Energy in Belgium

This article is about Energy in Belgium. For Electricity in Belgium, see Electricity sector in Belgium.
Nuclear power plant near Doel
Wind turbine

Energy in Belgium describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Belgium.

It is governed by the energy policy of Belgium, which is split over several levels of government. For example, the regional level is responsible for awarding green certificates (except for offshore wind parks) and the national level for anything concerning nuclear power. As a member country of the European Union Belgium also complies to its energy policy.

Overview

Energy in Belgium[1]
Capita Prim. energy Production Import Electricity CO2-emission
Million TWh TWh TWh TWh Mt
2004 10.4 671 157 605 89 116
2007 10.6 663 167 603 92 106
2008 10.7 681 169 656 91 111
2009 10.8 665 178 577 85 101
2012 11.0 687 212 575 89 109
2012R 11.1 651 185 545 88.9 104.6
2013 11.1 655 173 574 89.1 89.1
Change 2004-09 3.6  % -0.8 % 13.2 % -4.7 % -4.5  % -13.2  %
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh. Prim. energy includes energy losses that are 2/3 for nuclear power[2]

2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated

Primary energy consumption

Electricity imports/exports

Primary energy is the amount of extractable energy present in fuels as they are found in nature. It is often expressed in tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) or watt-hour (Wh). Unless stated otherwise the lower heating value is used in the remainder of this text. A portion of primary energy is converted into other forms before it is used, depending on the energy conversion efficiency of the installation and method employed this number differs significantly from the final energy as consumed by end users.

Gross primary energy by source(Mtoe)[3][4]
Coal Oil Natural gas Nuclear Renewable &

waste-to-energy

 Other (electricity

import/export)

 Total
2006 5.165 23.782 15.044 12.154 2.293 +0.960 59.398
2007 4.612 23.073 14.969 12.566 2.917 +0.682 58.819
2008 4.713 24.882 14.879 11.873 2.347 +1.027 59.721
2009 3.257 24.615 15.153 12.304 2.706−0.021 58.014
2010 3.394 25.880 17.006 12.492 2.872 +0.260 61.940
share in 2010 5.48% 41.8% 27.5% 20.2% 4.64% 0.42%

Production

Closed coal mine in Belgium

In recent years own production is about 25%. However this is mostly due to nuclear power generation, which by convention is counted as domestic production despite the uranium being imported. Renewable energy sources account for the rest of own production.[3]

Historically, up until 1992, coal was mined in Belgium. Since 2000 the quantities of Coalbed methane have been researched.[5] These show that a concession of Limburgse Reconversie Maatschappij would contain 7 billion cubic meters of mine gas. In 2012 a deal was made with the Australian Dart Energy to investigate the practical extraction of this mine gas.[6]

Import

In 2010, crude oil was imported mainly from Russia (44%), and OPEC countries (23%). Norway was the largest (37%) supplier of natural gas followed by The Netherlands (29%). While 39% of coal was imported from the United States and 22% from Australia.[3]

Energy carrier conversions

Oil refining

At the end of 2011 Belgium had a distillation capacity 41 Mt. That year 72% of the capacity was used. [7]

Electricity

Electricity generation

Electrabel is main producer of electricity, followed by EDF Luminus.

With the exception of 2009 Belgium has been a net importer in recent years.

Short term trading is done via the Belpex energy exchange, which is now part of APX-ENDEX. The Belgian transmission grid, operated by Elia System Operator, has a central position in the Synchronous grid of Continental Europe. This allows Belgium to trade electricity with its neighbours. Though currently there are only physical connections with the Netherlands and France. Direct links with Germany(Alegro) and The United Kingdom(Nemo) are planned. Currently a maximum of 3500 MW can be imported.[8] In comparison, the net installed generation capacity in Belgium is estimated to be 19,627 MW.[9]

In 2010, Belgium produced 95 TWh of electricity. After subtraction of the electricity used in the production process and losses and addition of the net import 84 TWh was consumed by end users.[3]

