers from the right of the Labour Party (Shirley Williams, William Rodgers, Roy Jenkins and David Owen) forming the Social Democratic Party. Benn was only narrowly defeated by Healey in a bitterly fought deputy leadership election in 1981 after the introduction of an electoral college intended to widen the voting franchise to elect the leader and their deputy. By 1982, the National Executive Committee had concluded that the entryist Militant tendency group were in contravention of the party's constitution. The Militant newspaper's five member editorial board were expelled on 22 February 1983.

The Labour Party was defeated heavily in the 1983 general election, winning only 27.6% of the vote, its lowest share since 1918, and receiving only half a million votes more than the SDP-Liberal Alliance who leader Michael Foot condemned for "siphoning" Labour support and enabling the Conservatives to greatly increase their majority of parliamentary seats.^[37]

Neil Kinnock, leader of the party in opposition, 1983–92

Foot resigned and was replaced as leader by Neil Kinnock, with Roy Hattersley as his deputy. The new leadership progressively dropped unpopular policies. The miners strike of 1984–85 over coal mine closures, for which miners' leader Arthur Scargill was blamed, and the Wapping dispute led to clashes with the left of the party, and negative coverage in most of the press. Tabloid vilification of the so-called loony left continued to taint the parliamentary party by association from the activities of "extra-parliamentary" militants in local government.

The alliances which campaigns such as Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners forged between lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) and labour groups, as well as the Labour Party itself, also proved to be an important turning point in the progression of LGBT issues in the UK.^[38] At the 1985 Labour Party conference in Bournemouth, a resolution committing the party to support LGBT equality rights passed for the first time^[39] due to block voting support from the National Union of Mineworkers.

Labour improved its performance in 1987, gaining 20 seats and so reducing the Conservative majority from 143 to 102. They were now firmly re-established as the second political party in Britain as the Alliance had once again failed to make a breakthrough with seats. A merger of the SDP and Liberals formed the Liberal Democrats. Following the 1987 election, the National Executive Committee resumed disciplinary action against members of Militant, who remained in the party, leading to further expulsions of their activists and the two MPs who supported the group.

In November 1990 following a contested leadership election, Margaret Thatcher resigned as leader of the Conservative Party and was succeeded as leader and Prime Minister by John Major. Most opinion polls had shown Labour comfortably ahead of the Tories for more than a year before Thatcher's resignation, with the fall in Tory support blamed largely on her introduction of the unpopular poll tax, combined with the fact that the economy was sliding into recession at the time.

Labour Party logo under Kinnock, Smith and Blair's leaderships

The change of leader in the Tory government saw a turnaround in support for the Tories, who regularly topped the opinion polls throughout 1991 although Labour regained the lead more than once.

The "yo-yo" in the opinion polls continued into 1992, though after November 1990 any Labour lead in the polls was rarely sufficient for a majority. Major resisted Kinnock's calls for a general election throughout 1991. Kinnock campaigned on the theme "It's Time for a Change", urging voters to elect a new government after more than a decade of unbroken Conservative rule. However, the Conservatives themselves had undergone a dramatic change in the change of leader from Thatcher to Major, at least in terms of style if not substance. From the outset, it was clearly a well-received change, as Labour's 14-point lead in the November 1990 "Poll of Polls" was replaced by an 8% Tory lead a month later.

The 1992 general election was widely tipped to result in a hung parliament or a narrow Labour majority, but in the event the Conservatives were returned to power, though with a much reduced majority of 21.^[40] Despite the increased number of seats and votes, it was still an incredibly disappointing result for supporters of the Labour party. For the first time in over 30 years there was serious doubt among the public and the media as to whether Labour could ever return to government.

Kinnock then resigned as leader and was replaced by John Smith. Once again the battle erupted between the old guard on the party's left and those identified as "modernisers". The old guard argued that trends showed they were regaining strength under Smith's strong leadership. Meanwhile, the breakaway SDP merged with the Liberal Party. The new Liberal Democrats seemed to pose a major threat to the Labour base. Tony Blair (the Shadow Home Secretary) had an entirely different vision. Blair, the leader of the "modernising" faction (Blairites), argued that the long-term trends had to be reversed, arguing that the party was too locked into a base that was shrinking, since it was based on the working-class, on trade unions, and on residents of subsidised council housing. Blairites argued that the rapidly growing middle class was largely ignored, as well as more ambitious working-class families. It was said that they aspired to become middle-class, but accepted the Conservative argument that Labour was holding ambitious people back, with its leveling down policies. They increasingly saw Labour in a negative light, regarding higher taxes and higher interest rates. In order to present a fresh face and new policies to the electorate, New Labour needed more than fresh leaders; it had to jettison outdated policies, argued the modernisers.^[41] The first step was procedural, but essential. Calling on the slogan, "One Member, One Vote" Blair (with some help from Smith) defeated the union element and ended block voting by leaders of labour unions.^[42] Blair and the modernisers called for radical adjustment of Party goals by repealing "Clause IV", the historic commitment to nationalisation of industry. This was achieved in 1995.^[43]

The Black Wednesday economic disaster in September 1992 left the Conservative government's reputation for monetary excellence in tatters, and by the end of that year Labour had a comfortable lead over the Tories in the opinion polls. Although the recession was declared over in April 1993 and a period of strong and sustained economic growth followed, coupled with a relatively swift fall in unemployment, the Labour lead in the opinion polls remained strong. However, Smith died from a heart attack in May 1994.^[44]

"New Labour" government, 1997–2010

Tony Blair: Labour Prime Minister, 1997–2007

Gordon Brown: Labour Prime Minister, 2007–2010

Tony Blair continued to move the party further to the centre, abandoning the largely symbolic Clause Four at the 1995 mini-conference in a strategy to increase the party's appeal to "middle England". More than a simple re-branding, however, the project would draw upon the Third Way strategy, informed by the thoughts of the British sociologist Anthony Giddens.

"New Labour" was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party, dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994, which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996, called New Labour, New Life For Britain. It was a continuation of the trend that had begun under the leadership of Neil Kinnock. "New Labour" as a name has no official status, but remains in common use to distinguish modernisers from those holding to more traditional positions, normally referred to as "Old Labour".

New Labour is a party of ideas and ideals but not of outdated ideology. What counts is what works. The objectives are radical. The means will be modern.^[45]

The Labour Party won the 1997 general election with a landslide majority of 179; it was the largest Labour majority ever, and the largest swing to a political party achieved since 1945. Over the next decade, a wide range of progressive social reforms were enacted,^[46][47] with millions lifted out of poverty during Labour's time in office largely as a result of various tax and benefit reforms.^[48][49][50]

Among the early acts of Blair's government were the establishment of the national minimum wage, the devolution of power to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, major changes to the regulation of the banking system, and the re-creation of a city-wide government body for London, the Greater London Authority, with its own elected-Mayor.

Combined with a Conservative opposition that had yet to organise effectively under William Hague, and the continuing popularity of Blair, Labour went on to win the 2001 election with a similar majority, dubbed the "quiet landslide" by the media.^[51] In 2003 Labour introduced tax credits, government top-ups to the pay of low-wage workers.

A perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War, which caused him to lose much of his political support.^[52] The UN Secretary-General, among many, considered the war illegal and a violation of the UN Charter.^[53][54] The Iraq War was deeply unpopular in most western countries, with Western governments divided in their support^[55] and under pressure from worldwide popular protests. The decisions that led up to the Iraq war and its subsequent conduct are currently the subject of Sir John Chilcot's Iraq Inquiry.

In the 2005 general election, Labour was re-elected for a third term, but with a reduced majority of 66.

