Chicago White Sox

"White Sox" and "White Socks" redirect here. For other uses, see White Sox (disambiguation).
Chicago White Sox
2016 Chicago White Sox season
Established in 1901
Team logoCap insignia
Major league affiliations
Current uniform
Retired numbers
Colors
  • Black, silver, white
              
Name
  • Chicago White Sox (1901–present)
Other nicknames
  • The Sox, The ChiSox, The South Siders, The Pale Hose
Ballpark
Major league titles
World Series titles (3)
AL Pennants (6)
Central Division titles (3)
West Division titles (2)
Front office
Owner(s) Jerry Reinsdorf
Manager Rick Renteria
General Manager Rick Hahn
President of Baseball Operations Kenny Williams

The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. The White Sox compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) Central division. The White Sox play their home games at Guaranteed Rate Field, located on the city's South Side. They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago; the other is the Chicago Cubs, who are a member of the National League (NL) Central division. The team is currently owned by Jerry Reinsdorf.

One of the American League's eight charter franchises, the Chicago team was established as a major league baseball club in 1900. The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings, but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox. The team played home games at South Side Park before, in 1910, moving to Comiskey Park for the next eight decades.

The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense-oriented team dubbed "the Hitless Wonders", and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte, Eddie Collins, and Shoeless Joe Jackson. The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal, in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games. In response, Major League Baseball's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life. In 1959, led by Early Wynn, Nellie Fox, Luis Aparicio and manager Al Lopez, the White Sox won the American League pennant. They won the AL pennant in 2005, and went on to win the World Series.

History

1906 White Sox, with club founder Charles Comiskey

The White Sox originated as the Sioux City Cornhuskers of the Western League, a minor league under the parameters of the National Agreement with the National League. In 1894, Charles Comiskey bought the Cornhuskers and moved them to St. Paul, Minnesota, where they became the St. Paul Saints. In 1900, with the approval of Western League president Ban Johnson, Charles Comiskey moved the Saints into his hometown neighborhood of Armour Square, Chicago, where they became known as the White Stockings, the former name of Chicago's National League team, the Orphans (now the Chicago Cubs).[1]

In 1901, the Western League broke the National Agreement and became the new major league American League. The very first season in the American League ended with a White Stockings championship.[2] However, that would be the end of the season as the World Series did not begin until 1903.[3] The franchise, now known as the Chicago White Sox, made its first World Series appearance in 1906, beating the crosstown Cubs in six games.[4]

The White Sox would win a third pennant and second World Series in 1917, beating the New York Giants in six games with help from stars Eddie Cicotte and "Shoeless" Joe Jackson.[5] The Sox were heavily favored in the 1919 World Series, but lost to the Cincinnati Reds in 8 games. Huge bets on the Reds fueled speculation that the series had been fixed. A criminal investigation went on in the 1920 season, and though all players were acquitted, commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned six of the White Sox players for life, in what was known as the Black Sox Scandal.[6] This set the franchise back, as they did not win another pennant for 40 years.

The White Sox did not finish in the upper half of the American League again until after club founder Charles Comiskey died and passed ownership of the club to his son, J. Louis Comiskey.[7] They finished in the upper half most years between 1936–1946 under the leadership of manager Jimmy Dykes, with star shortstop Luke Appling, known as Ol' Aches and Pains, and pitcher Ted Lyons. Appling and Lyons have their numbers 4 and 16 retired.[8]

After J. Louis Comiskey died in 1939, ownership of the club was passed down to his widow, Grace Comiskey. The club was later passed down to Grace's children Dorothy and Chuck in 1956, with Dorothy selling a majority share to a group led by Bill Veeck after the 1958 season.[9] Veeck was notorious for his promotional stunts, attracting fans to Comiskey Park with the new "exploding scoreboard" and outfield shower. In 1961, Arthur Allyn, Jr. briefly owned the club before selling to his brother John Allyn.

Al Lopez, manager of the Go-Go White Sox

From 1951–1967, the White Sox had their longest period of sustained success, scoring a winning record for 17 straight seasons. Known as the "Go-Go White Sox" for their tendency to focus on speed and getting on base versus power hitting, they featured stars such as Minnie Miñoso,[10] Nellie Fox,[11] Luis Aparicio,[12] Billy Pierce,[13] and Sherm Lollar.[14] From 1957–1965, the Sox were managed by Al Lopez. The Sox finished in the upper half of the American League in eight of his nine seasons, including six years in the top two of the league.[15] In 1959, the White Sox ended the New York Yankees dominance over the American League, and won their first pennant since the ill-fated 1919 campaign.[16] Despite winning game one of the 1959 World Series 11-0, they fell to the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games.[17]

The late 1960s and 70s were a tumultuous time for the Sox, as they struggled to win games and attract fans. Allyn and Bud Selig agreed to a handshake deal that would give Selig control of the club and move them to Milwaukee; however, this was blocked by the American League.[18] Selig instead bought the Seattle Pilots and moved them to Milwaukee, putting enormous pressure on the American League to place a team in Seattle. A plan was in place for the Sox to move to Seattle and for Charlie Finley to move his Oakland A's to Chicago. However, Chicago had a renewed interest in the Sox after the 1972 season, and the American League instead added the expansion Seattle Mariners. The 1972 White Sox were one of the lone successful season of this era, as Dick Allen wound up winning the American League MVP award.[19] Some have said that Dick Allen is responsible for saving the White Sox in Chicago. Bill Veeck returned as owner of the Sox in 1975, and despite not having much money, they managed to win 90 games in 1977, a team known as the South Side Hitmen.

