Astrodome

This article is about the stadium in Houston, Texas. For aeronautical use, see Astrodome (aeronautics).
NRG Astrodome
Eighth Wonder of the World

View of the Astrodome in 2014
Former names Harris County Domed Stadium (1965)
Houston Astrodome (1965–2000)
Reliant Astrodome (2000–2014)
Location 8400 Kirby Drive
Houston, Texas 77054
Coordinates 29°41′6″N 95°24′28″W / 29.68500°N 95.40778°W / 29.68500; -95.40778Coordinates: 29°41′6″N 95°24′28″W / 29.68500°N 95.40778°W / 29.68500; -95.40778
Public transit Reliant Park
Owner Harris County
Operator Astrodome USA
Field size

Original
Left field – 340 feet (104 m)
Left Center Field – 375 feet (114 m)
Center field – 406 feet (124 m)
Right Center Field – 375 feet (114 m)
Right field – 340 feet (104 m)
Backstop – 60.5 feet (18 m)

Final
Left field – 325 feet (99 m)
Left Center Field – 375 feet (114 m)
Center field – 400 feet (122 m)
Right Center Field – 375 feet (114 m)
Right field – 325 feet (99 m)
Backstop – 52 feet (16 m)

The Astrodome
NRHP Reference # 13001099[1]
Added to NRHP January 15, 2014
Surface Grass (1965)
Painted Dirt (1965)
AstroTurf (1966–present)
Construction
Broke ground January 3, 1962
Opened April 9, 1965
Renovated 1988, 1989
Closed 2008
Construction cost US$35 million
($263 million in 2016 dollars[2])
Architect Hermon Lloyd & W. B. Morgan
Wilson, Morris, Crain & Anderson
Praeger-Kavanagh-Waterbury
Structural engineer Walter P Moore
Services engineer I.A. Naman Associates, Inc.
John G. Turney & Associates
General contractor H. A. Lott, Inc.[3]
Tenants
Houston Astros (MLB) (1965–99)
Houston Cougars (NCAA) (1965–97)
Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo (1966–2002)
Houston Stars (USA/NASL) (1967–68)
Houston Oilers (AFL/NFL) (1968–96)
Bluebonnet Bowl (NCAA) (1968–84, 1987)
Houston Rockets (NBA) (1971–75)
Houston Texans (WFL) (1974)
Houston Hurricane (NASL) (1978–80)
Houston Gamblers (USFL) (1984–85)
Houston Bowl (NCAA) (2000–01)
Houston Energy (WPFL) (2002–06)

The NRG Astrodome,[4] also known as the Houston Astrodome or simply The Astrodome, is the world's first multi-purpose, domed sports stadium, located in Houston, Texas. Construction on the stadium began in 1962, and it officially opened in 1965. It served as the second home to the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB) from its opening in 1965 until 1999, and the home to the Houston Oilers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1968 until 1996, and also the part-time home of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1971 until 1975. Additionally, the Astrodome was the primary venue of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo from 1966 until 2002. When opened, it was named the Harris County Domed Stadium and was nicknamed the "Eighth Wonder of the World".[5]

While originally utilizing a natural grass playing surface, the Astrodome became the first major sports venue to feature artificial turf, which became known as AstroTurf. In another technological first, the Astrodome featured the "Astrolite", which was the first animated scoreboard. The Astrodome received considerable renovations in 1988 that significantly expanded seating, and altered many original features.

The Astrodome's primary tenants have since moved to other, newly constructed venues; the Astros moved to Minute Maid Park, while Houston Texans—the successor to the Houston Oilers—began play nextdoor at the NRG Stadium. In 2005, the Astrodome was used as a shelter for residents of New Orleans affected by Hurricane Katrina. The venue regularly hosted events until it was declared non-compliant with fire code by the Houston Fire Department in 2008. Parts of it were demolished in 2013 after several years of disuse. In 2014 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[1]

History

Conception

Major League Baseball expanded to Houston in 1960 when the National League agreed to add two teams. The Houston Colt .45s (renamed the Astros in 1965) were to begin play in 1962, along with their expansion brethren New York Mets. Roy Hofheinz, a former mayor of Houston, and his group were granted the franchise after they promised to build a covered stadium. It was thought a covered stadium was a must for a major league team to be viable in Houston due to the area's subtropical climate and hot summers. Game-time temperatures are usually above 97 °F (36 °C) in July and August, with high humidity and a likelihood of rain. Hofheinz claimed inspiration for what became the Astrodome when he was on a tour of Rome, where he learned that the builders of the ancient Colosseum installed giant velaria to shield spectators from the Roman sun.