Blair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour.^[56] In the event, the party did lose power in Scotland to a minority Scottish National Party government at the 2007 elections and, shortly after this, Blair resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by his Chancellor, Gordon Brown. Although the party experienced a brief rise in the polls after this, its popularity soon slumped to its lowest level since the days of Michael Foot. During May 2008, Labour suffered heavy defeats in the London mayoral election, local elections and the loss in the Crewe and Nantwich by-election, culminating in the party registering its worst ever opinion poll result since records began in 1943, of 23%, with many citing Brown's leadership as a key factor.^[57] Membership of the party also reached a low ebb, falling to 156,205 by the end of 2009: over 40 per cent of the 405,000 peak reached in 1997 and thought to be the lowest total since the party was founded.^[58][59]

Finance proved a major problem for the Labour Party during this period; a "cash for peerages" scandal under Blair resulted in the drying up of many major sources of donations. Declining party membership, partially due to the reduction of activists' influence upon policy-making under the reforms of Neil Kinnock and Blair, also contributed to financial problems. Between January and March 2008, the Labour Party received just over £3 million in donations and were £17 million in debt; compared to the Conservatives' £6 million in donations and £12 million in debt.^[60]

In the 2010 general election on 6 May that year, Labour with 29.0% of the vote won the second largest number of seats (258). The Conservatives with 36.5% of the vote won the largest number of seats (307), but no party had an overall majority, meaning that Labour could still remain in power if they managed to form a coalition with at least one smaller party.^[61] However, the Labour Party would have had to form a coalition with more than one other smaller party to gain an overall majority; anything less would result in a minority government.^[62] On 10 May 2010, after talks to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats broke down, Brown announced his intention to stand down as Leader before the Labour Party Conference but a day later resigned as both Prime Minister and party leader.^[63]

Opposition, 2010–present

Harriet Harman became the Leader of the Opposition and acting Leader of the Labour Party following the resignation of Gordon Brown on 11 May 2010, pending a leadership election^[64] subsequently won by Ed Miliband. Miliband emphasised "responsible capitalism" and greater state intervention to change the balance of the UK economy away from financial services.^[65] Tackling vested interests^[66] and opening up closed circles in British society^[67] were also themes he returned to a number of times. Miliband also argued for greater regulation on banks and the energy companies.^[68]

The Parliamentary Labour Party voted to abolish Shadow Cabinet elections at a meeting on 5 July 2011,^[69] ratified by the National Executive Committee and Party Conference. Henceforth the leader of the party chose the Shadow Cabinet members.^[70]

The party's performance held up in local elections in 2012 with Labour consolidating its position in the North and Midlands, while also regaining some ground in Southern England.^[71] In Wales the party enjoyed good successes, regaining control of most Welsh Councils lost in 2008, including the capital city, Cardiff.^[72] In Scotland, Labour's held overall control of Glasgow City Council despite some predictions to the contrary,^[73] and also enjoyed a +3.26 swing across Scotland. In London, results were mixed for the party; Ken Livingstone lost the election for Mayor of London, but the party gained its highest ever representation in the Greater London Authority in the concurrent assembly election.^[71]

Jeremy Corbyn, current leader of the party

On 1 March 2014, at a special conference the party reformed internal Labour election procedures, including replacing the electoral college system for selecting new leaders with a "one member, one vote" system following the recommendation of a review by former general-secretary Ray Collins. Mass membership would be encouraged by allowing "registered supporters" to join at a low cost, as well as full membership. Members from the trade unions would also have to explicitly "opt in" rather than "opt out" of paying a political levy to Labour.^[74][75][76]

The party edged out the Conservatives in the May 2014 European parliamentary elections winning 20 seats versus the Conservatives 19. However the UK Independence Party won 24 seats.^[77] Labour also won a majority of seats in the local council elections of 2014, gaining 324 more councillors than they had before the election.^[78]

In September 2014, Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls outlined his plans to cut the government's current account deficit, and the party carried these plans into the 2015 general election. Whereas Conservatives campaigned for a surplus on all government spending, including investment, by 2018/19, Labour stated it would balance the budget, excluding investment, by 2020.^[79]

The 2015 General Election resulted in a net loss of seats throughout Great Britain, with Labour representation falling to 232 seats in the House of Commons.^[80] The Party lost 40 of its 41 seats in Scotland in the face of record breaking swings to the Scottish National Party.^[81] The scale of the decline in Labour's support was much greater than what had occurred at the 2011 elections for the Scottish parliament. Though Labour gained more than 20 seats in England and Wales, mostly from the Liberal Democrats but also from the Conservative Party,^[82][83] it lost more seats to Conservative challengers, including that of Ed Balls, for net losses overall.^[84]

The day after the 7 May 2015 election, Miliband resigned as party leader. Harriet Harman again took charge as interim leader.^[84] Following a leadership election, Jeremy Corbyn was announced as the new party leader on 12 September 2015. Corbyn, then a member of the Socialist Campaign Group and a fixture of the party's hard left,^[85] was considered little more than a fringe hopeful when the contest began, but benefited from a large influx of new members as well as the registration of significant numbers of the new affiliated and registered classes of voting supporters introduced under Miliband.^[86] Corbyn received the backing of only 16 of the party's MPs.^[87] Membership numbers continued to climb after the start of Corbyn's leadership.^[88]

Tensions soon developed in the parliamentary party over Corbyn's leadership. Following the referendum on EU membership more than two dozen members of the Shadow Cabinet resigned in late June 2016,^[89] and a no-confidence vote was supported by 172 MPs against 40 supporting Corbyn.^[90] On 11 July 2016 an official leadership election was called as Angela Eagle launched a challenge against Corbyn.^[91] She was soon joined by rival challenger Owen Smith, prompting Eagle to withdraw on 19 July 2016 in order to ensure there was only one challenger on the ballot.^[92] On 24 September 2016 Corbyn retained leadership of the party with an increased share of the vote.^[93] By the end of the contest Labour's membership had grown to more than 500,000, making it the largest political party in terms of membership in Western Europe.^[94]

Ideology

The Labour Party is considered to be left of centre.^{[95][96][97][98][99]} It was initially formed as a means for the trade union movement to establish political representation for itself at Westminster. It only gained a "socialist" commitment with the original party constitution of 1918. That "socialist" element, the original Clause IV, was seen by its strongest advocates as a straightforward commitment to the "common ownership", or nationalisation, of the "means of production, distribution and exchange". Although about a third of British industry was taken into public ownership after the Second World War, and remained so until the 1980s, the right of the party were questioning the validity of expanding on this objective by the late 1950s. Influenced by Anthony Crosland's book, The Future of Socialism (1956), the circle around party leader Hugh Gaitskell felt that the commitment was no longer necessary. While an attempt to remove Clause IV from the party constitution in 1959 failed, Tony Blair, and the "modernisers" saw the issue as putting off potential voters,^[100] and were successful thirty-five years later,^[101] with only limited opposition from senior figures in the party.^[102]

Clause IV (1995)

The Labour Party is a democratic socialist party. It believes that by the strength of our common endeavour we achieve more than we achieve alone, so as to create for each of us the means to realise our true potential and for all of us a community in which power, wealth and opportunity are in the hands of the many, not the few, where the rights we enjoy reflect the duties we owe, and where we live together, freely, in a spirit of solidarity, tolerance and respect.

Party Constitution, Labour Party Rule Book^[103]

Party electoral manifestos have not contained the term socialism since 1992. The new version of Clause IV, though affirming a commitment to democratic socialism,^[103][104] no longer definitely commits the party to public ownership of industry: in its place it advocates "the enterprise of the market and the rigour of competition" along with "high quality public services ... either owned by the public or accountable to them."^[103]

Historically, influenced by Keynesian economics, the party favoured government intervention in the economy, and the redistribution of wealth. Taxation was seen as a means to achieve a "major redistribution of wealth and income" in the October 1974 election manifesto.^[105] The party also desired increased rights for workers, and a welfare state including publicly funded healthcare.

