Steagles

1943 Philadelphia-Pittsburgh Eagles-Steelers season
Head coach Greasy Neale & Walt Kiesling
Owner Alexis Thompson, Art Rooney & Bert Bell
Home field Shibe Park, Forbes Field
Results
Record 5–4–1
Division place 3rd NFL Eastern
Playoff finish did not qualify

The Steagles was the team created by the temporary merger of two National Football League (NFL) teams, the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Philadelphia Eagles, during the 1943 season. The teams were forced to merge because both had lost many players to military service during World War II. The league's official record book refers to the team as "Phil-Pitt Combine".[1] But the unofficial "Steagles," despite never being registered by the NFL, has become the enduring moniker.[2]

History

The prospect of a unified Pittsburgh-Philadelphia team actually predated World War II by several years. The Pennsylvania Keystoners were a team that was proposed in 1939, conceived with the intention of the Steelers and Eagles owners buying into one of the two teams, then spinning the other off to an ownership group in Boston, Massachusetts. League officials rejected the plan, though it resulted in a convoluted ownership "two-step" that left Eagles owner Bert Bell with a share in the Steelers franchise.

America entered World War II on December 7, 1941 with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Most of the young men who were of the age to play professional football were also of the age to fight for their country. 600 NFL players joined the armed forces.

Feeling that country at war still needed entertainment and sports were a much-needed diversion, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an inspirational message focused on the importance of Major League Baseball to Americans' morale. He made no mention of football, during that address, as baseball far surpassed football in popularity at the time. However at its 1943 annual spring meeting, the NFL decided to follow baseball's lead and continue play. Other football leagues, such as the 1940–41 American Football League, Dixie League and the American Association, decided to suspend operations instead, leaving the NFL and its West Coast counterpart, the Pacific Coast Professional Football League, as the only leagues playing professional football at the time.

Draft deferments

The young men who remained in the States to play football were deferred from the draft. The Steagles players were either unfit for military service for physical reasons or age, or active servicemen who had obtained leave to play. Three types of deferments defined 1943 NFL players. The first group was called 3-As. If a man was supporting a family the draft board would not make him a priority. The government defined a 3-A as a father whose child/children was born or conceived prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. The cutoff date for birth was September 15, 1942, precisely nine months and one week after Pearl Harbor. The second group consisted of those men who worked in the war industry, producing and preparing ammunition, weapons and materials. The third group (4-F'S) were those deemed physically unfit due to ailments such as ulcers, flat feet and even partial blindness. Most NFL football players wanted to join the war. In the early 1940s it was considered a patriotic duty to serve and fight for the country. Being classified as a 4-F was an embarrassment. Playing football and being ridiculed was added embarrassment. However, there was a feeling that if a man could play football then he could fight in the war. One Steagle and future Hall of Famer, Bill Hewitt, quit in the middle of the season. He could not take the ridicule and subsequent guilt feelings anymore. Hewitt was good enough to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971. However the players were not making the decisions on who could or could not fight. Men with flat feet were not drafted. They could lead normal lives and even play football, but the Army deemed that flat feet was not conducive to marching long distances. Similar reasons existed for other 4-F deferments. But numerous NFL players in 1943 had medical problems that kept them out of the military. Tony Bova, the Steagles' leading receiver with 17 receptions, was blind in one eye and partially blind in the other. Steagles guard Ed Michaels was nearly deaf and center Ray Graves was deaf in one ear.[3] One starting defensive end was blind in one eye and nearly legally blind in the other. The Steagles tailback John Butler made his first start one day after being ruled 4-F by his draft board for poor eyesight and bad knees.