However, the team's fortunes plummeted after the 1977 season, plagued by 90-loss teams and scarred by the notorious Disco Demolition Night promotion in 1979.[20] Bill Veeck was forced to sell the team. He rejected offers from ownership groups intent on moving the club to Denver, eventually agreeing to sell the club to Ed DeBartolo, who was the only prospective owner who promised to keep the Sox in Chicago. However, DeBartolo was rejected by the owners, and the club was then sold to a group headed by Jerry Reinsdorf and Eddie Einhorn. The Reinsdorf era started off well, as the Sox won their first division title in 1983, led by manager Tony La Russa[21] and stars Carlton Fisk, Tom Paciorek, Ron Kittle, Harold Baines, and LaMarr Hoyt.[22] During the 1986 season, La Russa was fired by announcer-turned-GM Ken Harrelson. La Russa went on to manage in six World Series (winning 3) with the Oakland A's and St. Louis Cardinals, ending up in the Hall of Fame as the third-winningest manager of all time.[23]

Frank Thomas in 1997

The White Sox struggled for the rest of the 1980s, as Chicago fought to keep the Sox in town. Reinsdorf wanted to replace the aging Comiskey Park, and sought public funds to do so. When talks stalled, there was a strong offer to move the team to the Tampa, Florida area.[24] Funding for a new ballpark was approved in an 11th hour deal by the Illinois State Legislature on June 30, 1988, with the stipulation that new park had to be built on the corner of 35th and Shields, across the street from the old ballpark, as opposed to the suburban ballpark the owners had designed.[18] Architects offered to redesign the ballpark to a more "retro" feel that would fit in the city blocks around Comiskey Park; however, the ownership group was set on a 1991 open date, and so they kept the old design.[25] In 1991, the new Comiskey Park opened. However, it would be rendered obsolete a year later with the opening of the retro-inspired Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The park, now known as Guaranteed Rate Field, underwent many renovations in the early 2000s to give it a more retro feel.

The White Sox were fairly successful in the 1990s and early 2000s, with 12 winning seasons between 1990–2005. First Baseman Frank Thomas became the face of the franchise, ending his career as the White Sox' all-time leader in runs, doubles, home runs, total bases and walks.[26] Other major players included Robin Ventura, Ozzie Guillén, Jack McDowell, and Bobby Thigpen.[27] The Sox would win the West division in 1993, and were in first place in 1994 when the season was cancelled due to the 1994 MLB Strike.

In 2004, Ozzie Guillén was hired as manager of his former team.[28] After finishing second in 2004, the Sox won 99 games and the Central Division title in 2005 behind the work of stars Paul Konerko, Mark Buehrle, A. J. Pierzynski, Joe Crede, and Orlando Hernandez.[29] They started the playoffs by sweeping the defending champion Boston Red Sox in the ALDS, and then beat the Angels in 5 games to win their first pennant in 46 years, thanks to 4 complete games by the White Sox rotation.[30] The White Sox went on to sweep the Houston Astros in the 2005 World Series, giving the Sox their first World Championship in 88 years.[31]

Guillen had marginal success during the rest of his tenure, with the Sox winning the Central Division title in 2008 after a one game playoff with the Minnesota Twins.[32] However, Guillen left the White Sox after the 2011 season, and was replaced by former teammate Robin Ventura. The White Sox finished the 2015 season, their 115th in Chicago, with a 76-86 record, a 3-game improvement over 2014.[33] Ventura is expected to return in 2016, with a young core featuring Jose Abreu, Adam Eaton, José Quintana, and Chris Sale.[34]

The White Sox recorded their 9000th win in franchise history against the home team Detroit by the score of 3-2 on Monday, September 21, 2015.

Ballparks

Main article: Guaranteed Rate Field

In the late 1980s, the franchise threatened to relocate to Tampa Bay (as did the San Francisco Giants), but frantic[35] lobbying on the part of the Illinois governor James R. Thompson and state legislature resulted in approval (by one vote) of public funding for a new stadium. Although designed primarily as a baseball stadium (as opposed to a "multipurpose" stadium) New Comiskey Park (redubbed U.S. Cellular Field in 2003 and Guaranteed Rate Field in 2016) was built in a 1960s style similar to Dodger Stadium and Kauffman Stadium. It opened in 1991 to positive reviews; many praised its wide open concourses, excellent sight lines, and natural grass (unlike other stadiums of the era such as Rogers Centre in Toronto). However, it was quickly overshadowed in the public imagination by the wave of "nostalgia" or "retro" ballparks, beginning with Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The park's inaugural season drew 2,934,154 fans — at the time, an all-time attendance record for any Chicago baseball team.

View from the upper deck of U.S. Cellular Field in 2006

Despite a number of innovations in its original construction — including a lower deck concourse that circumscribes the entire stadium, allowing a view of the game from any location — the park was often criticized for its sterile appearance and steep upper deck.

In recent years, money accrued from the sale of naming rights to U.S. Cellular has been allocated for renovations to make the park more aesthetically appealing and fan friendly. Notable renovations of early phases included: re-orientation of the bullpens parallel to the field of play (thus decreasing slightly the formerly symmetrical dimensions of the outfield); filling seats in up to and shortening the outfield wall; ballooning foul-line seat sections out toward the field of play; creating a new multi-tiered batter's eye, allowing fans to see out through one-way screens from the center-field vantage point, and complete with concession stand and bar-style seating on its 'fan deck'; renovating all concourse areas with brick, historic murals, and new concession stand ornaments to establish a more friendly feel. The stadium's steel and concrete was repainted dark gray and black. The scoreboard Jumbotron was also replaced with a new Mitsubishi Diamondvision HDTV giant screen.

