Oskemen

Öskemen
Өскемен

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Öskemen

Location in Kazakhstan

Coordinates: 49°59′N 82°37′E / 49.983°N 82.617°E / 49.983; 82.617
Country Kazakhstan
Region East Kazakhstan Region
Founded 1720
Incorporated (city) 1868
Government
 • Akim (mayor) Saparbayev Berdybek Mašbekovič
Area
 • Total 540 km2 (210 sq mi)
Elevation 283 m (928 ft)
Population (2013)
 • Total 321,251
 • Density 590/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
Time zone ALMT (UTC+6)
Postal code 070000–070019
Area code(s) +7 7232
Vehicle registration F, 16
Website www.oskemen.kz

Oskemen (Kazakh: Өскемен/Öskemen, ؤسكەمەن) or Ust-Kamenogorsk (Russian: Усть-Каменого́рск) is the administrative center of East Kazakhstan Region of Kazakhstan. It is served by Oskemen Airport. Population: 303,720 (2009 Census results);[1] 310,950 (1999 Census results).[1]

History

The city was founded in 1720 at the confluence of the Irtysh and Ulba rivers as a fort and trading post named Ust-Kamennaya.[2] It was established according to the order of the Russian Emperor Peter the Great, who sent a military expedition headed by major Ivan Vasilievich Likharev in the search of Yarkenda gold. Likharev’s expedition directed up the Irtysh river to Zaysan Lake. There, at the confluence of the Ulba and the Irtysh rivers the new fortress was laid – the Ust-Kamennaya Fortress. The Ust-Kamennaya Fortress appeared on the map of the Russian Empire, the very southern end of the Irtysh line.[3] In 1868 the city became the capital of the Semipalatinsk Oblast. It was the site of Georgy Malenkov's 30-year internal exile, during which he managed a local hydroelectric plant.[4]

The city developed into a major mining and metallurgical center during the Soviet period. Mining of non-ferrous metals, especially uranium, beryllium, tantalum, copper, lead, silver and zinc remain important. It is a center for the construction industry producing manufactured housing and ferroconcrete articles. The post-war industrial history of the city is very closely intertwined with the Soviet nuclear bomb project, and the city was therefore kept closed to outsiders. One of the main industrial enterprises, the Ulba Metal Works (UMW) which produced and still produce uranium products, was kept entirely secret despite it employing thousands of workers. An explosion at the UMW's beryllium production line in 1990 led to the diffusion of a highly toxic beryllium-containing "cloud" over the city. The health effects of this incident are not entirely known, partly because the incident was kept secret by the Soviet authorities. Kazakhs who have visited the city state it is highly polluted which has led to alarmingly high cancer rates (as of 2014).

Economy

Under the name of the Ust-Kamenogorsk Lock, the highest lock in the world lies at Ablaketka where it allows river traffic to pass around a hydroelectric dam on the Irtysh river. It has a drop of more than 40m.[5]

Since the opening of the Three Gorges locks, the upper lock of that five-lock cascade is theoretically on a par with this lock, but its full drop will be used only in extreme cases, while the Ust-Kamenogorsk lock is designed for permanent use at this height.

A new car plant owned jointly by AvtoVAZ and Azia Avto, which will produce 120,000 cars a year, will be open in 2016.[6]

Higher education

Sports

Religion

Mosque in Oskemen
Russian Orthodox Church

There are 32 religious unions, presenting 15 religious confessions, including Muslim, Christian and non-traditional religions. There are 21 cultural buildings in the city: among them mosques and Orthodox Christian churches.[9]

Transport

The city has an international Oskemen Airport.

The most popular form of public transport is the tram, although its share in total traffic is less than the bus.

Intercity bus service is carried out on two bus stations. The most extensive network (more than 35 lines) is the oldest railway station, which is located at the Sports Palace on the avenue to them. Abay (street Novoshkolnaya). From this station, buses are not only in the field of human settlements and the Republic, but also in the cities of Russia, such as Krasnoyarsk. The route network of the second station, located on the street. Grange, covers only the area (17 lines).

Climate

Oskemen has a continental climate with intermittent precipitation. The coldest months are November through March. Record low temperatures range from −49 °C in January to 4 °C in July, and record highs range from 8 °C in January to 43 °C in July.