1943 Steagles starting line-up
Back row (left to right): unknown, back (#11); Ben Kish, back (#44); Ernie Steele, halfback (#37)
Middle row: Roy Zimmerman, quarterback (#7)
Front row (left to right): Larry Cabrelli, end (#84); Bucko Kilroy, tackle (#76); Ed Michaels, guard (#60); Ray Graves, center (#52); Elbie Schultz, guard (#71); Vic Sears, tackle (#79); Bob Masters, end (#31)

1943 NFL Spring Meetings

Even with these deferments, NFL rosters were hurting. The Cleveland Rams suspended operations and the Pittsburgh Steelers had only six men left under contract while the Philadelphia Eagles had only sixteen. The 1943 NFL Draft did not help much. Most players drafted went off to the war instead of joining NFL teams. Further exacerbating the issue was the continued insistence of George Preston Marshall and other NFL on continuing the ten-year-old ban on black players, which disqualified potential replacement players such as Kenny Washington. The league nearly ceased operations before the 1943 season, but it continued.

Steelers' owner Art Rooney knew that the league needed at least eight teams to survive. Rooney's idea was to merge the Steelers with the Eagles.[4] This idea came quickly to him since two years earlier he thought about combining the two teams into the Pennsylvania Keystoners. Eagles' owner Alexis Thompson, who was serving in the US Army as a corporal, was not as keen on the plan since he at least had 16 players under contract. However Thompson remembered how Rooney in 1941 swapped cities with him, allowing him to keep the Eagles in Philadelphia, close to his New York City home. This led to an agreement on combining the teams.

The league approved the merger by a vote of 5–4.[5] However, several owners expressed fears that the merger would produce a team with an unfair advantage. The merger had a slight lean in favor of Philadelphia based on stipulations imposed by Thompson. The team would be known as the Philadelphia Eagles and be based in Philadelphia. Rooney had very little leverage, bringing only six players to the table. However he was successful in landing two home games in Pittsburgh, while Philadelphia would host four. The team was also to wear the Eagles' green and white colors instead of Pittsburgh's black and gold.[6] This event officially marked the only time in the Steelers history other than 1941, when green and white were used as well as black and gold, that the team colors were something other than black and gold. The league also stated that helmets were mandated for the first time[7] and that the league would expand in 1944, with the Boston Yanks paying $50,000 for entry into the league.[8]

1943 season

Pittsburgh-Philadelphia "Steagles" vs. New York Giants at Shibe Park
October 9, 1943

Philadelphia's Greasy Neale and Pittsburgh's Walt Kiesling would be co-head coaches because each coach refused to be demoted.[9] This led to several problems: the first being that the two men hated each other. Secondly even Kiesling's own players didn't like him so asking the Eagles players to like him was too much to ask. However Neale took advantage when Kiesling was delayed en route to camp, which was held at St. Joseph's College in Philadelphia.[10] By the time Keisling arrived, Neale already had the offense learning the T-formation, which was all the rage in those days because of its success in college football by Frank Leahy at Notre Dame and for Red Blaik at Army. This conflict led to Neale serving as the team's offensive coordinator while Kiesling served as the defensive coordinator. They would then split head coaching duties. According to defensive back Ernie Steele, the situation between the two coaches got so bad that Kiesling and Neale walked off the field after a heated argument in practice the Friday before a game. They returned for the game, but the players were nonetheless stunned. However, after the Steagles' in 1943 & Card-Pitt in 1944, Pittsburgh reverted to using the single-wing formation through 1952, becoming the last NFL team to ever use it as its primary offensive set.

Another difficult issue that at the time, was that the Steelers and Eagles were bitter interstate rivals, much like the NHL's Pittsburgh Penguins-Philadelphia Flyers rivalry of today, and usually ended up at near the bottom of standings each year. The Steagles were the only professional sports team where all the players held full-time war jobs, as it was a requirement of the team.[11] Playing football was seen as an extracurricular activity. All of the 25 players on the roster kept full-time jobs in defense plants. One of Pittsburgh's players, Ted Doyle, worked at Westinghouse Electric and figured out later that his work assisted the Manhattan Project, which was America's effort to build the first atomic bomb, according to Matthew Algeo's book Last Team Standing.

As the season got underway, fans and newspapers began calling the team the Steagles, a combination of Steelers and Eagles. It had a nice ring to it and was fair to both cities. Steagles eventually became the common name used for the team throughout most of the country, except in Philadelphia, where the writers and even the team insisted on being called the Philadelphia Eagles. Chet Smith, the sports editor of the Pittsburgh Press, was initially the one who wrote in a column the moniker Steagles, for the merged team[12] (and according to the Pittsburgh Post Gazette).

