Hordeum

barley + wild barley
Hordeum vulgare f. distichon
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
(unranked):	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Genus:	Hordeum L.[1]
Type species
Hordeum vulgare L.[2][3]
Synonyms[4]
Zeocriton Wolf Critesion Raf. Critho E.Mey.

Hordeum is a genus of annual and perennial plants in the grass family. They are native throughout the temperate regions of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas.^{[5][6][7][8][9]}

One species, H. vulgare (barley), is of major commercial importance as a cereal grain, used as fodder crop and for malting in beer and whiskey production. Some species are nuisance weeds introduced worldwide by human activities others endangered due to habitat loss.

Hordeum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the flame, rustic shoulder-knot and setaceous Hebrew character.

The name comes from the Latin for bristle, and is akin to horror.

Species^{[4][10][11][12]}

1. Hordeum aegiceras - Mongolia, China including Tibet
2. Hordeum arizonicum USA (CA AZ NV NM), Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, Durango)
3. Hordeum bogdanii - from Turkey and European Russia to Mongolia
4. Hordeum brachyantherum - Russia (Kuril, Kamchatka), Alaska, Canada including Yukon, USA (mostly in the West but also scattered locales in the East), Baja California
5. Hordeum brachyatherum - Chile
6. Hordeum brevisubulatum - European Russia; temperate and subarctic Asia from Turkey and the Urals to China and Magadan
7. Hordeum bulbosum - Mediterranean, Central Asia
8. Hordeum californicum - USA (CA OR NV)
9. Hordeum capense - South Africa, Lesotho
10. Hordeum chilense - Argentina, Chile including Juan Fernández Is
11. Hordeum comosum - Argentina, Chile
12. Hordeum cordobense - northern Argentina
13. Hordeum depressum - USA (CA OR WA ID NV), British Columbia, Baja California
14. Hordeum distichon - Iraq
15. Hordeum erectifolium - northern Argentina
16. Hordeum euclaston - Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina
17. Hordeum flexuosum - Uruguay, Argentina
18. Hordeum fuegianum - Tierra del Fuego
19. Hordeum guatemalense - Guatemala
20. Hordeum halophilum - Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru
21. Hordeum jubatum (foxtail barley) - widespread in USA and Canada; Asiatic Russia, Inner Mongolia, Central Asia, Caucasus
22. Hordeum × lagunculciforme - Iraq, Turkmenistan, Himalayas, western China
23. Hordeum lechleri - Argentina, Chile
24. Hordeum marinum (sea barley) - Europe, North Africa, southwestern and central Asia
25. Hordeum murinum (wall barley) - Canary Islands, Europe, North Africa, southwestern and central Asia
26. Hordeum muticum - Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru
27. Hordeum parodii - Argentina
28. Hordeum patagonicum - Argentina, Chile
29. Hordeum × pavisii - France
30. Hordeum procerum - Argentina
31. Hordeum pubiflorum - Argentina, Chile
32. Hordeum pusillum (little barley) - widespread in Canada and USA; northern Mexico, Bermuda, Argentina
33. Hordeum roshevitzii - China, Korea, Primorye, Mongolia, Siberia, Kazakhstan
34. Hordeum secalinum - Europe, Mediterranean, Caucasus
35. Hordeum spontaneum - from Greece and Egypt to central China
36. Hordeum stenostachys - Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa
37. Hordeum tetraploidum - Argentina, Chile
38. Hordeum vulgare (barley) - native to Middle East, now cultivated in many countries

formerly included^[4]

Many species now regarded as better suited to other genera: Arrhenatherum, Crithopsis, Dasypyrum, Elymus, Eremopyrum, Hordelymus, Leymus, Psathyrostachys, and Taeniatherum

References

1. Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 84-85
2. lectotype designated by Bowden, Canadian Journal of Botany 37: 679 (1959)
3. Tropicos, Hordeum L.
4. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
5. Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 395 大麦属 da mai shu Hordeum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 84. 1753.
6. Flora of Pakistan
7. Altervista Flora Italiana genere Hordeum includes photos + distribution maps of several species
8. Cabi, E. & M. Doğan. 2012. Poaceae. 690–756. In A. Güner, S. Aslan, T. Ekim, M. Vural & M. T. Babaç (eds.) Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi. Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, Istanbul
9. Pohl, R. W. & G. Davidse. 1994. 60. Hordeum L. 6: 247. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez & A.O. Chater (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F..
10. Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
11. The Plant List search for Hordeum
12. Atlas of Living Australia

• R. von Bothmer; N. Jacobsen; C. Baden; R. B. Jørgensen; I. Linde-Laursen (1995). An ecogeographical study of the genus Hordeum, 2nd ed. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. ISBN 92-9043-229-2.
• F. R. Blattner (2004). "Phylogenetic analysis of Hordeum (Poaceae) as inferred by nuclear rDNA ITS sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (2): 289–299. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.012. PMID 15336664.
• F. R. Blattner (2006). "Multiple intercontinental dispersals shaped the distribution area of Hordeum (Poaceae)". New Phytologist. 169 (3): 603–614. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01610.x. PMID 16411962.
• F. R. Blattner (2009). "Progress in phylogenetic analysis and a new infrageneric classification of the barley genus Hordeum (Poaceae: Triticeae)". Breeding Science. 69 (5): 471–480. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.59.471.
• S. S. Jakob; A. Ihlow; F. R. Blattner (2007). "Combined ecological niche modelling and molecular phylogeography revealed the evolutionary history of Hordeum marinum (Poaceae) — niche differentiation, loss of genetic diversity, and speciation in Mediterranean Quaternary refugia". Molecular Ecology. 16 (8): 1713–1727. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03228.x. PMID 17402985.
• S. S. Jakob; E. Martinez-Meyer; F. R. Blattner (2009). "Phylogeographic analyses and paleodistribution modeling indicates Pleistocene in situ survival of Hordeum species (Poaceae) in southern Patagonia without genetic or spatial restriction". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (4): 907–923. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp012. PMID 19168565.
• T. Pleines; F. R. Blattner (2008). "Phylogeographic implications of an AFLP phylogeny of the American diploid Hordeum species (Poaceae: Triticeae)". Taxon. 57 (3): 875–881.

External links

• species of Hordeum in "Wildflowers of Israel": Spntaneous Barley, Bulbous Barley, Wall Barley, Hordeum marinum,
• Hordeum hystrix, Hordeum vulgare