Canadian federal election, 1930

Canadian federal election, 1930

July 28, 1930

245 seats in the 17th Canadian Parliament 123 seats needed for a majority   First party Second party   Leader R. B. Bennett W. L. Mackenzie King Party Conservative Liberal Leader since 1927 1919 Leader's seat Calgary West Prince Albert Last election 91 116 Seats won 135 89 Seat change 44 27 Popular vote 1,863,115 1,716,798 Percentage 47.79% 45.5% Swing 3.08pp 1.29pp   Third party Fourth party   Party United Farmers of Alberta Progressive Last election 11 11 Seats won 9 3 Seat change 2 8 Popular vote 56,968 70,822 Percentage 1.46% 1.82% Swing 0.55pp 2.41pp

Prime Minister before election William Lyon Mackenzie King Liberal Prime Minister-designate R. B. Bennett Conservative

The Canadian federal election of 1930 was held on July 28, 1930, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 17th Parliament of Canada. Richard Bedford Bennett's Conservative Party won a majority government, defeating the Liberal Party led by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King.

The first signs of the Great Depression were clearly evident by the 1930 election, and Conservative party leader Richard Bennett campaigned on a platform of aggressive measures in order to combat it.

“	"I propose that any government of which I am the head will at the first session of parliament initiate whatever action is necessary to that end, or perish in the attempt."	”
	— Richard Bennett, June 9, 1930

Part of the reason for Bennett's success lay in the Liberals' own handling of the rising unemployment of 1930. Touting the Liberal formula as the reason for the economic prosperity of the 1920s, for example, left the Liberals carrying much of the responsibility, whether deserved or not, for the consequences of the crash of the American stock market.

Liberal election poster in French, showing King forging a chain link.

King was apparently oblivious to the rising unemployment that greeted the 1930s, and continued to laud his government's hand in Canada's prosperity. Demands for aid were met with accusations of being the part of a great "Tory conspiracy," which led King to make his famous "five-cent piece" outburst, alienating a growing number of voters. In retrospect, one can understand King's reasoning. Both the Western mayors and provincial Premiers who had visited King with requests of relief were overwhelmingly Conservative: in the Premiers' case, seven out of nine. King concluded in Parliamentary debates that though aid was a provincial jurisdiction, the fact that he believed there to be no unemployment problem meant that the requests from the provinces appeared to be nothing more than political grandstanding. The Federal Conservatives had certainly exaggerated the Depression in its early stages solely to attack King's government.

Several other factors entered into King's defeat. Though obtaining funds from sometimes dubious sources was not a problem, the Liberal election machine was not as efficient as it once was, primarily due to the cause of the age and poor health of many chief strategists. King's campaign was the epitome of Murphy's law: every campaign stop appeared to meet the Prime Minister with some kind of mishap.

By contrast, Bennett's Conservatives were electric. The self-made man who led them had practically rebuilt his party (a significant part of it with his own funds) and developed an election machine which could rival the Liberals'. Aside from superior party organization, the Tories used it. They bought out newspapers in key areas (notably the Liberal strongholds of the West, and Quebec) and ensured that pro-Tory slants were kept. In the first election where radio played an important role, Bennett's vibrant, zealous voice was extremely preferable to King's. (The Tory machine, of course, ensured that only the best radio spots were available to Bennett.)

Also, Bennett's tariff policy, epitomized by his infamous promise to "blast" Canada's way into world markets, was extremely well received in the key Liberal strongholds of the West and Quebec. In the West, agricultural production had been hurt by worldwide overproduction, and certain agricultural groups in Quebec firmly endorsed Bennett's tariff policy. Bennett's Conservatives won much of the former Progressive and Farmers' vote in the West, and they were elected with 44% of the popular vote in Quebec as a protest vote.

All those factors led to Bennett's eventual election.

Canadian voters agreed with Bennett and the Conservatives were elected with a majority of 135 seats in the House Of Commons. The incumbent Liberals under William Lyon Mackenzie King became the official opposition after being reduced to 89, with the Progressives taking only 3.

“	Richard Bennett leads the Tories to a smashing federal victory, defeating Mackenzie King's Liberals as voters vent their anger over the depression.	”
	— Newspaper headline from July 28, 1930.

Unfortunately for Bennett and the Conservatives, the Depression brought complex problems to politicians and extreme hardship for most Canadians. Bennett and the Conservatives lost the 1935 election to the Liberals under the previous Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King.

The Canadian parliament after the 1930 election

The voter turnout was 73.5%.