More recently, the top quarter of the upper deck was removed in 2004 and a black wrought metal roof was placed over it, covering all but the first eight rows of seats. This decreased seating capacity from 47,098 to 40,615. 2005 also saw the introduction of the Scout Seats, redesignating (and re-upholstering) 200 lower deck seats behind home plate as an exclusive area, with seat-side waitstaff and a complete restaurant located underneath the concourse. The most significant structural addition besides the new roof was 2005's FUNdamentals Deck, a multi-tiered structure on the left field concourse containing batting cages, a small Tee Ball field, speed pitch, and several other child-themed activities intended to entertain and educate young fans with the help of coaching staff from the Chicago Bulls/Sox Training Academy. This structure was used during the 2005 playoffs by ESPN and Fox Broadcasting Company as a broadcasting platform.

Designed as a 7-phase plan, the renovations were completed before the 2007 season with the 7th and final phase. The most visible renovation in this final phase was replacing the original blue seats with green seats. The upper deck already had new green seats, put in before the beginning of the 2006 season. Beginning with the 2007 season a new luxury seating section was added in the former press box. This section has amenities similar to those of the Scout Seats section. After the 2007 season the ballpark continued renovation projects despite that the 7-phase plan was complete.

Previous ballparks

Batting practice at Comiskey Park in 1986

The St. Paul Saints first played their games at Lexington Park.[36] When they moved to Chicago's Armour Square neighborhood, they began play at the South Side Park. Previously a cricket ground, the park was located on the north side of 39th Street (now called Pershing Road) between South Wentworth and South Princeton Avenues.[37] Its massive dimensions yielded few home runs, which was to the advantage of the White Sox' Hitless Wonders teams of the early 20th century.[38]

After the 1909 season, the Sox moved 5 blocks to the north to play in the new Comiskey Park, while the 39th Street grounds became the home of the Chicago American Giants. Billed as the Baseball Palace of the World, it originally held 28,000 seats and eventually grew to hold over 50,000.[39] It became known for its many odd features, such as the outdoor shower and the exploding scoreboard. When it closed after the 1990 season, it was the oldest ballpark still in Major League Baseball.

Spring training ballparks

The White Sox have held spring training in Excelsior Springs, Missouri (1901–1902); Mobile (1903); Marlin Springs, Texas (1904); New Orleans, Louisiana (1905–1906); Mexico City (1907); Los Angeles (1908); San Francisco (1909–1910); Mineral Wells, Texas (1911, 1916–1919); Waco, Texas (1912, 1920); Paso Robles, California (1913–1915); Waxahachie, Texas (1921); Seguin, Texas (1922–1923); Winter Haven, Florida. (1924); Shreveport, Louisiana (1925–1928); Dallas, Texas (1929); San Antonio, Texas (1930–1932); Pasadena, California (1933–1942, 1946–1950); French Lick, Indiana (1943–1944); Terre Haute, Indiana (1945); Palm Springs, California (1951); El Centro, California (1952–1953); Tampa (1954–1959); and Sarasota (1960–1997). (1998–2007) the White Sox and Arizona Diamondbacks shared Tucson Electric Park in Tucson, Arizona for Spring Training in the Cactus League.[40]

On November 19, 2007, the cities of Glendale, Arizona and Phoenix, Arizona broke ground on the Cactus League's newest Spring Training facility. Camelback Ranch, the $76 million two-team facility will be the new home of both the White Sox and the Los Angeles Dodgers for their Spring Training programs. Aside from state-of-the-art baseball facilities at the 10,000-seat stadium the location includes residential, restaurant and retail development, a 4-star hotel and 18-hole golf course. Other amenities include 118,000 sq ft (11,000 m2) of Major and minor league clubhouses for the two teams, four Major League practice fields and eight minor league practice fields, two practice infields and parking to accommodate 5,000 vehicles.[41]

Logos and uniforms

Over the years the White Sox have become noted for many of their uniform innovations and changes. In 1960, the White Sox became the first team in the major sports to put players' last names on jerseys.

In 1912 the White Sox debuted one of the most enduring and famous logos in baseball—a large "S" in a Roman-style font, with a small "O" inside the top loop of the "S" and a small "X" inside the bottom loop. This is the logo associated with the 1917 World Series championship team and the 1919 Black Sox. With a couple of brief interruptions, the dark-blue logo with the large "S" lasted through 1938 (but continued in a modified block style into the 1940s). Through the 1940s, the White Sox team colors were primarily navy blue trimmed with red.

The White Sox logo in the 1950s and 1960s (actually beginning in the 1949 season) was the word "SOX" in an Old English font, diagonally arranged, with the "S" larger than the other two letters. From 1949 through 1963, the primary color was black (trimmed with red after 1951). The Old English "SOX" in black lettering is the logo associated with the Go-Go Sox era.

In 1964, the primary color went back to navy blue, and the road uniforms changed from gray to pale blue. In 1971, the team's primary color changed from royal blue to red, with the color of their pinstripes and caps changing to red. The 1971–1975 uniform included red socks.

In 1976 the team's uniforms changed again. The team's primary color changed back from red to navy. The team based their uniforms on a style worn in the early days of the franchise, with white jerseys worn at home, blue on the road. The team brought back white socks for the last time in team history. The socks featured a different stripe pattern every year. The team also had the option to wear blue or white pants with either jersey. Additionally the teams "SOX" logo was changed to a modern-looking "SOX" in a bold font, with 'CHICAGO' written across the jersey. Finally, the team's logo featured a silhouette of a batter over the words "SOX".

The new uniforms also featured collars and were designed to be worn untucked — both unprecedented. Yet by far the most unusual wrinkle was the option to wear shorts, which the White Sox did for the first game of a doubleheader against the Kansas City Royals in 1976. The Hollywood Stars of the Pacific Coast League had previously tried the same concept, it was also poorly received. Apart from aesthetic issues, as a practical matter shorts are not conducive to sliding, due to the likelihood of significant abrasions.