According to the GEMIX report the potential of renewable energy sources is 17 TWh per year.[10] Edora, the union of renewable energy producers in Wallonia refers to studies claiming that 7.8 TWh may come from renewable sources in 2015.[11] In 2000, renewable energy (including biomass) was used for producing 0.95% of the 78.85 TWh of electricity produced domestically[12] In 2011 wind and solar power generated 3.8 TWh.[9]

Nuclear power

Nuclear power typically contributes between 50% and 60% of the electricity produced domestically (50.4% in 2010).[3]

Belgium has two nuclear power plants:

By law[13] the nuclear power plants are to be phased-out. The first reactors are scheduled to be taken out of service in 2014, the last ones by 2025. It is widely assumed that the government will replace that law.

Two reactors are scheduled to be shut down by 2015. The lifetime of one old reactor has been extended through to 2025.

Fossil fuels

The use of coal in thermal power plants has been decreasing, in 2000 it was still used to produce 14.25% of electricity,[12] by 2006 this had dropped to about 10%. In 2010 it was down to 6.3%.[3] The conventional coal units of the thermal power plants in Mol and Kallo were closed.[14] Oil is also playing an increasingly less prominent role in 2010 it accounted only for 0.4% of gross electricity production.

This reduction is mostly compensated by a rise in popularity of natural gas. Where in 2000 gas only accounted for 23% it was up to 33%(including blast furnace gas) of gross electricity generated in 2010.[3][12] Natural gas power plants are less polluting and have a short start-up time,

Fluxys is the main operator in natural gas transmission.

Several power stations use a combined cycle including: Drogenbos, Amercoeur, Tessenderlo. Building permits are processed for plants in Seneffe and Visé.

Wind power

Main article: Wind power in Belgium

At the start of 2012, there were 498 operational wind turbines in Belgium, with a capacity of 1080 MW.[15] The amount of electricity generated from wind energy has surpassed 2 TWh per year.[16]

On Sunday 6 February 2011, 12% of the consumed electricity was generated by wind turbines. Due to high winds. [16]

There are seven large-scale offshore wind farm projects. Northwind (216MW), Thorntonbank Wind Farm (325 MW), Belwind Wind Farm (330 MW) are operational. The others are in various stages of planning.

EU and Belgium Wind Energy Capacity (MW)[17][18][19][20]
No Country 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998
– EU-27 105,696 93,957 84,074 74,767 64,712 56,517 48,069 40,511 34,383 28,599 23,159 17,315 12,887 9,678 6,453
15 Belgium1,375 1,078 911 563 415 287 194 167 96 68 35 32 13 6 6

Solar power

The exploitation of Solar power is on the rise in Belgium. In 2014 the installed capacity expanded to almost 3 GWp, nearly all of it was grid connected. Belgium's 2953 MWp of photovoltaics produced an estimated 2752 GWh of electricity in 2014.[21]

Year PhotovoltaicsCSP
MWpGWhMWpGWh
2008 70.9
2009 574 488
2010 787 560
2011 1812 1282
2012 2506 2149
2013 2758 2640
2014 2953 2752

Sources:[22][23][24][21]

Biomass and waste

In 2009, biomass and biogas were used to generate 3.5 TWh or 3.8% of gross domestic electricity production.[4]

In 2010 5.07 million tonnes of waste was produced in Belgium, of which 1.75 Mt was incinerated. Nearly always (99.8% of the time) energy was recovered during incineration. Non renewable waste was used for producing 1.4% of the gross domestic electricity production. 1.9 Mt was recycled and 1 Mt was composted or fermented; only 0.062 Mt was dumped.[25] Ten years earlier this was only 0.71%.[12]

Hydroelectric power

Belgium has two pumped storage hydroelectric power stations: Coo-Trois-Ponts (1164 MW) and Plate-Taille (143 MW). Pumped storage stations are a net consumer of electricity, but they contributed 1.4% to the gross electricity production in 2010.[3]