From the late-1980s onwards, the party adopted free market policies,^[106] leading many observers to describe the Labour Party as social democratic or the Third Way, rather than democratic socialist.^[107] Other commentators go further and argue that traditional social democratic parties across Europe, including the British Labour Party, have been so deeply transformed in recent years that it is no longer possible to describe them ideologically as "social democratic",^[108] and claim that this ideological shift has put new strains on the party's traditional relationship with the trade unions.^[109]

Historically within the party, differentiation was made between the "soft left" and the "hard left", with the former embracing more moderately social democratic views while the hard left subscribed to a strongly socialist, even Marxist, ideology.^[110][111] Members on the hard left were often disparaged as the "loony left", particularly in the popular media.^[112] The term "hard left" was sometimes used in the 1980s to describe Trotskyist groups such as the Militant tendency, Socialist Organiser and Socialist Action.^[113] In more recent times, Members of Parliament in the Socialist Campaign Group and the Labour Representation Committee are seen as constituting a hard left in contrast to a soft left represented by organisations such as Compass and the magazine Tribune.^[114]

Symbols

The red flag, originally the official flag and symbol of the Labour party

Labour has long been identified with red, a political colour traditionally affiliated with socialism and the labour movement. Prior to the red flag logo, the party had used a modified version of the classic 1924 shovel, torch and quill emblem. In 1924 a brand conscious Labour leadership had devised a competition, inviting supporters to design a logo to replace the 'polo mint' like motif that had previously appeared on party literature. The winning entry, emblazoned with the word ‘Liberty’ over a design incorporating a torch, shovel and quill symbol, was popularised through its sale, in badge form, for a shilling. The party conference in 1931 passed a motion "That this conference adopts Party Colours, which should be uniform throughout the country, colours to be red and gold".^[115] Since the party's inception, the red flag has been Labour's official symbol; the flag has been associated with socialism and revolution ever since the 1789 French Revolution and the revolutions of 1848. The red rose, a symbol of social democracy, was adopted as the party symbol in 1986 as part of a rebranding exercise and is now incorporated into the party logo.^[116]

The red flag became an inspiration which resulted in the composition of "The Red Flag", the official party anthem since its inception, being sung at the end of party conferences and on various occasions such as in parliament on February 2006 to mark the centenary of the Labour Party's founding. During New Labour attempts were made to play down the role of the song,^[117][118] however it still remains in use.^[119]

Constitution and structure

The Labour Party is a membership organisation consisting of Constituency Labour Parties, affiliated trade unions, socialist societies and the Co-operative Party, with which it has an electoral agreement. Members who are elected to parliamentary positions take part in the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) and European Parliamentary Labour Party (EPLP).

The party's decision-making bodies on a national level formally include the National Executive Committee (NEC), Labour Party Conference and National Policy Forum (NPF)—although in practice the Parliamentary leadership has the final say on policy. The 2008 Labour Party Conference was the first at which affiliated trade unions and Constituency Labour Parties did not have the right to submit motions on contemporary issues that would previously have been debated.^[120] Labour Party conferences now include more "keynote" addresses, guest speakers and question-and-answer sessions, while specific discussion of policy now takes place in the National Policy Forum.

The Labour Party is an unincorporated association without a separate legal personality, and the Labour Party Rule Book legally regulates the organisation and the relationship with members.^[121] The General Secretary represents the party on behalf of the other members of the Labour Party in any legal matters or actions.^[122]

Membership and registered supporters

A graph showing Labour Party individual membership, excluding affiliated members and supporters, 1928 to June 2016

In August 2015, prior to the 2015 leadership election, the Labour Party reported 292,505 full members, 147,134 affiliated supporters (mostly from affiliated trade unions and socialist societies) and 110,827 registered supporters; a total of about 550,000 members and supporters.^[123][124] As of November 2015 the party has approximately 380,000 members.^[125]

For many years Labour held to a policy of not allowing residents of Northern Ireland to apply for membership,^[126] instead supporting the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) which informally takes the Labour whip in the House of Commons.^[127] The 2003 Labour Party Conference accepted legal advice that the party could not continue to prohibit residents of the province joining,^[128] and whilst the National Executive has established a regional constituency party it has not yet agreed to contest elections there. In December 2015 a meeting of the members of the Labour Party in Northern Ireland decided unanimously to contest the elections for the Northern Ireland Assembly held in May 2016.^[129]

Trade union link

Unite the Union showing their support for the Labour party on their Leeds offices during the 2015 general election

The Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation is the coordinating structure that supports the policy and campaign activities of affiliated union members within the Labour Party at the national, regional and local level.^[130]

As it was founded by the unions to represent the interests of working-class people, Labour's link with the unions has always been a defining characteristic of the party. In recent years this link has come under increasing strain, with the RMT being expelled from the party in 2004 for allowing its branches in Scotland to affiliate to the left-wing Scottish Socialist Party.^[131] Other unions have also faced calls from members to reduce financial support for the Party^[132] and seek more effective political representation for their views on privatisation, public spending cuts and the anti-trade union laws.^[133] Unison and GMB have both threatened to withdraw funding from constituency MPs and Dave Prentis of UNISON has warned that the union will write "no more blank cheques" and is dissatisfied with "feeding the hand that bites us".^[134] Union funding was redesigned in 2013 after the Falkirk candidate-selection controversy.^[135]

European and international affiliation

The Labour Party is a founder member of the Party of European Socialists (PES). The European Parliamentary Labour Party's 20 MEPs are part of the Socialists and Democrats (S&D), the second largest group in the European Parliament. The Labour Party is represented by Emma Reynolds in the PES Presidency.^[136]

The party was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1940.^[137] Since 1951 the party has been a member of the Socialist International, which was founded thanks to the efforts of the Clement Attlee leadership. However, in February 2013, the Labour Party NEC decided to downgrade participation to observer membership status, "in view of ethical concerns, and to develop international co-operation through new networks".^[138] Labour was a founding member of the Progressive Alliance international founded in co-operation with the Social Democratic Party of Germany and other social-democratic parties on 22 May 2013.^{[139][140][141][142]}

Electoral performance

Devolved Seats
London Assembly	12 / 25
Scottish Parliament	24 / 129
Welsh Assembly	29 / 60

A graph showing the percentage of the popular vote received by major parties in general elections, 1832–2005.

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Election	Votes		Seats		Win	Outcome
	#	%	#	±
1900	62,698	1.8 %	2 / 670			Conservative majority
1906	321,663	5.7 %	29 / 670	27		Liberal majority
Jan-1910	505,657	7.6 %	40 / 670	11		Liberal minority
Dec-1910	371,802	7.1 %	42 / 670	2		Liberal minority
1918^[1]	2,245,777	21.5 %	57 / 707	15		Coalition majority
1922	4,076,665	29.7 %	142 / 615	85		Conservative majority
1923	4,267,831	30.7 %	191 / 625	49		Labour minority
1924	5,281,626	33.3 %	151 / 615	40		Conservative majority
1929^[2]	8,048,968	37.1 %	287 / 615	136		Labour minority
1931	6,339,306	30.8 %	52 / 615	235		National Government majority
1935	7,984,988	38.0 %	154 / 615	102		National Government majority
1945	11,967,746	49.7 %	393 / 640	239		Labour majority
1950	13,266,176	46.1 %	315 / 625	78		Labour majority
1951	13,948,883	48.8 %	295 / 625	20		Conservative majority
1955	12,405,254	46.4 %	277 / 630	18		Conservative majority
1959	12,216,172	43.8 %	258 / 630	19		Conservative majority
1964	12,205,808	44.1 %	317 / 630	59		Labour majority
1966	13,096,629	48.0 %	364 / 630	47		Labour majority
1970^[3]	12,208,758	43.1 %	288 / 630	76		Conservative majority
Feb-1974	11,645,616	37.2 %	301 / 635	13		Labour minority
Oct-1974	11,457,079	39.2 %	319 / 635	18		Labour majority
1979	11,532,218	36.9 %	269 / 635	50		Conservative majority
1983	8,456,934	27.6 %	209 / 650	60		Conservative majority
1987	10,029,807	30.8 %	229 / 650	20		Conservative majority
1992	11,560,484	34.4 %	271 / 651	42		Conservative majority
1997	13,518,167	43.2 %	419 / 659	148		Labour majority
2001	10,724,953	40.7 %	413 / 659	6		Labour majority
2005	9,562,122	35.3 %	356 / 646	57		Labour majority
2010	8,601,441	29.1 %	258 / 650	98		Conservative–Lib Dem majority
2015	9,339,818	30.5 %	232 / 650	26		Conservative majority

1. ^ The first election held under the Representation of the People Act 1918 in which all men over 21, and most women over the age of 30 could vote, and therefore a much larger electorate
2. ^ The first election under universal suffrage in which all women aged over 21 could vote
3. ^ Franchise extended to all 18- to 20-year-olds under the Representation of the People Act 1969