Upon taking over the team in 1980 new owners Eddie Einhorn and Jerry Reinsdorf announced a contest where fans were invited to create new uniforms for the White Sox. The winning entry was submitted by a fan where the word "SOX" was written across the front of the jersey, in the same font as a cap, inside of a large blue stripe trimmed with red. The red and blue stripes were also on the sleeves, and the road jerseys were gray to the home whites. In those jerseys the White Sox won 99 games and the AL West championship in 1983, the best record in the majors.

Alternate logo, on road uniforms (1991–2010)

After five years those uniforms were retired and replaced with a more basic uniform which had "White Sox" written across the front in script, with "Chicago" on the front of the road jersey. The cap logo was also changed to a cursive "C", although the batter logo was retained for several years.

For a mid-season 1990 game at Comiskey Park the White Sox appeared once in a uniform based on that of the 1917 White Sox.

The White Sox then switched their regular uniform style once more. In September, for the final series at Old Comiskey Park, the old English "SOX" logo (a slightly simplified version of the 1949–63 logo) was restored, and the new uniform also had the black pinstripes restored. The team's primary color changed back to black, this time with silver trim. The team also introduced a new sock logo—a white silhouette of a sock centered inside a white outline of a baseball diamond—which appeared as a sleeve patch on the away and alternate uniforms until 2011 when the patch was switched with the primary logo on the away uniform. With minor modifications (i.e., occasionally wearing vests, black game jerseys) the White Sox have used this style ever since.

During the 2012 and 2013 seasons, the White Sox wore their throwback uniforms at home every Sunday, starting with the 1972 red-pinstriped throwback jerseys worn during the 2012 season, followed by the 1981–86 uniforms the next season. In the 2014 season, the "Winning Ugly" throwbacks were promoted to full-time alternate status, and is now worn at home on select dates. In one game during the 2014 season, the White Sox paired their throwbacks with a cap featuring the batter logo instead of the wordmark "SOX"; this is currently their batting practice cap prior to games in the throwback uniforms.

Culture

Nicknames

The White Sox were originally known as the White Stockings, a reference to the original name of the Chicago Cubs.[42] To fit the name in headlines, local newspapers such as the Chicago Tribune abbreviated the name alternatively to Stox and Sox.[43] Charles Comiskey would officially adopt the White Sox nickname in the club's first years, making them the first team to officially use the "Sox" name. The Chicago White Sox are most prominently nicknamed "the South Siders", based on their particular district within Chicago. Other nicknames include the synonymous "Pale Hose";[44] "the ChiSox", a combination of "Chicago" and "Sox", used mostly by the national media to differentiate them between the Boston Red Sox (BoSox); and "the Good Guys", a reference to the team's one-time motto "Good guys wear black", coined by broadcaster Ken Harrelson. Most fans and Chicago media refer to the team as simply "the Sox". The Spanish language media sometimes refer to the team as Medias Blancas for "White Socks."

Several White Sox teams have received nicknames over the years:

Mascots

Southpaw

From 1961 until 1991, lifelong Chicago resident Andrew Rozdilsky performed as the unofficial yet popular mascot "Andy the Clown" for the White Sox at the original Comiskey Park. Known for his elongated "Come on you White Sox" battle cry, Andy got his start after a group of friends invited him to a Sox game in 1960, where he decided to wear his clown costume and entertain fans in his section. That response was so positive that when he won free 1961 season tickets, he decided to wear his costume to all games.[48] Comiskey Park ushers eventually offered free admission to Rozdilsky.[49] Starting in 1981, the new ownership group led by Jerry Reinsdorf introduced a twosome, called Ribbie and Roobarb, as the official team mascots, and banned Rozdilsky from performing in the lower seating level. Ribbie and Roobarb were very unpopular, as they were seen as an attempt to get rid of the beloved Andy the Clown.[50]

In 1988, the Sox got rid of Ribbie and Roobarb, and Andy The Clown was not permitted to perform in new Comiskey Park when it opened in 1991. In the early 1990s the White Sox had a cartoon mascot named, 'Waldo The White Sox Wolf' that advertised the 'Silver and Black Pack', the team kid's club at the time. The team's current mascot, SouthPaw, was introduced in 2004 to attract young fans.[51]

Fight and theme songs

Nancy Faust became the White Sox organist in 1970, a position she would hold for 40 years.[52] She was one of the first ballpark organists to play pop music, and became known for her songs playing on the names of opposing players (such as Iron Butterfly's "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" for Pete Incaviglia).[53] Her many years with the White Sox established her as one of the last great stadium organists. Since 2011, Lori Moreland has served as the White Sox organist.[54]

Similar to the Boston Red Sox with "Sweet Caroline" (and two songs named "Tessie"), and the New York Yankees with "Theme from New York, New York", several songs have become associated with the White Sox over the years. They include:

Rivalries

Crosstown Classic

Fielder Jones of the White Sox hits the ball against Cubs at West Side Grounds, 1905

The Chicago Cubs are the crosstown rivals of the White Sox, a rivalry that some made fun of prior to the White Sox's 2005 title because both of them had extremely long championship droughts. The nature of the rivalry is unique; with the exception of the 1906 World Series, in which the White Sox upset the favored Cubs, the teams never met in an official game until 1997, when interleague play was introduced. In the intervening time, the two teams sometimes met for exhibition games. The White Sox currently lead the regular season series 48–39, winning the last 4 seasons in a row. The BP Crosstown Cup was introduced in 2010 and the White Sox have won the trophy each time. There have been seven series sweeps since interleague play began: four by the Cubs in 1998, 2004, 2007, and 2008, and three by the White Sox in 1999, 2008 and 2012, with 1999 and 2012 occurring in Wrigley Field.