Despite the limited potential there are also a number of stations generating hydroelectric power. With a combined capacity of about 100 MW. Contributing 0.3% of gross domestic production in 2010.[3]

Almost all of this capacity is realised in the Walloon Region. Even though hydroelectric power was used extensively in Flanders prior to the industrial revolution, there are no rivers where it can be generated on a large scale.[26] The region's 15 installations have a combined capacity just shy of 1 MW (994 kW).[27]

Final energy consumption

Final energy consumption by sector (2010)

In 2010 the largest share (34%) of final energy was for domestic use (this includes: households, service sector, commerce, and agriculture). Transport and industrial sector both consumed about a quarter. Fossil fuels are also used as raw material in several manufacturing processes, this non-energetic use accounts for the remainder of the final energy.[3]

A more detailed picture of the energy and type of fuel used by various activities is given in the table below.

final energy by activity(ktoe)[4]
Electricity Natural gas Coal Oil Renewable Heat Total Share of final energy
Domestic usage (2009)
Households 17383322264 2756231138324 20.2%
Commerce and services 1847 1728 952 9 69 4605 11.2%
Agriculture 88235 4333525 816 2.0%
Other 9 946 64 0.2%
Industrial usage (2009)
Chemical 746 1979 13149 18 3703275 7.9%
Iron and steel 447 678 578 11 1714 4.2%
Non metal minerals 168 29020226994 1023 2.5%
Food/beverage/tobacco 400 531 565118301086 2.6%
Printing/paper pulp 205 1483315 30750 758 1.8%
Construction 110197 63 3 370 0.9%
Non ferro metals 114 9622 111 343 0.8%
Machinery 151 66 2 17 2 238 0.6%
Textile and leather 1089731 3212 0.5%
Transportation items 8792 4 183 0.4%
Wood 679 103 179 0.4%
Extractive industries 54 11 65 0.2%
Other 152426218 14 432 1.0%
Transport usage (2009)
Road 8881 231 911222.1%
Air 1295 12953.1%
Rail 151 35 1860.5%
Inland navigation 165 1650.4%
Total final usage (2010)[3]
Absolute 2010 7163 119601363 21746115664044028
Share 2010 16.3% 27.2% 3.1% 49.4% 2.6% 1.5% 100%

Brussels-Capital Region

In the Brussels-Capital Region, the electricity and natural gas net are operated by Sibelga. In 2011, the natural gas consumption was 10,480 GWh and the electricity consumption was 5,087 GWh.[28]

Sibelga invests in combined heat and power (CHP) installations for which it receives green certificates. In 2011 its eleven installations had a combined capacity of 17.8 MWe and 19.7 MWth and generated 50.5 GWh of electricity.[28]

The Region of Brussels-Capital also encourages MicroCHP[29] and implemented the European directive of 2002/91/CE on Energy Performance of Buildings.

Corporations

The companies Umicore, BASF, Solvay, Duferco, Tessenderlo Chemie, ArcelorMittal, and Air Liquide together account for about 15% of the total electricity consumption of Belgium in 2006.[30]

Greenhouse gas emissions

In 1990, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were 146.9 million tons of CO2 equivalent (Mt CO2 eq), whose 88 million tons came from the Flemish Region, 54.8 from the Walloon Region and 4 Mt from the Brussels-capital Region.[31]

Being a member of the European Union, Belgium, applied the European Union Emission Trading Scheme set up by the Directive 2003/87/EC. The Kyoto protocol sets a 7.5% reduction of greenhouse gas emission target compared to 1990. Belgium set up a National Allocation Plan at the federal level with target for each of the three regions.

Belgium takes part in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.

On 14 November 2002, Belgium signed the Cooperation Agreement for the implementation of a National Climate Plan and reporting in the context of the UNFCCC and the Kyoto protocol. The first National Allocation Plan was for the period from 2005 to 2007. The European commission approved it on 20 October 2004. The second allocation plan was for the period 2008–2012 and aims a reduction of 7.5% of green house gas emissions compared to 1990.

