Vector spherical harmonics
In mathematics, vector spherical harmonics (VSH) are an extension of the scalar spherical harmonics for use with vector fields.
Definition
Several conventions have been used to define the VSH.[1][2][3][4][5] We follow that of Barrera et al.. Given a scalar spherical harmonic we define three VSH:
with being the unit vector along the radial direction and the position vector of the point with spherical coordinates , and. The radial factors are included to guarantee that the dimensions of the VSH are the same as those of the ordinary spherical harmonics and that the VSH do not depend on the radial spherical coordinate.
The interest of these new vector fields is to separate the radial dependence from the angular one when using spherical coordinates, so that a vector field admits a multipole expansion
The labels on the components reflect that is the radial component of the vector field, while and are transverse components.
Main Properties
Symmetry
Like the scalar spherical harmonics, the VSH satisfy
Orthogonality
The VSH are orthogonal in the usual three-dimensional way
but also in the Hilbert space
Vector multipole moments
The orthogonality relations allow one to compute the spherical multipole moments of a vector field as
The gradient of a scalar field
Given the multipole expansion of a scalar field
we can express its gradient in terms of the VSH as
Divergence
For any multipole field we have
By superposition we obtain the divergence of any vector field
we see that the component on is always solenoidal.
Curl
For any multipole field we have
By superposition we obtain the curl of any vector field
Examples
First vector spherical harmonics
The expression for negative values of m are obtained applying the symmetry relations.
Applications
Electrodynamics
The VSH are especially useful in the study of multipole radiation fields. For instance, a magnetic multipole is due to an oscillating current with angular frequency and complex amplitude
and the corresponding electric and magnetic fields can be written as
Substituting into Maxwell equations, Gauss' law is automatically satisfied
while Faraday's law decouples in
Gauss' law for the magnetic field implies
and Ampère-Maxwell's equation gives
In this way, the partial differential equations have been transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations.
Fluid dynamics
In the calculation of the Stokes' law for the drag that a viscous fluid exerts on a small spherical particle, the velocity distribution obeys Navier-Stokes equations neglecting inertia, i.e.
with the boundary conditions
being the relative velocity of the particle to the fluid far from the particle. In spherical coordinates this velocity at infinity can be written as
The last expression suggest an expansion on spherical harmonics for the liquid velocity and the pressure
Substitution in the Navier-Stokes equations produces a set of ordinary differential equations for the coefficients.
See also
- Spherical harmonics
- Spin spherical harmonics
- Multipole expansion
- Electromagnetic radiation
- Spherical coordinates
- Spherical basis
References
- ↑ R.G. Barrera, G.A. Estévez and J. Giraldo, Vector spherical harmonics and their application to magnetostatics, Eur. J. Phys. 6 287-294 (1985)
- ↑ B. Carrascal, G.A. Estevez, P. Lee and V. Lorenzo Vector spherical harmonics and their application to classical electrodynamics, Eur. J. Phys., 12, 184-191 (1991)
- ↑ E. L. Hill, The theory of Vector Spherical Harmonics, Am. J. Phys. 22, 211-214 (1954)
- ↑ E. J. Weinberg, Monopole vector spherical harmonics, Phys. Rev. D. 49, 1086-1092 (1994)
- ↑ P.M. Morse and H. Feshbach, Methods of Theoretical Physics, Part II, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1898-1901 (1953)