An example of this volatile rivalry is the game played between the White Sox and the Chicago Cubs at U.S. Cellular Field on May 20, 2006. White Sox catcher A. J. Pierzynski was running home on a sacrifice fly by center fielder Brian Anderson and smashed into Cubs catcher Michael Barrett, who was blocking home plate. Pierzynski lost his helmet in the collision, and slapped the plate as he rose. Barrett stopped him and, after exchanging a few words, punched Pierzynski in the face, causing a melee to ensue. Brian Anderson and Cubs first baseman John Mabry got involved in a separate confrontation, although it was later determined that Mabry was attempting to be a peacemaker. After 10 minutes of conferring following the fight, the umpires ejected Pierzynski, Barrett, Anderson, and Mabry. As Pierzynski entered his dugout, he pumped his arms, causing the soldout crowd at U.S. Cellular Field to erupt in cheers. When play resumed, White Sox second baseman Tadahito Iguchi blasted a grand slam to put the White Sox up 5–0 on their way to a 7–0 win over their crosstown rivals. While there are other major league cities and metropolitan areas in which two teams co-exist, all of the others feature at least one team which began playing there in 1961 or later, whereas the White Sox and Cubs have been competing for their city's fans since 1901.

Divisional

The White Sox enjoy healthy divisional rivalries. The Detroit Tigers are one of Chicago's primary rivals, and the cities of Chicago and Detroit share rivalries in other sports as well, such as the Bulls–Pistons rivalry, Blackhawks–Red Wings rivalry and the Bears–Lions rivalry. The rivalry has had its fair share of fights as well. The two teams are separated by a small under 5 hour drive.

The Minnesota Twins are high-profile rivals as well, with fans of both teams showing up to US Cellular Field and Target Field in healthy numbers. The White Sox and Twins also played in a one-game playoff in 2008, the White Sox would win the game 1–0 and the division.

Chicago has another rivalry with the Cleveland Indians. The rivalry first started upon the creation of the AL Central in 1994. On July 15, 1994 an umpire confiscated Albert Belle's bat, presuming that it was corked. They put it in the umpire's room at Comiskey Park. However, Indians pitcher Jason Grimsley climbed through the ceiling from the visitor's clubhouse and stole the bat. The theft was discovered and Belle was suspended; Grimsley later owned up to the theft. Belle further inflamed matters by spurning the Indians and signing a large free agent contract with the White Sox in 1997.

Historical

A historical regional rival was the St. Louis Browns. Through the 1953 season, the two teams were located fairly close to each other (including the 1901 season when the Browns were the Milwaukee Brewers), and could have been seen as the American League equivalent of the Cardinals–Cubs rivalry, being that Chicago and St. Louis have for years been connected by the same highway (U.S. Route 66 and now Interstate 55). The rivalry has been somewhat revived at times in the past, involving the Browns' current identity, the Baltimore Orioles, most notably in 1983.

The current Milwaukee Brewers franchise was also a primary White Sox rival, due to the proximity of the two cities, and with the teams competing in the same division for the 1970 and 1971 seasons, and then again from 1994 to 1997. The rivalry died down however, when the Brewers moved to the National League in 1998.

Broadcasting

Radio

Elson in the 1940s.

The White Sox did not sell exclusive rights for radio broadcasts from radio's inception until 1944, instead having local stations share rights for games.[57] The White Sox first granted exclusive rights in 1944, and would bounce between stations until 1952, when the White Sox started having all games broadcast on 1000 AM WCFL.[58] Throughout this period of instability, one thing remained constant: the White Sox play-by-play announcer, Bob Elson. Known as the "Commander", Elson was the voice of the Sox from 1929 until his departure from the club in 1970.[59] In 1979, he was the recipient of the Ford Frick Award, and his profile is permanently on display in the National Baseball Hall of Fame.

After the 1966 season, radio rights shifted from 1000 AM to 670 AM, WMAQ. An NBC owned & operated station, it was the home of the Sox until the 1996 season (with the exception of brief stints on 1300 AM WTAQ and 780 AM WBBM). After Elson's retirement in 1970, Harry Caray began his tenure as the voice of the White Sox, on radio as well as on television. Although best remembered as a broadcaster for the rival Cubs, Caray was very popular with White Sox fans, pining for a "cold one" during broadcasts.[60] Caray would often broadcast from the stands, sitting at a table set up amidst the bleachers. It became a badge of honor among Sox fans to "Buy Harry a beer..." By game's end you'd see a large stack of empty beer cups beside his microphone. This only endeared him to fans that much more. In fact, it was with the Sox that he started his tradition of leading the fans in the singing of Take Me Out To The Ballgame.[61] Caray, alongside color analyst Jimmy Piersall, was never afraid to criticize the Sox, which angered numerous Sox managers and players, notably Bill Melton and Chuck Tanner. He left to succeed Jack Brickhouse as the voice of the Cubs in 1981, where he became a national icon.

The White Sox shifted through several announcers in the 1980s, before hiring John Rooney as play-by-play announcer in 1989. In 1992, he was paired with color announcer Ed Farmer. In 14 seasons together, the duo became a highly celebrated announcing team, even being ranked by USA Today as the top broadcasting team in the American League.[62] Starting with Rooney and Farmer's fifth season together, Sox games returned to the 1000 AM frequency for the first time in 30 years (now the ESPN owned & operated station WMVP). The last game on WMVP was Game 4 of the 2005 World Series, with the White Sox clinching their first World Series title in 88 years. That also was Rooney's last game with the Sox, as he left to join the radio broadcast team of the St. Louis Cardinals.

In 2006, radio broadcasts returned to 670 AM, now the CBS-Owned all-sports station WSCR, branded as 670 the Score. Ed Farmer became the play-by-play man after Rooney left, joined in the booth by Chris Singleton from 2006–07 and then Steve Stone in 2008. In 2009, Darrin Jackson became the color announcer for White Sox radio, where he remains today.[63] Farmer and Jackson are joined by Chris Rogney, who hosts pregame and postgame shows on WSCR. The Chicago White Sox Radio Network currently has 18 affiliates in 3 states, and the White Sox are on contract with 670 the Score through the 2015 season.[64] As of recently, White Sox games are also broadcast in Spanish with play-by-play announcer Hector Molina joined in the booth by Billy Russo.[65] Formerly broadcasting on ESPN Deportes Radio via WNUA, games will begin to be broadcast on 1200 AM WRTO during the 2015 season.[66] Beginning with the 2016 season, the White Sox radio broadcasts will shift to 890 WLS AM.

