Western State Hospital (Virginia)

Western State Hospital
Geography
Location Staunton, Virginia, United States
History
Founded 1828
Links
Lists Hospitals in Virginia
Western State Hospital Complex

Overview of the complex
Location Jct. of U.S. 11 and U.S. 250, Staunton, Virginia
Coordinates 38°8′43″N 79°4′5″W / 38.14528°N 79.06806°W / 38.14528; -79.06806Coordinates: 38°8′43″N 79°4′5″W / 38.14528°N 79.06806°W / 38.14528; -79.06806
Area 43.9 acres (17.8 ha)
Built 1828
Architect William Small
Wiliam D. Phillips, Neilson, J.C; DeJarnette, Dr. Joseph, Commonwealth of Virginia
Architectural style Greek Revival, Classical Revival, Art Deco, Late 19th And Early 20th Century American Movements, Agricultural Vernacular
NRHP Reference # 69000362, 07000082, 07000766, 10000097[1]
VLR # 132-0009
Significant dates
Added to NRHP November 25, 1969, February 21, 2007, July 24, 2007, March 23, 2010
Designated VLR May 13, 1969, January 15, 1985, December 6, 2006, June 6, 2007, December 17, 2009[2]

Western State Hospital, called Western State Lunatic Asylum in its early years, is a hospital for the mentally ill in Staunton, Virginia, which admitted its first patient on July 24, 1828.

History

At Western State’s birth in 1828, the asylum's location seemed almost inevitable. Around 1825, significant changes in transportation occurred with improvements to Virginia roads. The most prominent road traveled was an old Iroquois warpath and colonial wagon trail that became the Valley Turnpike in the 1830s. Travel for Americans became “swifter, safer, and more convenient” and the increase in traffic through Staunton helped development and allowed easy transportation of patients throughout the state. In 1828, the ground’s location was on the outskirts of Staunton, but still very close to the downtown district and some residential areas. After the 1828 presidential election, a national trend towards humanitarian causes along with location catalyzed the project’s construction in Staunton specifically: “Staunton was destined to become renowned for educating two groups that had been left out of the traditional academic process- the handicapped and women.” Once the setting for a hospital was decided, the next step was the construction of a suitable structure.[3] The hospital was renamed Western State Hospital in 1894.

In its early days, the facility was a resort-style asylum. It had terraced gardens where patients could plant flowers and take walks, roof walks to provide mountain views, and many architectural details to create an atmosphere that would aid in the healing process. However, by the mid 19th Century, this utopian model of care had vanished, replaced by overcrowding in the facility and the warehousing of patients. Techniques such as "ankle and wrist restraints, physical coercion, and straitjackets" were used.[4] After the passage of the Eugenical Sterilization Act of 1924 in Virginia,[5] patients were forcibly sterilized at Western State[6] until the law authorizing the practice was repealed in the 1970s.[7] Later, electroshock therapy and lobotomies were practiced at the facility.[4] Joseph DeJarnette, a noted eugenicist, was director of the hospital from 1905 to 1943.[8]

Western State was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 25, 1969, but vacated the property in the 1970s when the hospital moved to its present site near Interstate 81. The original facility was then converted to the Staunton Correctional Center, a medium-security men's penitentiary. The prison closed in 2003, and the site was left vacant for several years. In 2005, the state of Virginia gave the property to the Staunton Industrial Authority.[9] The facility was converted again recently into condominiums called The Villages at Staunton.[4]

Western State Hospital Complex

The Western State Hospital Complex is a national historic district that encompasses 22 contributing buildings and 4 contributing structures. Notable buildings include the Dairy Barn (1927-1930, 1952), Milk House (1946), Boiler Plant (c. 1895), coal testle (c. 1899), Wheary Building (1935), Laundry and Personnel Quarters (1865), Male and Female Patient Wards (Building #36, 1875), Byrd Building (Building #37, 1928), Doctors’ Residences (1898-1939), The Main Building or Administration Building (Building 12, 1825-1828), The North Building (Building 7, 1835-1840), The Chapel (Building 13, 1843, 1851), and Ward 3 (Building 6, 1842).[10][11][12][13][14]

See also

Further Reading

References

  1. ↑ National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  2. ↑ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  3. ↑ Rouse, Parke (1975). Virginia. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
  4. 1 2 3 "The HooK: On architecture - Historic treatment: Staunton commits to Western State". Readthehook.com. 2006-02-02. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  5. ↑ HOUSE JOINT RESOLUTION NO. 607 (HJ607ER), "Expressing the General Assembly's regret for Virginia's experience with eugenics", Virginia Legislative Information System
  6. ↑ Amanda Brocato (2008). "The Campaign for Eugenics in Virginia: The Influence of Dr. J.S. DeJarnette". Augusta Historical Bulletin: 105–117.
  7. ↑ "Eugenics in Virginia". Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
  8. ↑ "Western State Hospital". Virginia.gov. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  9. ↑ "Virginia HB1943/SB1015". Retrieved 30 July 2011.
  10. ↑ Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Staff (April 1969). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Western State Hospital Complex" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources. and Accompanying photo and Accompanying map
  11. ↑ Division of Historic Landmarks Staff (January 1985). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Western State Hospital Complex" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
  12. ↑ Beth Scripps (August 2006). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Western State Hospital Complex" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
  13. ↑ Beth Scripps (February 2007). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Western State Hospital Complex" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
  14. ↑ Beth Scripps (September 2009). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Western State Hospital Complex" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
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