Slowly, the team began to come together, united by hard work, shared sacrifice, and teamwork. The Steagles jumped out to a 2–0 start after defeating the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants at Shibe Park. During the New York game the Steagles fumbled the ball a record 10 times, but managed to win 28–14. The Steagles record of 10 fumbles in game by 1 team is still in existence today. The squad of outcasts and misfits then banded together and managed to shockingly tie the defending champion Washington Redskins in their first meeting, and even defeated Washington in their second meeting. The team stumbled on the road and after seven games was 3–3–1. However the team regrouped during two games at Pittsburgh's Forbes Field, which were wins over the Chicago Cardinals on Halloween Night and over the Detroit Lions on Nov. 21. The team's final game was played in front of 35,000 fans at Shibe Park against Don Hutson and the Green Bay Packers Green Bay would go on to win the game 38–28.

Aftermath

Legacy

The Steagles 1943 season was the Philadelphia franchise's first winning season in its history and the second for Pittsburgh's.[13]

The next season, 1944, the NFL was back on solid footing. The Army had declared that it had enough soldiers and men over 26 years of age would not be drafted, though the league had another problem. With the Cleveland Rams back in operation, the expansion Boston Yanks team in the fold and the Eagles and Steelers back in their separate ways, the NFL had 11 teams, which created a nightmare with divisions and scheduling. NFL Commissioner Elmer Layden begged for two teams to combine again in 1944. Ten teams made for a perfect league and eleven seemed impossible. The Steelers were still short of players due to the war. Pittsburgh owner Art Rooney was unhappy with the "Phil-Pitt" arrangement, but wanted to keep it intact. However, Philadelphia refused, so the team merged with the Chicago Cardinals for the 1944 season, creating a team known as Card-Pitt. This "Card-Pitt" team was derisively called "carpet" due to going winless, and the commentary that "every team walked all over them". The war ended by the time the 1945 NFL season started, and with the Brooklyn Tigers and the aforementioned Boston franchise permanently merging, there was an even number of ten teams to the delight of owners.

The Eagles, now having enough players back from the war, resumed their traditional operation and continued under Neale, who took home back-to-back coach of the year awards as Philadelphia won consecutive NFL championships in 1948 and 1949.

Individually, the Steagles' Jack Hinkle ended the season with 571 rushing yards. He lost the rushing title to New York's Bill Paschal by one yard. Against those very Giants Hinkle was not given credit for a 37-yard run (they gave it to John Butler). Hinkle did not complain about not winning the NFL rushing crown.[13] He figured with a war going on there were better things to cry about. Tony Bova, a half-blind 4-F, led the team in receiving with 417 yards.

The 1971 film "The Steagle" starring Richard Benjamin takes its name from the Steagles football team. In the opening scene, the protagonist of the film, a bookish college professor, explains the history and meaning of the term to a pair of loudly arguing sports fans on a commuter train, and draws an admiring look from an attractive Asian woman who is a fellow passenger. The film concerns the personality change which overcomes the protagonist during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, and the film's title implicitly references the transient nature of the Steagles team, existing for only one brief season during a national crisis.

60th anniversary

The Steelers celebrated the 60th anniversary of the Steagles on August 17, 2003 during the pregame and halftime ceremonies at Heinz Field.

Six of the nine surviving members of that team were honored at halftime. Those members were quarterback Allie Sherman, running back and defensive back Ernie Steele, center Ray Graves, and tackles Al Wistert, Vic Sears, and Bucko Kilroy. End Tom Miller, tackle Ted Doyle and halfback John Hinkle were unable to attend.[14] Wistert was the last surviving player of the combine and died in 2016 All three of the surviving players belonged to the Eagles. Ted Doyle, who died in 2006, was the last surviving Steeler player from the team.[15]

In addition the Steelers recreated the Steagles era in their "Turn Back the Clock" ceremonies, including broadcasting in black and white on the Jumbotron and airing World War II footage during the national anthem. All live entertainment reflected the 1940s.[14] During the festivities the Steelers gave each of the six members a replica Steagles jersey to wear. The jerseys worn by honorees were later given back to the Steelers and sold to help benefit a local charity. The Steelers also painted the south end zone in plain diagonal white lines, a common practice in the NFL until the 1960s. The Steelers later kept the "plain" design in the south end zone permanently. The Eagles won the game 21–16.