The Astrodome was conceived by Hofheinz as early as 1952, when he and his daughter Dede were rained out once too often at Buffalo Stadium, home of Houston's minor league baseball team, the Houston Buffs. Hofheinz abandoned his interest in the world's first air-conditioned shopping mall, The Galleria, and set his sights on bringing major league baseball to Houston.[6]

Design and construction

The Astrodome was designed by architects Hermon Lloyd & W. B. Morgan, and Wilson, Morris, Crain and Anderson (Morris Architects). Structural engineering and structural design was performed by Walter P Moore Engineers and Consultants of Houston. It was constructed by H. A. Lott, Inc. for Harris County, Texas. It stands 18 stories tall, covering 9.5 acres (3.8 ha). The dome is 710 feet (220 m) in diameter and the ceiling is 208 feet (63 m) above the playing surface, which itself sits 25 feet (7.6 m) below street level.[7]

Astrodome Skylights

The scoreboard, eventually known as the "Astrolite", was designed by Fair Play Scoreboards of Des Moines, Iowa.[8] Having designed the scoreboard for Dodger Stadium several years prior, team owner Roy Hofheinz was not impressed with the initial proposal for a much more generic type of scoreboard. Project designer Jack Foster teamed up with a creative professional based in Kansas City to create the first animated scoreboard. Its reported cost was $2.1 million.[8]

The Dome was completed in November 1964, six months ahead of schedule.[9] Many engineering changes were required during construction, including the modest flattening of the supposed "hemispherical roof" to cope with environmentally induced structural deformation and the use of a new paving process called "lime stabilization" to cope with changes in the chemistry of the soil. The air conditioning system was designed by Houston mechanical engineers Israel A. Naman and Jack Boyd Buckley of I. A. Naman + Associates.

The multi-purpose stadium, designed to facilitate both football and baseball, is nearly circular and uses movable lower seating areas. It also ushered in the era of other fully domed stadiums, such as the Pontiac Silverdome near Detroit and the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, as well as the now-demolished Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (now rebuilt as U.S. Bank Stadium) in Minneapolis, Kingdome in Seattle, and RCA Dome in Indianapolis.

To test what effect the enclosed air-conditioned environment might have on the delivery of breaking balls, Satchel Paige, in full Astros uniform, threw the first pitches at the Astrodome on February 7, 1965.[10][11] He later concluded that it was a "pitcher's paradise", as the lack of wind allowed for sensitive pitches to maneuver more easily.

Hofheinz had an opulent apartment in the Dome, which was removed when the facility was remodeled in 1988.[12]

Opening and reception

On Opening Day, April 9, 1965, a sold-out crowd of 47,879 watched an exhibition game between the Houston Astros and the New York Yankees. President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird were in attendance, as well as Texas Governor John Connally and Houston Mayor Louie Welch. Governor Connally tossed out the first ball for the first game ever played indoors. Dick "Turk" Farrell of the Astros threw the first pitch. Mickey Mantle had both the first hit (a single) and the first home run in the Astrodome. The Astros beat the Yankees that night, 2-1.[13]

The Astrodome in 1965

President Johnson stopped at the Astrodome that evening en route to his home in Johnson City and paid his respects to baseball and Astros president Roy Hofheinz, a campaign manager for Johnson in the 1940s, just as the second inning got underway. He and Lady Bird watched the opening night game from behind the glass in Judge Hofheinz' private box high in right field just to the right of the giant scoreboard. LBJ ate hors d'œuvres and chicken and ice cream while watching the game.[13] "Roy, I want to congratulate you; it shows so much imagination", he was heard to say. Later, he called the stadium "massive" and "beautiful." Although the president's visit overshadowed all others, dignitaries swarmed through the "Eighth Wonder of the World" during the three days of the exhibition series and for opening night against the Phillies.[14][15]

The first artist to play the Astrodome was Judy Garland on December 17, 1965, where she was paid $43,000 for the one show. The Supremes were her opening act and tickets were priced $1.00 to $7.50. The dome seated 48,000, with another 12,000 seats added for this show. Garland appeared on stage at 10 p.m. and sang for 40 minutes, with her set of songs including: "He's Got The Whole World In His Hands"; "Just In Time"; "My Kind Of Town, Houston Is"/"Houston"; "As Long As He Needs Me"; "Joey, Joey, Joey"; "Do It Again"; "What Now My Love?"; "By Myself"; "Rock-A-Bye Your Baby"; "San Francisco"; "Chicago"; and "Over The Rainbow." Mort Lindsey conducted.[16]