Television

White Sox games appeared sporadically on television throughout the first half of the 20th century, most commonly announced by Jack Brickhouse on Channel 9, WGN-TV. Starting in 1968, Jack Drees took play-by-play duties as the Sox were broadcast on channel 32, WFLD.[67] After 1972, Harry Caray (joined by Jimmy Piersall in 1977) began double duty as a TV and Radio announcer for the Sox, as broadcasts were moved to channel 44, WSNS-TV, from 1972–1980, followed by one year on WGN-TV.

Don Drysdale became the play-by-play announcer in 1982, as the White Sox began splitting their broadcasts between WFLD and the new Pay-TV channel, Sportsvision. Ahead of its time, Sportsvision had a chance to gain huge profits for the Sox. However, few people would subscribe to the channel after being used to free-to-air broadcasts for many years, resulting in the franchise losing around $300,000 a month.[68] While this was going on, every Cubs game was on WGN, with Harry Caray becoming the national icon he never was with the White Sox. The relatively easy access to Cubs games versus Sox games in this era, combined with the popularity of Caray and the Cubs being owned by the Tribune Company, is said by some to be the main cause of the Cubs advantage in popularity over the Sox.

Harrelson in the broadcast booth in 2007

Three major changes to White Sox broadcasting happened each year from 1989 to 1991: in 1989, Sportsvision was replaced by the cable TV channel SportsChannel Chicago. In 1990, over-the-air broadcasts shifted back to WGN. And in 1991, Ken Harrelson became the play by play announcer of the White Sox.[69] One of the most polarizing figures in baseball, "Hawk" has been both adored and scorned for his emotive announcing style. His history of calling out umpires has earned him reprimands from the Commissioner's office, and he has been said to be the most biased announcer in baseball.[70] However, Harrelson has said that he is proud of being "the biggest homer in baseball", saying that he is a White Sox fan like his viewers.[71]

Currently, White Sox local television broadcasts are split between three channels: the majority of games are broadcast on cable by the regional sports network Comcast SportsNet Chicago (which the club has a 20% stake in), and remaining games are produced by WGN Sports and are broadcast locally on either WGN-TV or WPWR-TV. WGN and WPWR games are also occasionally picked up by local stations in Illinois, Iowa, and Indiana. In the past, WGN games were broadcast nationally on the WGN America superstation, but those broadcasts ended after the 2014 season as WGN America began its transition to a standard cable station.[72] WGN Sports-produced White Sox games not carried by WGN-TV were carried by WCIU-TV until the 2015 season, when they moved to MyNetworkTV station WPWR-TV.[73]

The announcers are the same no matter where the games are broadcast: Harrelson provides play-by-play, and Steve Stone has provided color analysis since 2009.[74] Games that are broadcast on CSN Chicago feature pregame and postgame shows, hosted by Chuck Garfein with analysis from Bill Melton and occasionally Frank Thomas. In 2016 the team announced an official split of the play-by-play duties, with either Harrelson or Chuck Swirsky calling road games and Cubs home games and Jason Benetti calling home games.[75]

Personnel

Current roster

Chicago White Sox 2017 spring training roster
40-man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches/Other

Pitchers

Catchers

Infielders

Outfielders

Manager

Coaches



38 active, 0 inactive, 0 non-roster invitees

7- or 10-day disabled list
* Not on active roster
† Suspended list
Roster, coaches, and NRIs updated December 2, 2016
Transactions • Depth Chart
→ All MLB rosters

Front office and key personnel

Chicago White Sox key personnel
Chairman Jerry Reinsdorf
Vice Chairman Eddie Einhorn
Senior Executive Vice President Howard Pizer
Executive Vice President Ken Williams
General Manager Rick Hahn
Assistant General Manager Buddy Bell
Senior Vice President, Administration Tim Buzard
Senior Vice President, Stadium Operations Terry Savarise
Senior Vice President, Communications Scott Reifert
Senior Vice President, Sales and Marketing Brooks Boyer
Head Groundskeeper Roger Bossard
Public Address Announcer Gene Honda
Organist Lori Moreland

Awards and accolades

World Series championships

Season Manager Regular season record World Series opponent World Series record Ref
1906 Fielder Jones 93–58 Chicago Cubs 4–2 [77]
1917 Pants Rowland 100–54 New York Giants 4–2 [78]
2005 Ozzie Guillén 99–63 Houston Astros 4–0 [79]
3 World Championships

American League championships

Note: American League Championship Series began in 1969

Season Manager Regular season record AL Runner-Up/ALCS opponent Games ahead/ALCS record Ref
1901 Clark Griffith 83–53 Boston Americans 4.0 [80]
1906 Fielder Jones 93–58 New York Highlanders 3.0 [77]
1917 Pants Rowland 100–54 Boston Red Sox 9.0 [78]
1919 Kid Gleason 88–52 Cleveland Indians 3.5 [81]
1959 Al Lopez 94–60 Cleveland Indians 5.0 [82]
2005 Ozzie Guillén 99–63 Los Angeles Angels 4–1 [79]
6 American League Championships

Award winners

Most Valuable Player[83]

Cy Young Award[84]

Manager of the Year[85]

Rookie of the Year[86]

Team captains

Retired numbers

The White Sox have retired a total of 11 jersey numbers: 10 worn by former White Sox and number 42 in honor of Jackie Robinson.[87]