Draft

Main article: 1943 NFL Draft

Player Selections

The table shows the Eagles selections and the Steelers selections and what picks they had that were traded away and the team that ended up with that pick. It is possible their pick ended up with this team via another team with whom they made a trade. Not shown are acquired picks that were traded away.

Philadelphia Eagles   Pittsburgh Steelers
Round Pick Player Position School Round Pick Player Position School
1 2 Joe Muha Fullback VMI 1 7 Bill Daley Fullback Minnesota
2 12 Lamar "Racehorse" Davis Back Georgia 2 no pick
3 17 Roy "Monk" Gafford Back Auburn 3 22 Jack Russell End Baylor
4 27 Bob Kennedy Back Washington State 4no pick
5 32 Al "Ox" Wistert Tackle Michigan 5 37 Harry Connolly Back Boston College
6 42 Bruno BanducciGuard Stanford 6 47 Lou SossamonCenterSouth Carolina
7 52 Walt Harrison Center Washington 7 57 Al Ratto Center St. Mary's (CA)
8 62 Bruce Alford End Texas Christian 8 67 Ray Curry End St. Mary's (CA)
9 72 Rocco Canale Guard Boston College 9 77 Ed Murphy End Holy Cross
10 82 Bill Conoly Tackle Texas 10 87 Dick Dwelle Back Rice
11 92 John Billman Guard Minnesota 11 97 Al Wukits Center Duquesne
12 102 Jack Donaldson Tackle Pennsylvania 12 107 Joe Repko Tackle Boston College
13 112 Bill Erickson Center Georgetown (DC) 13 117 Pete Boltrek Tackle North Carolina State
14 122 George Weeks End Alabama 14 127 Mort Shiekman Guard Pennsylvania
15 132 Russ Craft Back Alabama 15 137 Milt Crain Back Baylor
16 142 Paul Darling Back Iowa State 16 147 Max Kielbasa Back Duquesne
17 152 Walt Gorinski Back Louisiana State 17 157 Nick Skorich Guard Cincinnati
18 162 Bob Friedman Tackle Washington 18 167 Jackie Field Back Texas
19 172 Johnny Bezemes Back Holy Cross 19 177 Felix Bucek Guard Texas A&M
20 182 Chet Mutryn Back Xavier 20 187 Johnny Welsh Back Pennsylvania
21 192 Baptiste Manzini Center St. Vincent's 21 197 Tony Compagno Back St. Mary's (CA)
22 202 Bernie Gillespie End Scranton 22 207 Willie Zapalac Back Texas A&M
23 212 Jay "Mule" Lawhon Tackle Arkansas 23 217 George Bain Tackle Oregon State
24 222 Vince Zachem Center Morehead State 24 227 Harry Wynne Tackle Arkansas
25 232 Joe Schwarting End Texas 25 237 Joe Cibulas Tackle Duquesne
26 242 Bob Neff Tackle Notre Dame 26 247 Bill Yambrick Center Western Michigan
27 252 Art Macioszczyk Back Western Michigan 27 257 Jack Freeman Guard Texas
28 262 Jim Arata Tackle Xavier 28 267 Joe Goode Back Duquesne
29 272 Wally Scott End Texas 29 277 Jack Durishan Tackle Pittsburgh
30 282Stan JaworowskiTackleGeorgetown (DC) 30 287Fritz LobpriesGuardTexas
31 no pick 31 292 Art Jones Back Haverford
31 no pick 32 297 Bob Ruman Back Arizona