June 15, 1976 "The Rainout"

Ironically, the Astrodome suffered a rainout on June 15, 1976. The Astros' scheduled game against the Pittsburgh Pirates was called when massive flooding in the Houston area prevented all but a few fans from reaching the stadium. Both teams had arrived early for practice, but the umpires were several hours late. At 5pm that day, with only a handful of fans on hand and already several hours behind, the umpires and teams agreed to call the game off. Tables were brought onto the field and the teams ate dinner together.[17] Although the Astros still had a home series with Pittsburgh in August, this game was made up in Pittsburgh in July.

Recent history

Astrodome interior in 2004

In 1989, four cylindrical pedestrian ramp columns were constructed outside the Dome for accessibility. This enabled the Astrodome to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

The 1992 Republican National Convention was held at the Astrodome in August of that year. The Astros accommodated the convention by taking a month-long road trip.

On August 19, 1995, a scheduled preseason game between the Oilers and the San Diego Chargers had to be canceled due to the dilapidated condition of the playing field. Oilers owner Bud Adams demanded a new stadium, but the city of Houston refused to fund it. After years of threats, Adams moved the team to Tennessee after the 1996 season.[18] Around that time the Astros also threatened to leave the city unless a new ballpark was built.[18] The retractable-roofed Enron Field (now known as Minute Maid Park) opened for the 2000 season in downtown Houston.

One of the largest crowds in the Astrodome's history, more than 66,746 fans, came on Sunday, February 26, 1995, to see Tejano superstar Selena and her band Los Dinos perform for a sell-out crowd during the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo.[19] Selena y Los Dinos performed two consecutive times before at the Astrodome, breaking previous attendance records each time. This was Selena's last televised concert before she was fatally shot on March 31, 1995 by her fan club president.

NRG Park area, Houston, Texas. Astrodome, with NRG Stadium at center of this 2010 astronaut photo

The Astrodome was joined by a new neighbor in 2002, the retractable-roofed Reliant Stadium, which was built to house Houston's new NFL franchise, the Houston Texans. The Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo moved to the new venue in 2003, leaving the Astrodome without any major tenants. The last concert performed at the Astrodome was George Strait & the Ace in the Hole Band in February 2003, whose performance was recorded in For the Last Time: Live from the Astrodome.[20]

Hurricane Katrina

Survivors of Katrina in the Astrodome, 2005

On August 31, 2005, in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, the Harris County Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management and the State of Louisiana came to an agreement to allow at least 25,000 evacuees from New Orleans, especially those that were sheltered in the Louisiana Superdome, to move to the Astrodome until they could return home. The evacuation began on September 1, 2005. All scheduled events for the final four months of 2005 at the Astrodome were cancelled.[21] Overflow refugees were held in the surrounding Reliant Park complex. There was a full field hospital inside the Reliant Arena, which cared for the entire Katrina evacuee community.

The entire Reliant Park complex was scheduled to be emptied of hurricane evacuees by September 17, 2005. Originally, the Astrodome was planned to be used to house evacuees until December. However, the surrounding parking lots were needed for the first Houston Texans home game. Arrangements were made to help Katrina evacuees find apartments both in Houston and elsewhere in the United States. By September 16, 2005, the last of the hurricane evacuees living in the Astrodome had been moved out either to the neighboring Reliant Arena or to permanent housing north of Houston.[22] As of September 20, 2005, the remaining Katrina evacuees were relocated to Arkansas due to Hurricane Rita.[23]

Closure

In 2008, the facility was cited for numerous code violations. Since then, only maintenance workers and security guards have been allowed to enter the stadium while it is brought up to code.[24] The city council rejected demolition plans on environmental grounds, over concerns that demolition of the Dome might damage the dense development that today closely surrounds it.[25]

Refurbishment plans

Houston's plan to host the 2012 Summer Olympics included renovating the Astrodome for use as a main stadium.[26] Houston became one of the USOC's bid finalists, but the organization chose New York City as its candidate city and the Games were ultimately awarded to London by the IOC.