Nellie
Fox
2B
 
Retired
May 1, 1976
Harold
Baines
RF, DH
Coach
Retired August 20, 1989
Luke
Appling
SS
Coach
Retired
June 7, 1975
Minnie
Miñoso
LF
Coach
Retired
May 8, 1983
Luis
Aparicio
SS
 
Retired August 14, 1984
Paul
Konerko
1B
 
Retired May 23, 2015
Ted
Lyons
P
 Manager
Retired July 25, 1987
Billy
Pierce
P
 
Retired July 25, 1987
Frank
Thomas
1B, DH
 
Retired August 29, 2010
Carlton
Fisk
C
 
Retired September 14, 1997
Jackie
Robinson
2B
 
Retired By all of MLB 1997

Luis Aparicio's number 11 was issued at his request for the 2010 and 2011 seasons for 11 time Gold Glove winner shortstop Omar Vizquel (because number 13 was used by manager Ozzie Guillén; Vizquel, like Aparicio and Guillen, play(ed) shortstop and all share a common Venezuelan heritage).[88]

Also, Harold Baines had his number 3 retired in 1989; it has since been 'unretired' 3 times in each of his subsequent returns.

Out of circulation, but not retired

Baseball Hall of Famers

Chicago White Sox Hall of Famers
Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
Chicago White Sox

Roberto Alomar
Luis Aparicio
Luke Appling
Chief Bender
Steve Carlton
Eddie Collins*
Charles Comiskey (Exec.)**

George Davis
Larry Doby
Hugh Duffy (Mgr.)
Johnny Evers
Red Faber
Carlton Fisk
Nellie Fox

Goose Gossage
Ken Griffey, Jr.
Clark Griffith
Harry Hooper
George Kell
Tony La Russa (Mgr.)

Bob Lemon (Mgr.)
Al Lopez (Mgr.)
Ted Lyons
Edd Roush
Red Ruffing
Ron Santo
Ray Schalk*

Tom Seaver
Al Simmons
Frank Thomas
Bill Veeck (Exec.)**
Ed Walsh*
Hoyt Wilhelm
Early Wynn

  • Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a White Sox cap insignia.
  • * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia.
  • ** Wears no cap, but the White Sox are considered their primary team

Ford C. Frick Award recipients

Chicago White Sox Ford C. Frick Award recipients
Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Jack Brickhouse

Harry Caray

Bob Elson

Milo Hamilton
  • Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the White Sox.

Minor league affiliates

Level Team League Location
AAA Charlotte Knights International League Charlotte, North Carolina
AA Birmingham Barons Southern League Birmingham, Alabama
Advanced A Winston-Salem Dash Carolina League Winston-Salem, North Carolina
A Kannapolis Intimidators South Atlantic League Kannapolis, North Carolina
Rookie Great Falls Voyagers Pioneer League Great Falls, Montana
DSL White Sox Dominican Summer League Boca Chica, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
AZL White Sox Arizona League Glendale, Arizona

Silver Chalice subsidiary

Silver Chalice is a digital and media investment subsidiary of the White Sox with Brooks Boyers is CEO.[89]

Silver Chalice was co-founded by Jerry Reinsdorf, White Sox executive Brooks Boyer, Jason Coyle and John Burris in 2009.[89][90] Chalice has since partnered with IMG on Campus Insiders, a college sports digital channel.[89] The company also invested in 120 Sports, a digital sports channel, that launched in June 2016.[90]