Leadership

Leaders of the Labour Party since 1906

• Keir Hardie, 1906–08
• Arthur Henderson, 1908–10
• George Nicoll Barnes, 1910–11
• Ramsay MacDonald, 1911–14
• Arthur Henderson, 1914–17
• William Adamson, 1917–21
• John Robert Clynes, 1921–22
• Ramsay MacDonald, 1922–31
• Arthur Henderson, 1931–32
• George Lansbury, 1932–35
• Clement Attlee, 1935–55
• Hugh Gaitskell, 1955–63
  • George Brown, 1963 (acting)
• Harold Wilson, 1963–76
• James Callaghan, 1976–80
• Michael Foot, 1980–83
• Neil Kinnock, 1983–92
• John Smith, 1992–94
  • Margaret Beckett, 1994 (acting)^[143]
• Tony Blair, 1994–2007
• Gordon Brown, 2007–2010
  • Harriet Harman, 2010 (acting)^[143]
• Ed Miliband, 2010–2015
  • Harriet Harman, 2015 (acting)
• Jeremy Corbyn, 2015–present

Deputy Leaders of the Labour Party since 1922

• John Robert Clynes, 1922–32
• William Graham, 1931–32
• Clement Attlee, 1932–35
• Arthur Greenwood, 1935–45
• Herbert Morrison, 1945–55
• Jim Griffiths, 1955–59
• Aneurin Bevan, 1959–60
• George Brown, 1960–70
• Roy Jenkins, 1970–72
• Edward Short, 1972–76
• Michael Foot, 1976–80
• Denis Healey, 1980–83
• Roy Hattersley, 1983–92
• Margaret Beckett, 1992–94
• John Prescott, 1994–2007
• Harriet Harman, 2007–15
• Tom Watson, 2015–present

Leaders in the House of Lords since 1924

• Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane, 1924–28
• Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor, 1928–31
• Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede, 1931–35
• Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell, 1935–40
• Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison, 1940–52
• William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt, 1952–55
• Albert Victor Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough, 1955–64
• Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford, 1964–68
• Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton, 1968–74
• Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd, 1974–76
• Fred Peart, Baron Peart, 1976–82
• Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos, 1982–92
• Ivor Richard, Baron Richard, 1992–98
• Margaret Jay, Baroness Jay of Paddington, 1998–2001
• Gareth Williams, Baron Williams of Mostyn, 2001–2003
• Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos, 2003–2007
• Catherine Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland, 2007–2008
• Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon, 2008–2015
• Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon, 2015–present

Labour Prime Ministers

Name	Portrait	Country of birth	Periods in office
Ramsay MacDonald		Scotland	1924; 1929–1931 (First and Second MacDonald Ministry)
Clement Attlee		England	1945–1950; 1950–1951 (Attlee Ministry)
Harold Wilson		England	1964–1966; 1966–1970; 1974; 1974–1976 (First and Second Wilson Ministry)
James Callaghan		England	1976–1979 (Callaghan Ministry)
Tony Blair		Scotland	1997–2001; 2001–2005; 2005–2007 (Blair Ministry)
Gordon Brown		Scotland	2007–2010 (Brown Ministry)