An aerial view of the Astrodome in 1999

Plans to convert the Astrodome into a luxury hotel were rejected.[27] A proposal to convert the Astrodome into a movie production studio was also considered but rejected.[28] Regardless of the type of renovation, all renovation plans must deal with the problem of occupancy code violations that have basically shuttered the Astrodome for the near future.[29]

In June 2013, a comprehensive plan was unveiled that would have seen the aging structure undergo an almost $200 million renovation into a multi-purpose event/convention facility. The measure would have to have been approved first through a bond election in Harris County for the publicly funded project to go forward or else, officials warned, the iconic structure would be demolished.[30] Voters ended up rejecting the measure on November 5, 2013.[31]

2013 referendum and aftermath

On November 5, 2013, voters in Houston turned down a $213 million referendum to renovate and convert the Astrodome into a state-of-the-art convention center and exhibition space known as "New Dome Experience".[32] Until a final disposition is made, Harris County commissioners will not approve demolition of the stadium. "The building's still there. There's no formal plan or authorization to demolish the building, and until somebody brings such a plan to fruition, there's a chance", according to Willie Loston, executive director of the Harris County Sports and Convention Corporation. "The proposal was rejected by the voters. We're back to where we were. Square one", according to Steve Radack, Harris County commissioner.[33]

Three exterior pedestrian ramp towers were demolished on December 8, 2013. Around that time, the ramp bridges were disconnected from the main structure and the surrounding grass berms were lowered. The ticket booths were also removed along with the interior seats. The demolition was planned prior to the referendum.[34][35]

Astrodome Indoor City Park

After the failed bond election of 2013, the county went back to the drawing board and in August 2014 the County Commissioners Court announced a new plan to save and rejuvenate the Astrodome. The new concept centered around leaving the Dome's roof intact and converting the Astrodome's vast central space into a covered semi-climate-controlled city park that could have flexible uses for both public recreation and gatherings such as festivals and concerts. The remainder of the complex would have been redeveloped over time using a combination of public and private funds and include elements such as an educational exploration area to encourage students to learn about the sciences and engineering and possibly meeting, exhibition, and restaurant areas that would not only serve the general public, but could also add value to the Houston Texans' Game Day Experiences and be used by the Rodeo. A key element of this proposal centered around the ability for the County to proceed with the initial phases of the project using existing funds without having to seek voter approval for an expensive bond referendum.[36] However, this plan failed as well.

Astrodome Revitalization Project

After the failed plans of past years, the Astrodome Revitalization Project was proposed in September 2016. This plan would turn the dome into a massive underground parking garage. Specifically, the first step would raise the dome floor and use the space underneath that as parking, leaving the floor above for other uses. On September 27, 2016, the Harris County Commissioners approved the first part of the plan. This marked a major turning point for the dome as some feared if the plan wasn't approved the building would be demolished.[37][38][39]

Notable events

Game of the Century
Houston and UCLA play against each other in the 1968 Game of the Century at the Astrodome.
The aftermath of Houston's 71–69 victory over UCLA
Selena: The Last Concert
Selena, entering the Astrodome by horse drawn carriage, before commencing her sell out concert on February 26, 1995
Selena sings to the 66,000+ crowd during her first song of the night during her 1995 concert at the Astrodome.

Motorsports

The Astrodome held several motorsports events throughout its lifetime. The AMA Grand National Championship held events starting in 1968 and running for 18 years, utilizing the Short Track and TT Steeplechase track configurations in their visits. The AMA Supercross Championship held its first ever indoor Supercross at the Astrodome in 1974, won by Jim Pomeroy. In the mid-1980s the Mickey Thompson Entertainment Group held several Stadium Off-Road Racing Series events, showcasing such drivers as Ivan Stewart, Robby Gordon, and Walker Evans. Beginning in the early 80s both TNT Motorsports and the United States Hot Rod Association held events showcasing mud bogging, truck and tractor pulling, and monster trucks in the Astrodome. After a buy-out of TNT Motorsports, the USHRA continued holding events that would later transform into the current Monster Jam events.

With the opening of NRG Stadium in late 2002, the events held in early 2002 by AMA Supercross and Monster Jam would be their last in the Astrodome before moving next door for 2003, where they continue to hold events every year.

Features

Scoreboard

Astrolite, the Astrodome's scoreboard, during a 1969 Astros game. It was the world's first animated scoreboard.