Business

According to Forbes list of billionaires (2011), the Belgian billionaire Wang Xingchun ($1 B 2011) made his wealth in coal business.[32] Wang is a resident of Singapore who holds a Belgian citizenship. Wang is chairman of minerals concern Winsway Coking Coal, an importer of coal to China from Mongolia that went public in Hong Kong 2010.[33]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Energy in Belgium.

References

  1. ↑ IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2015, 2014 (2012R as in November 2015 + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2006 IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
  2. ↑ Energy in Sweden 2010. Facts and figures. The Swedish Energy Agency. Table 8 Losses in nuclear power stations Table 9 Nuclear power brutto
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Energie Observatorium Kerncijfers 2010" (PDF) (in Dutch). FOD Economie. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  4. 1 2 3 "De energiemarkt in 2009" (PDF). FOD Economie,K.M.O,Middenstand en Energie. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  5. ↑ "Nieuwsbrief Nr 12" (PDF). VITO. March 2000. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  6. ↑ "Belgium". Dart Energy. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  7. ↑ "Jaarverslag 2011" (PDF). Belgische Petroleum Federatie. p. 2. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  8. ↑ "Factsheet elia" (PDF). Elia. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  9. 1 2 "Jaarverslag 2011" (PDF). FEBEG. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  10. ↑ http://economie.fgov.be/fr/binaries/rapport_gemix_2009_fr_tcm326-76356.pdf
  11. ↑ http://edora.org/doc/news_24/091002%20CP%20EDORA%20_sortie%20nucleaire.pdf
  12. 1 2 3 4 "DRAFT of Belgian National Allocation Plan for CO2-emission allowances 2008–2012" (PDF). September 2006.
  13. ↑ 31 Januari 2003. – Wet houdende de geleidelijke uitstap uit kernenergie voor industriële elektriciteitsproductie."Belgisch Staatsblad N. 66 (jaargang 173)" (pdf) (in Dutch and French). Belgisch Staatsblad. 28 February 2003. pp. 17662–17665.
  14. ↑ "Activities and Sustainable Development Report 2010" (PDF). Electrabel. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  15. ↑ Environ 500 éoliennes en Belgique, Lalibre.be, 11 janvier 2012
  16. 1 2 "Record aan stroom uit windmolens". Gazet van Antwerpen. 8 February 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
  17. ↑ EWEA Staff (2010). "Cumulative installed capacity per EU Member State 1998 – 2009 (MW)". European Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
  18. ↑ EWEA Staff (February 2011). "EWEA Annual Statistics 2010" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  19. ↑ EWEA Staff (February 2012). "EWEA Annual Statistics 2011" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
  20. ↑ Wind in power: 2012 European statistics February 2013
  21. 1 2 "APERe - Observatoire photovoltaïque". www.apere.org. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
  22. ↑ Photovoltaic Barometer 2012
  23. ↑ Photovoltaic Barometer 2010
  24. ↑ Photovoltaic Barometer 2011
  25. ↑ "Key Figures 2012" (PDF). Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  26. ↑ "Kleine Waterkracht" (PDF) (in Dutch). ODE (Organisatie voor duurzame energie). Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  27. ↑ "Geïnstalleerd vermogen en aantal groenestroominstallaties per provincie" (PDF) (in Dutch). VREG. June 2012.
  28. 1 2 "Rapport annuel 2011" (PDF) (in French). Sibelga. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  29. ↑ http://www.curbain.be/download/CONF_09.1c-09-06-24_QuelAvenirPourLaMicrocogeneration.pdf
  30. ↑ http://www.solvay.com/EN/NewsPress/Documents/2006/20061011_bluesky_EN.pdf
  31. ↑ Federal Public Service of Public Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment (September 2006). Draft of Belgian National Allocation Plan for CO2-emission allowances 2008–2012 (PDF). Brussels.
  32. ↑ Forbes list of billionaires (2011) Forbes list of billionaires (2011) Energy Forbes 10 March 2011
  33. ↑ Forbes profile Wang Xingchun Forbes Belgium
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