Current elected MPs

232 Labour MPs were elected at the 2015 election. The MPs as of June 2015 are:

Member of Parliament	Constituency	First elected	Notes
Diane Abbott	Hackney North and Stoke Newington	1987
Debbie Abrahams	Oldham East and Saddleworth	2011
Heidi Alexander	Lewisham East	2010
Rushanara Ali	Bethnal Green and Bow	2010	First person of Bangladeshi origin to be elected to the House of Commons,[144] and one of the first three Muslim women to be elected as a Member of Parliament.[145]
Graham Allen	Nottingham North	1987
David Anderson	Blaydon	2005
Jon Ashworth	Leicester South	2011
Ian Austin	Dudley North	2005
Adrian Bailey	West Bromwich West	2000
Kevin Barron	Rother Valley	1983
Margaret Beckett	Derby South	1974	Member for Lincoln 1974–79, Derby South 1983–
Hilary Benn	Leeds Central	1999
Luciana Berger	Liverpool Wavertree	2010
Clive Betts	Sheffield South East	1992	Member for Sheffield Attercliffe 1992–2010, Sheffield South East 2010–
Roberta Blackman-Woods	City of Durham	2005
Tom Blenkinsop	Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland	2010
Paul Blomfield	Sheffield Central	2010
Ben Bradshaw	Exeter	1997
Kevin Brennan	Cardiff West	2001
Lyn Brown	West Ham	2005
Nick Brown	Newcastle upon Tyne East	1983	Member for Newcastle upon Tyne East 1983–97, Newcastle upon Tyne East and Wallsend 1997–2010, Newcastle upon Tyne East 2010–
Chris Bryant	Rhondda	2001
Karen Buck	Westminster North	1997	Member for Regent's Park and Kensington North 1997–2010, Westminster North 2010–
Richard Burden	Birmingham Northfield	1992
Richard Burgon	Leeds East	2015
Andy Burnham	Leigh	2001
Dawn Butler	Brent Central	2015
Liam Byrne	Birmingham Hodge Hill	2004
Ruth Cadbury	Brentford & Isleworth	2015
Alan Campbell	Tynemouth	1997
Ronnie Campbell	Blyth Valley	1987
Sarah Champion	Rotherham	2012
Jenny Chapman	Darlington	2010
Ann Clwyd	Cynon Valley	1984
Vernon Coaker	Gedling	1997
Ann Coffey	Stockport	1987
Julie Cooper	Burnley	2015
Rosie Cooper	West Lancashire	2005
Yvette Cooper	Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford	1997	Member for Pontefract and Castleford 1997–2010, Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford 2010–
Jeremy Corbyn	Islington North	1983
Jo Cox	Batley and Spen	2015	Murdered in 2016 during the referendum campaign to leave the European Union. Succeeded by Tracy Brabin after a by-election
Neil Coyle	Bermondsey and Old Southwark	2015
David Crausby	Bolton North East	1997
Mary Creagh	Wakefield	2005
Stella Creasy	Walthamstow	2010
Jon Cruddas	Dagenham and Rainham	2001	Member for Dagenham 2001–2010, Dagenham and Rainham 2010–
John Cryer	Leyton and Wanstead	1997	Member for Hornchurch 1997–2005, Leyton and Wanstead 2010–
Judith Cummins	Bradford South	2015
Alex Cunningham	Stockton North	2010
Jim Cunningham	Coventry South	1992	Member for Coventry South East 1992–97, Coventry South 1997–
Nic Dakin	Scunthorpe	2010
Simon Danczuk	Rochdale	2010	Suspended from the Labour Party in December 2015[146]
Wayne David	Caerphilly	2001
Geraint Davies	Swansea West	1997	Member for Croydon Central 1997–2005, Swansea West 2010–
Thangam Debbonaire	Bristol West	2015
Gloria De Piero	Ashfield	2010
Stephen Doughty	Cardiff South and Penarth	2012
Jim Dowd	Lewisham West and Penge	1992	Member for Lewisham West 1992–2010, Lewisham West and Penge 2010–
Peter Dowd	Bootle	2015
Jack Dromey	Birmingham Erdington	2010
Michael Dugher	Barnsley East	2010
Angela Eagle	Wallasey	1992
Maria Eagle	Garston and Halewood	1997	Member for Liverpool Garston 1997–2010, Garston and Halewood 2010–
Clive Efford	Eltham	1997
Julie Elliott	Sunderland Central	2010
Louise Ellman	Liverpool Riverside	1997
Natascha Engel	North East Derbyshire	2005
Bill Esterson	Sefton Central	2010
Chris Evans	Islwyn	2010
Paul Farrelly	Newcastle-under-Lyme	2001
Frank Field	Birkenhead	1979
Jim Fitzpatrick	Poplar and Limehouse	1997	Member for Poplar and Canning Town 1997–2010, Poplar and Limehouse 2010–
Robert Flello	Stoke-on-Trent South	2005
Colleen Fletcher	Coventry North East	2015
Caroline Flint	Don Valley	1997
Paul Flynn	Newport West	1987
Yvonne Fovargue	Makerfield	2010
Vicky Foxcroft	Lewisham Deptford	2015
Mike Gapes	Ilford South	1992
Barry Gardiner	Brent North	1997
Pat Glass	North West Durham	2010
Mary Glindon	North Tyneside	2010
Roger Godsiff	Birmingham Hall Green	1992	Member for Birmingham Small Heath 1992–97, Birmingham Sparkbrook and Small Heath 1997–2010, Birmingham Hall Green 2010–
Helen Goodman	Bishop Auckland	2005
Kate Green	Stretford and Urmston	2010
Margaret Greenwood	Wirral West	2015
Lilian Greenwood	Nottingham South	2010
Nia Griffith	Llanelli	2005
Andrew Gwynne	Denton and Reddish	2005
Louise Haigh	Sheffield Heeley	2015
Fabian Hamilton	Leeds North East	1997
David Hanson	Delyn	1992
Harriet Harman	Camberwell and Peckham	1982	Member for Peckham 1982–97, Camberwell and Peckham 1997–
Harry Harpham	Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough	2015	Died February 2016, triggering a by-election.
Carolyn Harris	Swansea East	2015
Helen Hayes	Dulwich and West Norwood	2015
Sue Hayman	Workington	2015
John Healey	Wentworth and Dearne	1997	Member for Wentworth 1997–2010, Wentworth and Dearne 2010–
Mark Hendrick	Preston	2000
Stephen Hepburn	Jarrow	1997
Meg Hillier	Hackney South and Shoreditch	2005
Margaret Hodge	Barking	1994
Sharon Hodgson	Washington and Sunderland West	2005	Member for Gateshead East and Washington West 2005–2010, Washington and Sunderland West 2010–
Kate Hoey	Vauxhall	1989
Kate Hollern	Blackburn	2015
Kelvin Hopkins	Luton North	1997
George Howarth	Knowsley	1986	Member for Knowsley North 1986–97, Knowsley North and Sefton East 1997–2010, Knowsley 2010–
Lindsay Hoyle	Chorley	1997
Tristram Hunt	Stoke-on-Trent Central	2010
Rupa Huq	Ealing Central & Acton	2015
Imran Hussain	Bradford East	2015
Huw Irranca-Davies	Ogmore	2002
Dan Jarvis	Barnsley Central	2011
Alan Johnson	Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle	1997
Diana Johnson	Kingston upon Hull North	2005	Member for Hull North 2005–2010, Kingston upon Hull North 2010–
Gerald Jones	Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney	2015
Graham Jones	Hyndburn	2010
Helen Jones	Warrington North	1997
Kevan Jones	North Durham	2001
Susan Elan Jones	Clwyd South	2010
Mike Kane	Wythenshawe and Sale East	2014
Gerald Kaufman	Manchester Gorton	1970	Member for Ardwick 1970–83, Manchester Gorton 1983–
Barbara Keeley	Worsley and Eccles South	2005	Member for Worsley 2005–2010, Worsley and Eccles South 2010–
Liz Kendall	Leicester West	2010
Sadiq Khan	Tooting	2005
Stephen Kinnock	Aberavon	2015
Peter Kyle	Hove	2015
David Lammy	Tottenham	2000
Ian Lavery	Wansbeck	2010
Christopher Leslie	Nottingham East	1997	Member for Shipley 1997–2005, Nottingham East 2010–
Emma Lewell-Buck	South Shields	2013
Clive Lewis	Norwich South	2015
Ivan Lewis	Bury South	1997
Rebecca Long-Bailey	Salford and Eccles	2015
Ian Lucas	Wrexham	2001
Holly Lynch	Halifax	2015
Fiona Mactaggart	Slough	1997
Justin Madders	Ellesmere Port and Neston	2015
Khalid Mahmood	Birmingham Perry Barr	2001
Shabana Mahmood	Birmingham Ladywood	2010
Seema Malhotra	Feltham and Heston	2011
John Mann	Bassetlaw	2001
Rob Marris	Wolverhampton South West	2001	Member 2001–2010, 2015–
Gordon Marsden	Blackpool South	1997
Rachael Maskell	York Central	2015
Chris Matheson	City of Chester	2015
Steve McCabe	Birmingham Selly Oak	2010	Member for Birmingham Hall Green 1997–2010, Birmingham Selly Oak 2010–
Kerry McCarthy	Bristol East	2005
Siobhain McDonagh	Mitcham and Morden	1997
Andy McDonald	Middlesbrough	2012
John McDonnell	Hayes and Harlington	1997
Pat McFadden	Wolverhampton South East	2005
Conor McGinn	St Helens North	2015
Alison McGovern	Wirral South	2010
Liz McInnes	Heywood and Middleton	2014
Catherine McKinnell	Newcastle upon Tyne North	2010
Jim McMahon	Oldham West and Royton	2015
Alan Meale	Mansfield	1987
Ian Mearns	Gateshead	2010
Ed Miliband	Doncaster North	2005
Madeleine Moon	Bridgend	2005
Jessica Morden	Newport East	2005
Grahame Morris	Easington	2010
Ian Murray	Edinburgh South	2010
Lisa Nandy	Wigan	2010
Melanie Onn	Great Grimsby	2015
Chi Onwurah	Newcastle upon Tyne Central	2010
Kate Osamor	Edmonton	2015
Albert Owen	Ynys Mon	2001
Teresa Pearce	Erith and Thamesmead	2010
Matthew Pennycook	Greewich and Woolwich	2015
Toby Perkins	Chesterfield	2010
Jess Phillips	Birmingham Yardley	2015
Bridget Phillipson	Houghton and Sunderland South	2010
Stephen Pound	Ealing North	1997
Lucy Powell	Manchester Central	2012
Yasmin Qureshi	Bolton South East	2010
Angela Rayner	Ashton-under-Lyne	2015
Jamie Reed	Copeland	2005
Steve Reed	Croydon North	2012
Christina Rees	Neath	2015
Rachel Reeves	Leeds West	2010
Emma Reynolds	Wolverhampton North East	2010
Jonathan Reynolds	Stalybridge and Hyde	2010
Marie Rimmer	St Helens South and Whiston	2015
Geoffrey Robinson	Coventry North West	1976
Steve Rotherham	Liverpool Walton	2010
Joan Ryan	Enfield North	2015
Naz Shah	Bradford West	2015	Suspended from the Labour Party in April 2016[147]
Virendra Sharma	Ealing Southall	2007
Barry Sheerman	Huddersfield	1979	Member for Huddersfield East 1979–83, Huddersfield 1983–
Paula Sherriff	Dewsbury	2015
Gavin Shuker	Luton South	2010
Tulip Siddiq	Hampstead and Kilburn	2015
Dennis Skinner	Bolsover	1970
Andy Slaughter	Hammersmith	2005	Member for Ealing, Acton and Shepherd's Bush 2005–2010, Hammersmith 2010–
Ruth Smeeth	Stoke-on-Trent North	2015
Andrew Smith	Oxford East	1987
Angela Smith	Penistone and Stocksbridge	2005	Member for Sheffield Hillsborough 2005–2010, Penistone and Stocksbridge 2010–
Cat Smith	Lancaster & Fleetwood	2015
Jeff Smith	Manchester Withington	2015
Nick Smith	Blaenau Gwent	2010
Owen Smith	Pontypridd	2010
Karin Smyth	Bristol South	2015
John Spellar	Warley	1982	Member for Birmingham Northfield 1982–83, Warley West 1992–97, Warley 1997–
Sir Keir Starmer	Holborn and St Pancras	2015
Jo Stevens	Cardiff Central	2015
Wes Streeting	Ilford North	2015
Graham Stringer	Blackley and Broughton	1997	Member for Manchester Blackley, Blackley and Broughton 2010–
Gisela Stuart	Birmingham Edgbaston	1997
Mark Tami	Alyn and Deeside	2001
Gareth Thomas	Harrow West	1997
Nick Thomas-Symonds	Torfaen	2015
Emily Thornberry	Islington South and Finsbury	2005
Stephen Timms	East Ham	1994	Member for Newham North East 1994–97, East Ham 1997–
Jon Trickett	Hemsworth	1996
Anna Turley	Redcar	2015
Karl Turner	Kingston upon Hull East	2010
Derek Twigg	Halton	1997
Stephen Twigg	Liverpool West Derby	1997	Member for Enfield Southgate 1997–2005, Liverpool West Derby 2010–
Chuka Umunna	Streatham	2010
Keith Vaz	Leicester East	1987
Valerie Vaz	Walsall South	2010
Tom Watson	West Bromwich East	2001
Catherine West	Hornsey & Wood Green	2015
Alan Whitehead	Southampton Test	1997
Phil Wilson	Sedgefield	2007
David Winnick	Walsall North	1966	Member for Croydon South 1966–70, Walsall North 1979–
Rosie Winterton	Doncaster Central	1997
John Woodcock	Barrow and Furness	2010
Iain Wright	Hartlepool	2004
Daniel Zeichner	Cambridge	2015