References

  1. ↑ Bova, George. "Sox Fans' Guide to Sox Uniforms". FlyingSock.Com. White Sox Interactive. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  2. ↑ "1901, after having won in the minor league American League in 1900. American League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  3. ↑ Stezano, Martin (October 24, 2012). "6 Things You May Not Know About the World Series". History. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  4. ↑ "1906 World Series". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  5. ↑ "1917 World Series". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  6. ↑ "The Black Sox". Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  7. ↑ "J. Louis Comiskey". Baseball Library. Idea Logical. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  8. ↑ "Retired Numbers". WhiteSox.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  9. ↑ "All-Time Owners". WhiteSox.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  10. ↑ "Minnie Miñoso". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  11. ↑ "Nellie Fox". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  12. ↑ "Luis Aparicio". Baseball Reference. Sport Reference. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  13. ↑ "Billy Pierce". Baseball Reference. Sport Reference. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  14. ↑ "Sherm Lollar". Baseball Reference. Sport Reference. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Al Lopez". Baseball Reference. Sport Reference. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  16. ↑ "1959 Chicago White Sox season". Baseball Reference. Sport Reference. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  17. ↑ "1959 World Series". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  18. 1 2 Bova, George. "Save Our Sox!". FlyingSock.com. White Sox Interactive. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  19. ↑ "Dick Allen". Baseball Reference. Sport Reference. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  20. ↑ Vettel, Phil. "Steve Dahl's Disco Demolition at Comiskey Park". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  21. ↑ "Tony La Russa". Baseball Reference. Sport Reference. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  22. ↑ "1983 Chicago White Sox Season". Baseball Reference. Sport Reference. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  23. ↑ Garfein, Chuck (February 4, 2013). "Hawk Opens Up on Firing La Russa". CSN Chicago. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  24. ↑ Sullivan, Paul Francis (June 21, 2011). "The Franchise moves that never happened". The Hardball Times. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  25. ↑ Bova, George. "A Conversation with Phillip Bess". FlyingSock.com. White Sox Interactive. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  26. ↑ "Frank Thomas". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  27. ↑ "1993 Chicago White Sox". Baseball Reference. Sport Reference. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  28. ↑ "Guillen Back with White Sox as Manager". ESPN. November 5, 2003. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
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  30. ↑ "2005 ALCS". Baseball Reference. Sport Reference. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  31. ↑ "White Sox end 88-year drought, sweep Astros to win World Series". ESPN. October 27, 2005. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  32. ↑ Merkin, Scott (October 1, 2008). "White Sox claim AL Central Crown". WhiteSox.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  33. ↑ van Schouwen, Daryl (October 4, 2015). "White Sox blanked in fitting finish to 2015". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  34. ↑ "2014 Chicago White Sox season". Baseball Reference. Sport Reference. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  35. ↑ Kass, John (May 12, 1988). "Thompson: Sox Vow To Stay If Bill Passes". Chicago Tribune.
  36. ↑ Thornley, Stew (2004). "Twin Cities Ballparks". stewthornley.net. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  37. ↑ "U.S. Cellular Field History". WhiteSox.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
  38. ↑ Healey, Paul. "South Side Park". Project Ballpark. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
  39. ↑ Fletcher, David J. "Never on a Friday". Chicago Baseball Museum. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
  40. ↑ "Chicago White Sox: Spring Training History". Spring Training Online. August Publications. Archived from the original on September 4, 2005. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  41. ↑ "Let's Play Ball!". Glendale AZ. June 26, 2007. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  42. ↑ "Chicago Cubs Team History & Encyclopedia". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  43. ↑ Engber, Daniel (October 25, 2015). "X Marks The Baseball team". Explainer. Slate. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  44. ↑ DeFord, Frank (May 18, 2005). "The Finest Nickname in Baseball". National Public Radio. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  45. ↑ "1906: The Hitless Wonders". This Great Game. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  46. ↑ Secter, Bob. "The 1959 'Go-Go' White Sox and the air-raid sirens". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  47. ↑ Evans, Sean (April 25, 2012). "The 25 Greatest Moments in White Sox History". Complex. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  48. ↑ Singer, Stacey (September 24, 1995). "Andrew Rozdilsky, 77, Clown for Sox". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  49. ↑ Ley, Tom (January 14, 2014). "A Brief History of Terrible Chicago Mascots". Deadspin. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  50. ↑ "White Sox History: The sad story of Ribbie and Roobarb". South Side Sox. SBNation. March 16, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  51. ↑ Padilla, Doug (January 23, 2014). "Sox: 'No grief about our mascot'". ESPN Chicago. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  52. ↑ Crouse, Karen (September 17, 2010). "Ballpark Farewell, Played Adagio". The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
  53. 1 2 Vickery, Hal. "Flashing Back with Nancy Faust". FlyingSock.com. White Sox Interactive. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  54. ↑ Austen, Jake (June 30, 2011). "An organist transplant for the White Sox". Chicago Reader. Sun-Times Media. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  55. ↑ Theiser, Kelly (October 18, 2005). "Go-Go song revival a hit with fans". White Sox official website. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  56. ↑ Brown, David (October 24, 2011). "Goodbye, Paul Leka: Writer of sports anthem 'Na Na Hey Hey' dies". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  57. ↑ "All-Time Broadcasters". WhiteSox.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  58. ↑ "Right on Q: A brief history of the White Sox on the radio". South Side Sox. SB Nation. May 17, 2014. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  59. ↑ "1979 Ford Frick Award Winner Bob Elson". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  60. ↑ "1989 Ford Frick Award Winner Harry Caray". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  61. ↑ Bohn, Matt. "Harry Caray". SABR.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  62. ↑ Gardner, Steve (July 26, 2005). "Rooney, Farmer give White Sox AL's top radio team". USA Today. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  63. ↑ "Broadcasters". WhiteSox.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  64. ↑ "Radio Afiliates". WhiteSox.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  65. ↑ "White Sox Announce new Spanish radio broadcasters". WhiteSox.com. MLB Advanced Media. March 28, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  66. ↑ "2015 Broadcast Schedule". Official Site of the Chicago White Sox. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  67. ↑ "All-Time Broadcasters- Television". WhiteSox.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  68. ↑ "White Sox History: The story of SportsVision". South Side Sox. SB Nation. November 30, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  69. ↑ Edelman, Alexander. "Ken Harrelson". SABR.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  70. ↑ "Selig reprimands Harrelson for rant against umpire". Chicago Tribune. June 1, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  71. ↑ Diamond, Jared (September 26, 2012). "How Biased Is Your Announcer?". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  72. ↑ Feder, Robert (December 15, 2014). "WGN America comes home to Chicago". Robert Feder. Retrieved May 25, 2015. (subscription required (help)).
  73. ↑ Sherman, Ed (February 19, 2015). "White Sox add WPWR-Ch. 50 to station rotation". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  74. ↑ Berger, Ralph. "Steve Stone". SABR.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  75. ↑ http://chicago.suntimes.com/baseball/7/71/1248502/white-sox-adding-jason-benetti-play-play-team. Retrieved January 13, 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  76. ↑ "Chicago White Sox Front Office". Official Site of the Chicago White Sox. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
  77. 1 2 "1906 Chicago White Sox". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
  78. 1 2 "1917 Chicago White Sox". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
  79. 1 2 "2005 Chicago White Sox". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
  80. ↑ "1901 Chicago White Sox". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
  81. ↑ "1919 Chicago White Sox". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
  82. ↑ "1959 Chicago White Sox". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
  83. ↑ "Most Valuable Player Winners". MLB.com. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
  84. ↑ "Cy Young Award winners". MLB.com. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
  85. ↑ "Manager of the Year Winners". MLB.com. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
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  87. ↑ "Retired Numbers". Chicago White Sox. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
  88. ↑ "White Sox Un-Retire Aparicio's Number, Vizquel to Wear No. 11 During 2010 Season". Press release. WhiteSox.com. MLB Advanced Media. February 8, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  89. 1 2 3 Sherman, Ed (April 21, 2014). "Executive Profile: Brooks Boyer". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing. pp. 1–3. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
  90. 1 2 Channick, Robert (June 25, 2014). "All-digital 120 Sports kicking off streaming network". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing. Retrieved August 17, 2016.

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