Exhibitions

Week Date Time Opponent Result Record Game Site Attendance Ref.
1 Saturday, September 11, 1943 night Green Bay Packers L 28–10 0–1 Forbes Field 18,000 [16]
2 Thursday, September 16, 1943 night Chicago Bears L 20–7 0–2 Shibe Park 30,000 [17]

Regular season

Schedule

Week Date Time Opponent Result Record Game Site Attendance Ref.
1 Saturday, October 2, 1943 night Brooklyn Dodgers W 17–10 1–0 Shibe Park 11,131 [18]
2 Saturday, October 9, 1943 night New York Giants W 28–14 2–0 Shibe Park 15,340 [19]
3 Sunday, October 17, 1943 day Chicago Bears L 48–21 2–1 Wrigley Field 21,744 [20]
4 Sunday, October 24, 1943 2:30 pm EDT New York Giants L 42–14 2–2 Polo Grounds 42,681 [21]
5 Sunday, October 31, 1943 day Chicago Cardinals W 34–13 3–2 Forbes Field 16,351 [22]
6 Sunday, November 7, 1943 day Washington Redskins T 14–14 3–2–1 Shibe Park 32,694 [23]
7 Sunday, November 14, 1943 day Brooklyn Dodgers L 13–7 3–3–1 Ebbets Field 7,613 [24]
8 Sunday, November 21, 1943 2:30 pm EDT Detroit Lions W 35–34 4–3–1 Forbes Field 23,338 [25]
9 Sunday, November 28, 1943 day Washington Redskins W 27–14 5–3–1 Griffith Stadium 35,540 [26]
10 Sunday, December 5, 1943 day Green Bay Packers L 38–28 5–4–1 Shibe Park 34,294 [27]

Standings

NFL Eastern Division
W L T PCT DIV PF PA STK
Washington Redskins 6 3 1 .667 2–3–1 229 137 L3
New York Giants 6 3 1 .667 5–1 197 170 W4
Phil-Pitt 5 4 1 .556 3–2–1 225 230 L1
Brooklyn Dodgers 2 8 0 .200 1–5 65 234 L2

Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.

Game summaries

Week 1: vs. Brooklyn Dodgers

1 2 3 4 Total
Dodgers 0 0 0 0 0
Steagles 10 7 0 0 17

The Steagles held the Dodgers to minus 33 rushing yards; this was the second lowest rushing total posted by a single team in an NFL game to that point. It currently ranks as the third-lowest rushing output in league history.[29]

Week 2: vs. New York Giants

1 2 3 4 Total
Giants 14 0 0 0 14
Steagles 0 7 0 21 28

Despite setting a league record by fumbling the ball ten times, the Steagles overcame the Giants on the strength of three fourth-quarter touchdowns. The mark of ten fumbles in a game by one team has since been matched three times, but it has never been topped.[31]

Week 3: at Chicago Bears

1 2 3 4 Total
Steagles 7 0 0 14 21
Bears 7 28 7 6 48

Week 4: at New York Giants

1 2 3 4 Total
Steagles 0 0 0 14 14
Giants 14 14 14 0 42

Week 5: vs. Chicago Cardinals

1 2 3 4 Total
Cardinals 0 13 0 0 13
Steagles 21 0 0 13 34

Week 6: vs. Washington Redskins

1 2 3 4 Total
Redskins 0 0 7 7 14
Steagles 0 0 7 7 14

The 1942 NFL Champion Washington Redskins come to Philadelphia with a 13 regular season game winning streak, and for 1943 scoring an avg of 30 points per game and allowing on 6 a game.