See also

• Labour Co-operative
• Labour In for Britain
• Labour Leave
• Labour Party in Northern Ireland
• Labour Representation Committee election results
• List of Labour Parties
• List of Labour Party (UK) MPs
• List of organisations associated with the British Labour Party
• List of UK Labour Party general election manifestos
• Politics of the United Kingdom
• Scottish Labour Party
• Socialist Labour Party (UK)
• Socialist Party (England and Wales)
• Welsh Labour

Notes

1. Brivati & Heffernan 2000: "On 27 February 1900, the Labour Representation Committee was formed to campaign for the election of working class representatives to parliament."
2. Thorpe 2008, p. 8.
3. 'Jeremy Corbyn's team targets Labour membership of 1 million'.
   'Labour already boasts the largest number of members of any political party in western Europe, with 551,000, up from 388,407 on 10 January'.
   The Guardian. Author - Ewen MacAskill
   Published 27 September 2016.
   Accessed 26 November 2016.
4. See, for instance, the 1899 Lyons vs. Wilkins judgement, which limited certain types of picketing
5. Martin Crick, The History of the Social-Democratic Federation
6. p.131 The Foundations of the British Labour Party by Matthew Worley ISBN 9780754667315
7. ‘The formation of the Labour Party – Lessons for today’ Jim Mortimer, 2000; Jim Mortimer was a General Secretary of the Labour Party in the 1980s
8. "Collection highlights". People's History Museum. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
9. Wright & Carter 1997.
10. Thorpe 2001.
11. "Collection Highlights, 1906 Labour Party minutes". People's History Museum. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
12. The Labour Party Archive Catalogue & Description, People's History Museum
13. Rosemary Rees, Britain, 1890–1939 (2003), p. 200
14. "Red Clydeside: The Communist Party and the Labour government [booklet cover] / Communist Party of Great Britain, 1924". Glasgow Digital Library. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
15. Taylor 1965, pp. 213–214.
16. Taylor 1965, pp. 219–220, 226–227.
17. Charles Loch Mowat (1955). Britain Between the Wars, 1918–1940. Taylor & Francis. pp. 188–94.
18. Pugh 2011, ch. 8.
19. Henry R. Winkler, . "The Emergence of a Labor Foreign Policy in Great Britain, 1918-1929." Journal of Modern History 28.3 (1956): 247-258. in JSTOR
20. Kenneth E. Miller, Socialism and Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice in Britain to 1931 (1967) ch 4-7.
21. Davies, A.J. (1996) To Build A New Jerusalem: The British Labour Party from Keir Hardie to Tony Blair, Abacus
22. Thorpe 1996.
23. Riddell 1997.
24. "1945: Churchill loses general election". BBC News. 26 July 1945. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
25. "1945: Churchill loses general election". BBC News. 26 July 1945.
26. Duncan Hall (2011). A2 Government and Politics: Ideologies and Ideologies in Action. Lulu.com. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4477-3399-7.
27. Nicholas Marsh (11 May 2007). Philip Larkin: The Poems. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-137-07195-8.
28. Wintle Justin (13 May 2013). New Makers of Modern Culture. Routledge. p. 309. ISBN 1-134-09454-X.
29. Michael Jago (20 May 2014). Clement Attlee: The Inevitable Prime Minister. Biteback Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-84954-758-1.
30. Robert Pearce (7 April 2006). Attlee's Labour Governments 1945–51. Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-134-96240-2.
31. Clark, Sir George, Illustrated History Of Great Britain, (1987) Octopus Books
32. Barlow 2008, p. 224; Beech 2006, p. 218; Clark 2012, p. 66; Heath, Jowell & Curtice 2001, p. 106; Heppell 2012, p. 38; Jones 1996, p. 8; Kenny & Smith 2013, p. 110; Leach 2015, p. 118.
33. Are the Lord's Listening?: Creating Connections Between People and Parliament First Report of Session 2008–09: Evidence. The Stationery Office. 1 June 2007. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-10-844466-1.
34. Anthony Seldon; Kevin Hickson (2004). New Labour, old Labour: the Wilson and Callaghan governments, 1974–79. Routledge. pp. 64–. ISBN 9780415312813. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
35. "Young Scots For Independence – Revealed: True oil wealth hidden to stop independence". SNP Youth. 12 September 2005. Archived from the original on 19 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
36. Vaidyanathan, Rajini (4 March 2010). "Michael Foot: What did the 'longest suicide note' say?". BBC News Magazine Online. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
37. "1983: Thatcher wins landslide victory". BBC News. 9 June 1983. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
38. Kelliher 2014.
39. Kelliher 2014, p. 256.
40. 1992: Tories win again against odds BBC News, 5 April 2005
41. David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, The British general election of 1997 (1997) pp 46–67.
42. Rentoul 2001, pp. 206–218.
43. Rentoul 2001, pp. 249–266.
44. "1997: Labour landslide ends Tory rule". BBC News. 15 April 2005.
45. "new Labour because Britain deserves better". Labour-Party.org.uk.
46. "Nigel has written a key list" (PDF). Paultruswell.org.uk. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
47. "Reforms – ISSA". Issa.int. 7 January 2004. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
48. (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20110808155642/http://www.dwp.gov.uk/docs/tackling-poverty.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
49. "UK: numbers in low income – The Poverty Site". Poverty.org.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
50. "Work, Family, Health, and Well-Being: What We Know and Don't Know about Outcomes for Children" (PDF). Retrieved 26 September 2013.
51. Mitchinson, John; Pollard, Justin; Oldfield, Molly; Murray, Andy (26 December 2009). "QI: Our Quite Interesting Quiz of the Decade, compiled by the elves from the TV show". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
52. "European Opposition To Iraq War Grows | Current Affairs". Deutsche Welle. 13 January 2003. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
53. Spencer C. Tucker (14 December 2015). U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror [3 volumes]: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror. ABC-CLIO. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-4408-3879-8.
54. McClintock 2010, p. 150.
55. Bennhold, Katrin (28 August 2004). "Unlikely alliance built on opposition to Iraq war now raises questions". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
56. I will quit within a year – Blair BBC News, 7 September 2007
57. Lovell, Jeremy (30 May 2008). "Brown hit by worst party rating". Reuters. Retrieved 28 June 2008.
58. Kirkup, James; Prince, Rosa (30 July 2008). "Labour Party membership falls to lowest level since it was founded in 1900". The Daily Telegraph. London.
59. John Marshall: Membership of UK political parties; House of Commons, SN/SG/5125; 2009, page 9 Archived 21 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
60. "New figures published showing political parties' donations and borrowing". The Electoral Commission. 22 May 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
61. UK election results: data for every candidate in every seat The Guardian (London), 7 May 2010
62. Wintour, Patrick (7 May 2010). "General election 2010: Can Gordon Brown put together a rainbow coalition?". The Guardian. London.
63. Mason, Trevor; Smith, Jon (10 May 2010). "Gordon Brown to resign as Labour leader". The Independent. London.
64. "Harman made acting Labour leader". BBC News. 11 May 2010.
65. Miliband, Ed (25 May 2012). "Building a responsible capitalism". Juncture (IPPR). Retrieved 5 June 2012.
66. "Ed Miliband: Surcharge culture is fleecing customers". BBC News. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
67. "Ed Miliband speech on Social Mobility to the Sutton Trust". The Labour Party. 21 May 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
68. "Ed Miliband's Banking Reform Speech: The Full Details". New Statesman. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
69. Neild, Barry (6 July 2011). "Labour MPs vote to abolish shadow cabinet elections". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
70. "John Prescott calls for Labour shadow cabinet reshuffle". BBC News. 26 September 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
71. "At-a-glance: Elections 2012". BBC News. 4 May 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
72. "Vote 2012: Welsh Labour's best council results since 1996". BBC News. 4 May 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
73. "Labour wins overall majority on Glasgow City Council". BBC News. 4 May 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
74. Andrew Grice (28 February 2014). "Tony Blair backs Ed Miliband's internal Labour reforms". The Independent. London. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
75. Andrew Sparrow (1 March 2014). "Miliband wins vote on Labour party reforms with overwhelming majority". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
76. Ray Collins (February 2014). The Collins Review Into Labour Party Reform (PDF) (Report). Labour Party. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
77. "European voters now calling for less EU". The UK News. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
78. "Vote 2014 – Election Results for Councils in England". "BBC News". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
79. "Is Osborne right that a smaller state means a richer UK?". BBC News. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
80. "How many seats did Labour win?". The Independent. London. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