National results

↓
135	89	9	3	9
Conservative	Liberal	UFA	P	O

Party		Party leader	# of candidates	Seats			Popular vote
				1926	Elected	% Change	#	%	pp Change
	Conservative	R. B. Bennett	229	91	135	+69.6%	1,863,115	47.79%	+3.07
	Liberal	W. L. Mackenzie King	226	116	89	-21.1%	1,716,798	44.03%	+1.29
	United Farmers of Alberta		10	11	9	-18.2%	56,968	1.46%	-0.55
	Progressive		15	11	3	-72.7%	70,822	1.82%	-2.41
	Liberal–Progressive		8	8	3	-62.5%	44,822	1.15%	-0.94
	Labour	J.S. Woodsworth	8	4	2	-50.0%	26,548	0.68%	-0.95
	Independent		11	2	2	-	21,608	0.55%	-0.30
	Progressive-Conservative		2	-	1		15,996	0.41%	+0.1
	Independent Labour		2	*	1	*	15,988	0.41%	*
	Independent Liberal		8	1	-	-100%	14,426	0.37%	-0.25
	Farmer		5	*	-	*	11,999	0.31%	*
	Independent Conservative		6	-	-	-	10,360	0.27%	-0.07
	Unknown		2	-	-	-	7,441	0.19%	+0.08
	Liberal-Labour		1	-	-	-	7,195	0.18%	+0.05
	Communist	Tim Buck	6	*	-	*	4,557	0.12%	*
	Labour-Farmer		2	-	-	-	3,276	0.08%	+0.04
	Liberal-Protectionist		1	*	-	*	2,723	0.07%	*
	Farmer-Labour		1	*	-	*	2,091	0.05%	*
	Independent Progressive		1	*	-	*	1,294	0.03%	*
	Franc Lib		1	*	-	*	429	0.01%	*
	Prohibitionist		1	*	-	*	266	0.01%	*
Total			546	245	245	-	3,898,722	100%
Sources: http://www.elections.ca -- History of Federal Ridings since 1867

Note:

* The party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.

Vote and seat summaries

Popular vote
Conservative			47.79%
Liberal			44.03%
Progressive			1.82%
United Farmers			1.46%
Others			4.90%

Seat totals
Conservative			55.10%
Liberal			36.33%
United Farmers			3.67%
Progressive			1.22%
Others			3.67%

Results by province

Party name			BC	AB	SK	MB	ON	QC	NB	NS	PE	YK	Total
	Conservative	Seats:	7	4	7	10	59	24	10	10	3	1	135
		Popular vote (%):	49.3%	35.0%	33.6%	44.1%	53.9%	43.7%	59.3%	52.5%	50.0%	60.3%	47.8%
	Liberal	Seats:	5	3	12	1	22	40	1	4	1	-	89
		Vote:	40.9%	30.0%	48.4%	19.6%	42.4%	53.2%	40.7%	47.5%	50.0%	39.7%	44.0%
	UF Alberta	Seats:		9									9
		Vote:		28.4%									1.5%
	Progressive	Seats:		-	2	-	1						3
		Vote:		1.9%	8.1%	6.4%	1.8%						1.8%
	Liberal-Progressive	Seats:			-	3							3
		Vote:			2.1%	16.2%							1.2%
	Labour	Seats:		-		2	-						2
		Vote:		3.0		8.4	0.1						0.7
	Independent	Seats:	1		-		-	1					2
		Vote:	2.6		3.5		0.1	0.3					0.6
	Progressive-Conservative	Seats:				1		-					1
		Vote:				2.7		1.0					0.4
	Independent Labour	Seats:	1			-							1
		Vote:	6.5			0.1							0.4
Total Seats			14	16	21	17	82	65	11	14	4	1	245
Parties that won no seats:
	Independent Liberal	Vote:				0.4		1.3					0.4
	Farmer	Vote:			3.6								0.3
	Independent Conservative	Vote:				1.2	0.5	0.1
	Unknown	Vote:					0.5						0.2
	Liberal-Labour	Vote:					0.5						0.2
	Communist	Vote:	0.4			0.9	0.1						0.1
	Labour-Farmer	Vote :		0.6									0.1
	Liberal-Protectionist	Vote:						0.3					0.1
	Farmer-Labour	Vote:			0.6								0.1
	Independent Progressive	Vote:						0.1					xx
	Franc Lib	Vote:	0.2										xx
	Prohibitionist	Vote:	0.1										xx

• xx - less than 0.05% of the popular vote

See also

• 17th Canadian Parliament
• List of Canadian federal general elections
• List of political parties in Canada

References