Ecology

The number of enterprises in Ust-Kamenogorsk is very high relatively to the number of people living there. There are about 169 firms according to the data from 2002.[10] Most of them are industrial firms, which work on mining and processing raw materials and mostly heavy metals. To name a few there are several giants among those enterprises that all are situated in just one city:

1) Kazzinc is a major fully integrated zinc producer with considerable copper, precious metals and lead credits. The company was established in 1997 through the merger of Eastern Kazakhstan's three main non-ferrous metal companies - "Ust-Kamenogorsk Lead and Zinc Combinate", "Leninogorsk Polymetallic Combinate" and "Zyryanovsk Lead Combinate". The company continues to develop seeking to have its stable position among the world's five lowest cost zinc producers. Apart from zinc it produces on a large-scale lead, silver, copper, and many more.[11]

2) Titanium-Magnesium plant specializes on production and selling nonferrous metals.[12]

3) Ulba metallurgical plant produces hi-tech uranium, beryllium and tantalum products for the needs of atomic engineering, electronics, metallurgical and other spheres of operation. The company is among the leaders in production of their specific goods.[13]

4) Apart from the mining and processing companies there are numerous thermoelectric power stations and about 5 hydro power plants concentrated around the Ust-Kamenogorsk region of Eastern Kazakhstan.

As it should be expected all of the plants have their own contribution to the pollution of atmosphere, water, and the soil. This city’s situation is different from other cities like Almaty where the most part of the ecological problem comes from the car emissions. Here the atmosphere of the city holds the by-products of the heavy metals production as different as Nitrogen dioxide, Sulfur dioxide, Zn, Cd, Cl, As, C, Be, Phenol, Benzol, NaOH, NH3, Radioactivity etc. in general there are about 170 polluting components found in the city.[14]

There are 3 impact points that are influenced in Ust-Kamenogorsk. The atmosphere is hit most. With a poor urban ventilation (the average percentage of calm 48%),[15] with a large number of vehicles and stationary sources relevance of air pollution in Ust-Kamenogorsk is not in doubt. The concentration of harmful substanes in the air is increasing each year because of the nature of the companies which are looking for increases in the production and profits. As usual, the pollution is enhanced by the low quality of car fuels and increase in the number of cars. As a result of all this, Ust-Kamenogorsk is often recognized as one of the most polluted regional centers of Kazakhstan.

The most polluted rivers of the Republic are those flowing through the territory of the East Kazakhstan region, where the highest index of surface water pollution is observed in the mining areas and enrichment of polymetallic ores.[16] Mostly the water is affected through the industrial wastes and the storages of waste. Contamination of the water with lead, selenium, cadmium, nitrates spreads on many kilometers as a consequence of which a few drinking water intakes in the Western part of the city are closed or to be closed.

The soil close to the industry territories holds the solid wastes of the firms and becomes less suitable for planting. An increasing number of industrial waste requires a large area for the storage of waste.[17]

As a result of large production of uranium and presence of other radioactive elements such thorium, radon or radioactive dust the radioactive background of the city is remarkable with the zones of radioactive anomaly which are spread around the city.[18]

Ust-Kamenogorsk is known to be the leader in Kazakhstan by the number of people having respiratory problems and the diseases of immune system. The statistics shows that the most frequent diseases are respiratory diseases and the urogenital system diseases. In the last years, the number of people having cancer is also increasing.

Culture

The city has three cinemas (although during the Soviet era, there were a lot more), three museums, a drama theater with Russian and Kazakh (since 2000) troupes, the Boris Alexandrov Sports Palace.

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Oskemen is twinned with:

Notable residents

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Население Республики Казахстан" (in Russian). Департамент социальной и демографической статистики. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  2. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
  3. ↑ "Информация о городе". www.oskemen.kz. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
  4. ↑ Monday, Jul. 22, 1957 (July 22, 1957). "RUSSIA: The Quick & the Dead". TIME. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
  5. ↑ "Latest". Waterways World. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
  6. ↑ http://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/120-tyisyach-kazahstanskih-avto-v-god-budut-proizvodit-v-ust-kamenogorske-245229/
  7. ↑ http://akghaik.ru/photo/9-2-0-0-2?photo=170
  8. ↑ http://timeskz.kz/3670-na-chempionate-rk-po-rink-bendi-komanda-zko-zanyala-pervoe-mesto.html
  9. ↑ "Domestic policy". www.oskemen.kz. April 19, 2001. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
  10. ↑ "About the ecological situation of the environment of the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk". www.greensalvation.org. March 20, 2002. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  11. ↑ "About us". www.kazzinc.com. n.d. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  12. ↑ "Ust-Kamenogorsk Titanium Magnesium Plant JSC (UTMK)". www.kase.kz. n.d. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  13. ↑ "Company purposes". www.ulba.kz. n.d. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  14. ↑ "About the ecological situation of the environment of the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk". www.greensalvation.org. March 20, 2002. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  15. ↑ "About the ecological situation of the environment of the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk". www.greensalvation.org. March 20, 2002. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  16. ↑ "About the ecological situation of the environment of the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk". www.greensalvation.org. March 20, 2002. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  17. ↑ "About the ecological situation of the environment of the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk". www.greensalvation.org. March 20, 2002. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  18. ↑ "About the ecological situation of the environment of the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk". www.greensalvation.org. March 20, 2002. Retrieved April 10, 2016.

Coordinates: 49°59′N 82°37′E / 49.983°N 82.617°E / 49.983; 82.617

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