81. "Scotland election 2015 results: SNP landslide amid almost total Labour wipeout – as it happened". The Daily Telegraph. London. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
82. "UK Election: Telling the story using numbers". Irish Times. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
83. "Election 2015 results MAPPED: 2015 full list". The Daily Telegraph. London. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
84. "Labour election results: Ed Miliband resigns as leader". BBC News. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
85. Mason, Rowena (12 September 2015). "Labour leadership: Jeremy Corbyn elected with huge mandate". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
86. "Labour leadership: Huge increase in party's electorate". BBC. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
87. Eaton, George (12 September 2015). "The epic challenges facing Jeremy Corbyn as Labour leader". New Statesman. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
88. "Jeremy Corbyn: Membership of Labour party has doubled since 2015 general election". International Business Times. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
89. Rajeev Syal, Frances Perraudin, Nicola Slawson (27 June 2016). "Shadow cabinet resignations: who has gone and who is staying". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
90. Asthana, Anushka; Elgot, Jessica; Syal, Rajeev (28 June 2016). "Jeremy Corbyn suffers heavy loss in Labour MPs confidence vote". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
91. "Labour leadership: Angela Eagle says she can unite the party". BBC News. 11 July 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
92. Grice, Andrew (19 July 2016). "Labour leadership election: Angela Eagle pulls out of contest to allow Owen Smith straight run at Jeremy Corbyn". The Independent. London, UK. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
93. "Labour leadership: Jeremy Corbyn defeats Owen Smith". BBC News. 24 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
94. "Jeremy Corbyn Is Re-elected as Leader of Britain's Labour Party". The New York Times. 24 September 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
95. Bakker, Ryan; Jolly, Seth; Polk, Jonathan. "Mapping Europe's party systems: which parties are the most right-wing and left-wing in Europe?". London School of Economics / EUROPP – European Politics and Policy. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
96. Giddens, Anthony (17 May 2010). "The rise and fall of New Labour". The New Statesman. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
97. Peacock, Mike (8 May 2015). "The European centre-left's quandary". Reuters. Retrieved 26 May 2015. A crushing election defeat for Britain's Labour party has laid bare the dilemma facing Europe's centre-left.
98. Dahlgreen, Will (23 July 2014). "Britain's changing political spectrum". YouGov. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
99. Budge 2008, pp. 26–27.
100. Martin Daunton "The Labour Party and Clause Four 1918–1995", History Review 1995 (History Today website)
101. Philip Gould The Unfinished Revolution: How New Labour Changed British Politics Forever, London: Hachette digital edition, 2011, p.30 (originally published by Little, Brown, 1998)
102. John Rentoul "'Defining moment' as Blair wins backing for Clause IV", The Independent, 14 March 1995
103. "Labour Party Rule Book" (PDF). LabourList. 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
104. "How we work – How the party works". Labour.org.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
105. Lund 2006, p. 111.
106. Mulholland, Helene (7 April 2011). "Labour will continue to be pro-business, says Ed Miliband". The Guardian. London.
107. Hay 2002, pp. 114–115; Hopkin & Wincott 2006; Jessop 2004; McAnulla 2006, pp. 118, 127, 133, 141; Merkel et al. 2008, pp. 4, 25–26, 40, 66.
108. Lavelle, Ashley (2008). The Death of Social Democracy, Political Consequences for the 21st Century. Ashgate.
109. Daniels & McIlroy 2009; McIlroy 2011; Smith 2009; Smith & Morton 2006.
110. Crines 2011, p. 161.
111. "What's left of the Labour left?". Total Politics. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
112. Julian Petley (2005). "Hit and Myth". In James Curran; Julian Petley; Ivor Gaber. Culture wars: the media and the British left. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 85–107. ISBN 9780748619177.
113. Shaw 1988, p. 267.
114. Akehurst, Luke (14 March 2011). "Compass and Progress: A tale of two groupings". LabourList. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
115. "Labour Party Annual Conference Report", 1931, p. 233.
116. "The long and the short about Labour's red rose". The Daily Telegraph. London. 26 June 2001. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
117. Grady, Helen (21 March 2011). "Blue Labour: Party's radical answer to the Big Society?". BBC News.
118. Hoggart, Simon (28 September 2007). "Red Flag rises above a dodgy future". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
119. "Video: Ed Miliband sings The Red Flag and Jerusalem at the Labour Party Conference". The Daily Telegraph. London. 29 September 2011.
120. "Anger over 'union debate limit'". BBC News. 19 September 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
121. Athelstane Aamodt (17 September 2015). "Unincorporated associations and elections". Local Government Lawyer. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
122. "Watt (formerly Carter) (sued on his own on behalf of the other members of the Labour Party) (Respondent) v. Ahsan (Appellant)". The Lords of Appeal. House of Lords. 16–18 July 2007. [2007] UKHL 51. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
123. Oliver Wright (10 September 2015). "Labour leadership contest: After 88 days of campaigning, how did Labour's candidates do?". The Independent. Retrieved 11 September 2015. the electorate is divided into three groups: 292,000 members, 148,000 union "affiliates" and 112,000 registered supporters who each paid £3 to take part
124. Dan Bloom (25 August 2015). "All four Labour leadership candidates rule out legal fight – despite voter count plummeting by 60,000". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 11 September 2015. total of those who can vote now stands at 550,816 ... The total still eligible to vote are now 292,505 full paid-up members, 147,134 supporters affiliated through the unions and 110,827 who've paid a £3 fee.
125. 'Revealed: how Jeremy Corbyn has reshaped the Labour party'.
     'Membership jumped from 201,293 on 6 May last year, the day before the general election, to 388,407 on 10 January'.
     The Guardian [online], published 13/01/16, sourced 13/01/16. Author – Ewen MacAskill.
126. Labour Party membership form at the Wayback Machine (archive index), ca. 1999. Retrieved 31 March 2007. "Residents of Northern Ireland are not eligible for membership."
127. Understanding Ulster by Antony Alcock, Ulster Society Publications, 1997. Chapter II: The Unloved, Unwanted Garrison. Via Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
128. "Labour NI ban overturned". BBC News. 1 October 2003. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
129. "LPNI prepare to fight elections". Labour Party in Northern Ireland.
130. "Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation (TULO)". Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
131. RMT 'breached' Labour party rules BBC News, 27 January 2004
132. Labour's link to unions in danger BBC News, 16 June 2004
133. "CWU resolution to TUC Congress 2009". TUC Congress Voices. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
134. Dunton, Jim (17 June 2009). "Unison: "no more blank cheques' for Labour". Local Government Chronicle. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
135. "Miliband urges 'historic' changes to Labour's union links". BBC News. 9 July 2013.
136. "Party of European Socialists". Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
137. Kowalski, Werner. Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 – 1940 Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985
138. Black, Ann (6 February 2013). "Report from Labour's January executive". Leftfutures.org. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
139. "Progressive Alliance: Sozialdemokraten gründen weltweites Netzwerk – SPIEGEL ONLINE". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
140. "Vorwurf: SPD "spaltet die Linken"". Kurier.At. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
141. "Vorwärts in eine ungewisse Zukunft – 150 Jahre SPD – Politik – Nachrichten – morgenweb". Morgenweb.de. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
142. Sozialdemokratische Parteien gründen neues Bündnis | Aktuell Welt | DW.DE | 22.05.2013
143. "Labour Party Rule Book 2014" (PDF). House of Commons Library. When the party is in opposition and the party leader, for whatever reason, becomes permanently unavailable, the deputy leader shall automatically become party leader on a pro-tem basis.
144. "Rushanara Ali becomes first Bangladeshi MP". London Evening Standard. 7 May 2010.
145. Adetunji, Jo; Tran, Mark (7 May 2010). "General election 2010: first female Muslim MPs elected". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
146. "Labour's Simon Danczuk suspended over 'inappropriate behaviour'". BBC News. 31 December 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
147. "MP Naz Shah suspended from Labour". BBC News. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.

Bibliography

Barlow, Keith (2008). The Labour Movement in Britain from Thatcher to Blair. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-55137-0.

Beech, Matt (2006). The Political Philosophy of New Labour. International Library of Political Studies. 6. London: Tauris Academic Studies. ISBN 978-1-84511-041-3.