Week 7: at Brooklyn Dodgers

1 2 3 4 Total
Steagles 7 0 0 0 7
Dodgers 0 7 6 0 13

Week 8: vs. Detroit Lions

1 2 3 4 Total
Lions 0 13 7 14 34
Steagles 7 7 7 14 35

Week 9: at Washington Redskins

1 2 3 4 Total
Steagles 7 0 7 13 27
Washington 0 0 7 7 14

Week 10: vs. Green Bay Packers

1 2 3 4 Total
Packers 14 3 7 14 38
Steagles 14 0 0 14 28

Roster

## = Eagles player
## = Steelers player
Positions key
E End B Back HB Halfback TB Tailback
DB Defensive back T Tackle G Guard FB Fullback
C Center DE Defensive end MG Middle guard DT Defensive tackle
LB Linebacker K Placekicker QB Quarterback HC Head coach
Players and coaches of the 1943 Phil/Pitt "Steagles":[34][35][36]
    		Player Pos. GP GS Ht. Wt. Age Yrs. College Draft Status
    — Greasy Neale co-HC (offense) 53 3rd West Virginia Wesleyan
    — Walt Kiesling co-HC (defense) 40 5th St. Thomas (MN)
    85 Tony Bova E/ B 10 6 6–1 190 26 1 St. Francis (PA) 4-F (eyesight)
    27John Butler HB/ TB 10105–1018525R Tennessee 4-F (eyesight, knees)
    84Larry Cabrelli E/ DB 1095–11194262Colgate 4-F (knee)
    75Rocco Canale T/ G 405–1124026RBoston College 1-A (active duty Army)
    67 Enio "Ed" Conti G 1015–1120430 2Arkansas / Bucknell 3-A (father)
    72Ted Doyle T/ G 1046–2224295Nebraska 3-A (father)
    61 Joe Frank T 202176–1282Georgetown (DC)
    32Charlie Gauer FB/ E 916–221322RColgate 4-F (ulcers, knee)
    52 Ray Graves C 1096–1205251Tennessee / Tenn. Wesleyan 4-F (hearing)
    82 Bill Hewitt E/ DE 641906–4341Michigan 4-F (perforated eardrum)
    43 Jack Hinkle B 1095–919026 11 Syracuse 4-F (ulcers)
    76 Frank "Bucko" Kilroy G/ MG/ T/ DT 946–224322RNotre Dame / Temple 1-A (active duty Merchant Marine)
    44 Ben Kish B 1096–0207263Pittsburgh 4-F (head injury)
    15 Ted Laux HB/ DB 405–1018525RSt. Joseph's (PA)
    31 Bob Masters HB/ E 305–11200326Baylor
    25Hugh McCullough TB/ HB106–0185274Oklahoma
    60 Ed MichaelsG 1095–1120529RVillanova 4-F (hearing)
    89 Tom Miller DE/ E 1016–220225 RHampden-Sydney 4-F (hearing)
    61 Gordon PaschkaFB/ G 1016–022023RMinnesota 3-A (father)
    ? Ray ReuttE106–019526RVMI
    33 Steve Sader FB 205–1118026R none
    71 Eberle "Elbie" Schultz T/ G 10 96–4252 26 3Oregon State 3-A (father)
    79 Vic Sears T/ DT 10106–3 223262Oregon State 4-F (ulcers)
    10 Allie Sherman QB805–1117025RBrooklyn 4-F (perforated eardrums)
    37 Ernie Steele HB/ DB 1016–0187261Washington 3-A (father)
    36 Dean Steward HB 606–021020RUrsinus 1-A (drafted in 1944)
    49 Bob Thurbon HB 915–1017625RPittsburgh 4-F (reason unknown)
    70Al Wistert T/ G/ DT 926–121423RMichigan 4-F (osteomyelitis)
    50Al Wukits C/ LB/ G 1016–321826RDuquesne 4-F (hernia)
    7 Roy Zimmerman QB/ B/ K 1096–2201253San Jose State 3-C (father, farmer)