Brivati, Brian; Heffernan, Richard (2000). The Labour Party: A Centenary History. Basingstoke: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23458-4.

Budge, Ian (2008). "Great Britain and Ireland: Variations in Party Government". In Colomer, Joseph M. Comparative European Politics (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-07354-2.

Clark, Alistair (2012). Political Parties in the UK. Contemporary Political Studies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-36868-2.

Crines, Andrew Scott (2011). Michael Foot and the Labour leadership. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 978-1-4438-3239-7.

Heath, Anthony F.; Jowell, Roger M.; Curtice, John K. (2001). The Rise of New Labour: Party Policies and Voter Choices: Party Policies and Voter Choices. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-152964-1.

Daniels, Gary; McIlroy, John, eds. (2009). Trade Unions in a Neoliberal World: British Trade Unions under New Labour. Routledge Research in Employment Relations. 20. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-42663-3.

Kenny, Michael; Smith, Martin J. (2013) [1997]. "Discourses of Modernization: Gaitskell, Blair and Reform of Clause IV". In Denver, David; Fisher, Justin; Ludlam, Steve; Pattie, Charles. British Elections and Parties Review. 7. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-25578-7.

Hay, Colin (2002). British Politics Today. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-2319-1.

Heppell, Timothy (2012). "Hugh Gaitskell, 1955–63". In Heppell, Timothy. Leaders of the Opposition: From Churchill to Cameron. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-29647-3.

Hopkin, Jonathan; Wincott, Daniel (2006). "New Labour, Economic Reform and the European Social Model". British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 8 (1). doi:10.1111/j.1467-856X.2006.00227.x. ISSN 1467-856X.

Jessop, Bob (2004) [2003]. "From Thatcherism to New Labour: Neo-liberalism, Workfarism and Labour-market Regulation". In Overbeek, Henk. The Political Economy of European Employment: European Integration and the Transnationalization of the (Un)employment Question. RIPE Series in Global Political Economy. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-01064-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

Jones, Tudor (1996). Remaking the Labour Party: From Gaitskell to Blair. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-80132-9.

Kelliher, Diarmaid (2014). "Solidarity and Sexuality: Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners 1984–5". History Workshop Journal. Oxford University Press. 77 (1): 240–262. doi:10.1093/hwj/dbt012. ISSN 1477-4569.

Leach, Robert (2015). Political Ideology in Britain (3rd ed.). London: Palgrave. ISBN 978-1-137-33255-4.

Lund, Brian (2006). "Distributive Justice and Social Policy". In Lavalette, Michael; Pratt, Alan. Social Policy: Theories, Concepts and Issues (3rd ed.). London: SAGE Publications. pp. 107–123. ISBN 978-1-4129-0170-3.

McAnulla, Stuart (2006). British Politics: A Critical Introduction. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-6156-8.

McClintock, John (2010). The Uniting of Nations: An Essay on Global Governance (3rd ed.). Brussels: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-90-5201-588-0.

McIlroy, John (2011). "Britain: How Neo-Liberalism Cut Unions Down to Size". In Gall, Gregor; Wilkinson, Adrian; Hurd, Richard. The International Handbook of Labour Unions: Responses to Neo-Liberalism. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 82–104. ISBN 978-1-84844-862-9.

Merkel, Wolfgang; Petring, Alexander; Henkes, Christian; Egle, Christoph (2008). Social Democracy in Power: The Capacity to Reform. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-43820-9.

Pugh, Martin (2011) [2010]. Speak for Britain! A New History of the Labour Party. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-09-952078-8.

Rentoul, John (2001). Tony Blair: Prime Minister. London: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-85496-2.

Riddell, Neil (1997). "The Catholic Church and the Labour Party, 1918–1931". Twentieth Century British History. 8 (2): 165–193. doi:10.1093/tcbh/8.2.165. ISSN 1477-4674.

Shaw, Eric (1988). Discipline and Discord in the Labour Party: The Politics of Managerial Control in the Labour Party, 1951–87. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2483-2.

Smith, Paul (2009). "New Labour and the Commonsense of Neoliberalism: Trade Unionism, Collective Bargaining and Workers' Rights". Industrial Relations Journal. 40 (4): 337–355. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2338.2009.00531.x. ISSN 1472-9296.

Smith, Paul; Morton, Gary (2006). "Nine Years of New Labour: Neoliberalism and Workers' Rights" (PDF). British Journal of Industrial Relations. 44 (3). doi:10.1111/j.1467-8543.2006.00506.x. ISSN 1467-8543. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

Taylor, A. J. P. (1965). English History: 1914–1945. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Thorpe, Andrew (1996). "The Industrial Meaning of 'Gradualism': The Labour Party and Industry, 1918–1931". Journal of British Studies. 35 (1): 84–113. ISSN 1545-6986. JSTOR 175746.

——— (2001). A History of the British Labour Party (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-92908-7.

——— (2008). A History of the British Labour Party (3rd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-11485-3.

Wright, Tony; Carter, Matt (1997). The People's Party: The History of the Labour Party. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27956-4.

Further reading

• Davies, A. J. To Build a New Jerusalem: Labour Movement from the 1890s to the 1990s (1996).
• Driver, Stephen and Luke Martell. New Labour: Politics after Thatcherism (Polity Press, wnd ed. 2006).
• Field, Geoffrey G. Blood, Sweat, and Toil: Remaking the British Working Class, 1939–1945 (2011) {{DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604111.001.0001}} online
• Foote, Geoffrey. The Labour Party's Political Thought: A History (Macmillan, 1997).
• Francis, Martin. Ideas and Policies under Labour 1945–51 (Manchester UP, 1997).
• Howell, David.British Social Democracy (Croom Helm, 1976)
• Howell, David. MacDonald's Party, (Oxford University Press, 2002).
• Kavanagh, Dennis. The Politics of the Labour Party (Routledge, 2013).
• Matthew, H. C. G., R. I. McKibbin, J. A. Kay. "The Franchise Factor in the Rise of the Labour Party," English Historical review 91#361 (Oct. 1976), pp. 723–752 in JSTOR
• Miliband, Ralph. Parliamentary Socialism (1972).
• Mioni, Michele. "The Attlee government and welfare state reforms in post-war Italian Socialism (1945–51): Between universalism and class policies." Labor History 57#2 (2016): 277-297. DOI:10.1080/0023656X.2015.1116811
• Morgan, Kenneth O. Labour in Power, 1945–51, OUP, 1984
• Morgan, Kenneth O. Labour People: Leaders and Lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock OUP, 1992, scholarly biographies of 30 key leaders.
• Pelling, Henry, and Alastair J. Reid, A Short History of the Labour Party, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005 ed.
• Ben Pimlott, Labour and the Left in the 1930s, Cambridge University Press, 1977.
• Plant, Raymond, Matt Beech and Kevin Hickson (2004), The Struggle for Labour's Soul: understanding Labour's political thought since 1945, Routledge
• Clive Ponting, Breach of Promise, 1964–70 (Penguin, 1990).
• Reeves, Rachel, and Martin McIvor. "Clement Attlee and the foundations of the British welfare state." Renewal: a Journal of Labour Politics 22.3/4 (2014): 42+ online.
• Rogers, Chris. "‘Hang on a Minute, I've Got a Great Idea’: From the Third Way to Mutual Advantage in the Political Economy of the British Labour Party." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 15#1 (2013): 53-69.
• Rosen, Greg, ed. Dictionary of Labour Biography. Politicos Publishing, 2001, 665pp; short biographies
• Rosen, Greg. Old Labour to New, Politicos Publishing, 2005
• Shaw, Eric. The Labour Party since 1979: Crisis and Transformation (Routledge, 1994).
• Shaw, Eric. "Understanding Labour Party Management under Tony Blair." Political Studies Review 14.2 (2016): 153-162.

External links

Official party websites

• Labour
• Scottish Labour
• Welsh Labour
• London Assembly Labour
• Young Labour – Party youth wing
• Labour Party in Northern Ireland
• Labour Party in Westminster

Other

• Labour History Group website
• Guardian Unlimited Politics—Special Report: Labour Party
• Tony Benn Speech Archive, former Labour Party Chairman, 1971–72
• Labour History Archive and Study Centre holds archives of the National Labour Party
• "Déroute historique des travaillistes". L'Humanité. 5 May 2008.
• Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform website
• Labour Party (UK) discography at Discogs