    References

    1. ↑ "1943 Statistics". National Football League. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
    2. ↑ Robinson, Joshua (January 14, 1989). "Steelers Shared Resources With 2 Teams During World War II". New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
    3. ↑ Robinson, Alan (November 5, 2004). "During one difficult season, the Eagles and Steelers were one". Sporting News. Archived from the original on June 1, 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
    4. ↑ Algeo, 2006, p. 40-41.
    5. ↑ Algeo, 2006, p. 49-50.
    6. ↑ Algeo, 2006, p. 50.
    7. ↑ Algeo, 2006, p. 29-33.
    8. ↑ Algeo, 2006, p. 51.
    9. ↑ Algeo, 2006, p. 58.
    10. ↑ "Eagles-Steelers Plan Drills at St. Joe". Reading Eagle. AP. August 20, 1943. p. 21. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
    11. ↑ Algeo, 2006, p.129.
    12. ↑ Algeo, 2006, p. 65.
    13. 1 2 Algeo, 2006, p. 202.
    14. 1 2 DiPaola, Jerry (August 16, 2003). "World War II Steagles to be honored at tonight's game". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
    15. ↑ "Pro Football Deaths 2006". Retrieved June 10, 2011.
    16. ↑ Beachler, Eddie (September 12, 1943). "Fumbles Hurt Steagles as Green Bay Wins, 28–10". Pittsburgh Press. p. 34. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
    17. ↑ "Luckman's Passes Topple Steelers". Pittsburgh Press. UP. September 17, 1943. p. 43. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
    18. 1 2 3 4 "Steagles Wallop Dodgers in Opener, 17–0". Pittsburgh Press. October 3, 1943. p. 12 (3rd section). Retrieved June 2, 2011.
    19. 1 2 3 4 "Steagles Rally to Win Over Giants". Pittsburgh Press. October 10, 1943. p. 13 (3rd section). Retrieved June 2, 2011.
    20. 1 2 3 4 Muldoon, Cecil G. (October 18, 1943). "One Taste of Bear Enough for Steagles!". Pittsburgh Press. p. 20. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
    21. 1 2 3 4 5 Muldoon, Cecil G. (October 25, 1943). "Giants Soundly Thrash Inept Steagles". Pittsburgh Press. p. 18. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
    22. 1 2 3 4 5 Muldoon, Cecil G. (November 1, 1943). "Kickoffs Play Key Role in Steagle Win". Pittsburgh Press. p. 22. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
    23. 1 2 3 4 5 Muldoon, Cecil G. (November 8, 1943). "Inspired Steagles Tie Redskins, 14–14". Pittsburgh Press. p. 20. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
    24. 1 2 3 4 5 Muldoon, Cecil G. (November 15, 1943). "Gambling on Crippled Star Beats Steagles". Pittsburgh Press. p. 22. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
    25. 1 2 3 4 5 Muldoon, Cecil G. (November 22, 1943). "Steagles, Lions Stage Touchdown Circus". Pittsburgh Press. p. 24. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
    26. 1 2 3 4 5 Muldoon, Cecil G. (November 29, 1943). "Steagle Line Outstanding in Upset Win". Pittsburgh Press. p. 22. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
    27. 1 2 3 4 Muldoon, Cecil G. (December 6, 1943). "Defeat Ends Good Season for Steagles". Pittsburgh Press. p. 26. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
    28. ↑ Effrats, Louis (October 3, 1943). "Steagles Conquer Dodger Eleven, 17–0". New York Times.
    29. ↑ 2010 NFL Record and Fact Book (PDF). National Football League. p. 569. ISBN 978-1-60320-833-8. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
    30. ↑ Effrat, Louis (October 10, 1943). "Steagles Defeat Giant Eleven 28–14". New York Times.
    31. ↑ 2010 NFL Record and Fact Book (2010), p.574
    32. 1 2 "Bears Overcome Steagles, 48–21; Magnani Runs 96 Yards, Clark 81". New York Times. AP. October 18, 1943.
    33. ↑ Sell, Jack (December 6, 1943). Pittsburgh Post Gazette. p. 18 https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fgcwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1GkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5293%2C2606821. Retrieved June 6, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
    34. ↑ http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/phi/1943.htm
    35. ↑ http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=PHI&lg=nfl&yr=1943
    36. ↑ Algeo, Matthew (2006). Last Team Standing: How the Steelers and the Eagles—"The Steagles"—Saved Pro Football During World War II. Da Capo Press. pp. vi–vii. ISBN 978-0-306-81472-3.

    Sources

    Further reading

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