The Astrodome was well-renowned for a four-story scoreboard called the "Astrolite", composed of thousands of light bulbs that featured numerous animations. After every Astros home run, the scoreboard featured a minute-long animated celebration of pistols, bulls, and fireworks. The scoreboard remained intact until 1988 when Houston Oilers (now Tennessee Titans) owner Bud Adams suggested the removal of the scoreboard to accommodate increased capacity demands for football, baseball and the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo. Harris County spent $67 million of public funds on renovations.[45] Approximately 15,000 new seats resembling the 1970s rainbow uniform pattern were installed to bring seating capacity to almost 60,000 for football. On September 5, 1988, a final celebration commemorating the scoreboard occurred prior to expansion renovations.

Fielding surface

Originally, the stadium's surface was a Tifway 419 Bermuda grass playing surface specifically bred for indoor use. The dome's ceiling contained numerous semitransparent panes made of Lucite. Players quickly complained that glare coming off of the panes made it hard for them to track fly balls. To solve the problem, two sections of panes were painted white. However, within a few months, the grass died from lack of sunlight.[46] For most of the 1965 season, the Astros played on green-painted dirt and dead grass. The clear panels also added a problem when combined with the natural grass. The grass tended to hold, then release moisture, often resulting in rain within the structure, causing games to be delayed while the grounds crews cleaned up the playing surface.

The playing surface as it appeared during the 1999 MLB season.

The solution was to install a new type of artificial grass on the field, ChemGrass, which became known as AstroTurf. Because the supply of AstroTurf was still low, only a limited amount was available at the start of the season. There was not enough for the entire outfield, so the first phase covered only the traditional grass portion of the infield and foul territory,[47] at a cost of $2 per square foot. It was installed in time to test out during exhibition games against the Dodgers in March.[48][49][50] The outfield remained painted dirt until after the 1966 All-Star Game. The team was sent on an extended road trip before the break, and on July 19, 1966, the installation of the outfield portion of AstroTurf was completed for a game with the Phillies.[51] Groundskeepers dressed as astronauts kept the turf clean with vacuum cleaners between innings. The infield dirt remained in the traditional design, with a large dirt arc, similar to natural grass fields.

In 1973, the Astros installed an all-AstroTurf infield, except for dirt cutouts around the bases. This "sliding pit" configuration was first introduced by Cincinnati with the opening of Riverfront Stadium on June 30, 1970. It was then installed in the new stadiums in Philadelphia in 1971, and Kansas City in 1973. The artificial turf fields of Pittsburgh, St. Louis and San Francisco were traditionally configured like the Astrodome, and also changed to sliding pits in the 1970s. Rogers Centre in Toronto was the last park in the majors that had the sliding pits; they switched to a dirt infield in 2016.

Throughout its history, the Astrodome was known as a pitcher's park. The power alleys were never shorter than 370 feet (113 m) from the plate; on at least two occasions they were as far as 390 feet (119 m). Over time, it gave up fewer home runs than any other park in the National League.[6] The Astrodome's reputation as a pitcher's park continued even in the mid-1980s, when the fences were moved in closer than the Metrodome, which was long reckoned as a hitter's park.

Seating capacity

The seating capacity for baseball has been as follows:

The seating capacity for football has been as follows:

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "National Register of Historic Places listings for January 31, 2014". U.S. National Park Service. January 31, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  2. ↑ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
  3. ↑ "Ballparks by Munsey and Suppes". Ballparks.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  4. ↑ https://nrgpark.com/nrg-astrodome
  5. ↑ Barks, Joseph V. "Powering the (new and improved) 'Eighth Wonder of the World' ", Electrical Apparatus, November 2001. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  6. 1 2 Smith, Curt (2001). Storied Stadiums. New York City: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-1187-6.
  7. ↑ "Houston Astros – Stadium". Baseball-statistics.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  8. 1 2 Graczyk, Michael L. (September 4, 1988). "Astrodome Scoreboard Headed for Scrap Heap". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  9. ↑ "Prominent Houstonians' ideas on what to do with Dome". Houston Chronicle. April 4, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  10. ↑ "Dome is Hurlers' Heaven". The San Bernardino Sun. April 11, 1965. p. 69.
  11. ↑ Tagliabue, Emil (February 11, 1965). "No Real Difference: Baseball Won't Change Indoors". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. p. 24.
  12. ↑ Conniff, Richard Farewell To An Odd Dome Home Judge Hofheinz's private Astrodome quarters will soon be just a gaudy memory. Sports Illustrated March 14, 1988, Retrieved November 11, 2009.
  13. 1 2 Braswell, Sean (April 9, 2015). "Flashback: When Texas Opened the 8th Wonder of the World". OZY. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Bob Hulsey (April 9, 1965). "First Game In The Astrodome: The Indoor Era Begins".AstrosDaily.
  15. ↑ John Wilson (April 24, 1965). "Everyone in Orbit Over Astrodome – LBJ, Plus 188,762 Attend Liftoff of 'Eighth Wonder'".The Sporting News.
  16. ↑ Scott Schechter (August 25, 2006). Judy Garland: The Day-by-Day Chronicle of a Legend. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 310. ISBN 978-1-4616-3555-0. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
  17. ↑ "Hoffman: Astros made history with a rainout". Houston Chronicle. June 17, 2009. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  18. 1 2 Holeywell, Ryan (November 30, 2011). "When Teams Leave, What Do You Do With the Stadium?". Governing.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  19. ↑ "Mazz - Cuando Tu Te Vayas.wmv". Tejanomusicvideos.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  20. ↑ Thomas, Stephen (February 11, 2003). "For the Last Time: Live from the Astrodome – George Strait : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  21. ↑ ESPN – Superdome evacuation disrupted after shots fired – ESPN.
  22. ↑ Frank, Thomas (September 1, 2005). "Astrodome to take refugees". USA Today.
  23. ↑ Dahlburg, John-Thor; Gold, Scott; La Ganga, Maria L. (September 21, 2005). "Hurricane Rita Rattles Coast". Los Angeles Times.
  24. ↑ "Astrodome Hit With Code Violations". click2houston.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2008.
  25. ↑ "Harris County officials consider the future of the Astrodome | khou.com Houston". Khou.com. April 2, 2012. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  26. ↑ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1683&dat=20020626&id=170aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lz8EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4576,4598265
  27. ↑ "Financial crunch may stall effort on Astrodome hotel". Houston Chronicle. December 8, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  28. ↑ Could Dome become Movie Studio? Retrieved May 1, 2008.
  29. ↑ Far below code dome costs ,00,000 per year to maintain. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
  30. ↑ Fans React to ,4 Million Astrodome Renovation Plan Archived December 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
  31. ↑ Voters strike down proposal to save Astrodome Retrieved November 5, 2013.
  32. ↑ Hernandez, Pat (August 13, 2013). "Astrodome Referendum Will Be On The November Ballot". App1.kuhf.org. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  33. ↑ "Astrodome may see 1 last inning after 'no' vote". CSN Houston. November 10, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  34. ↑ 3 pedestrian towers razed at Houston Astrodome. Houston Chronicle, December 9, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
  35. ↑ Russell, Rucks (December 9, 2013). "Astrodome ramps demolished as clock ticks on its future". KHOU-TV, Inc. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
  36. ↑ http://www.chron.com/houston/article/New-Astrodome-concept-would-turn-the-landmark-8196601.php
  37. ↑ http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Astrodome-parking-plan-could-save-Houston-s-9240124.php
  38. ↑ http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2016/09/27/astrodome-renovation-project-gets-approved.html
  39. ↑ http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/What-105-million-buys-for-the-Astrodome-9289084.php
  40. ↑ "Mickey Mantle's NYC". Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  41. ↑ Houston Astros history – 1965 season.
  42. ↑ Strubel, John (December 10, 2013). "Life Under the Big Top". metsmerizedonline.com. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  43. ↑ "Astrodome lands on National Register of Historic Places | astros.com: News". Mlb.mlb.com. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  44. ↑ Banks, Gabrielle. "Search for Dome time capsule hits a snag". Hearst Newspapers. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
  45. ↑ Fowler, Ed (1997). Loser Takes All – Bud Adams, Bad Football, & Big Business. Longview Press. p. 8. ISBN 1-56352-432-5.
  46. ↑ Lowry, Phillip (2005). Green Cathedrals. New York City: Walker & Company. ISBN 0-8027-1562-1.
  47. ↑ "Astroturf planned for Houston field". Florence (AL) Times. Associated Press. March 13, 1966. p. 18.
  48. ↑ "Astroturf looks great, but...". Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. March 20, 1966. p. 2b.
  49. ↑ "What's new? Astroturf". Toledo Blade. Associated Press. March 21, 1966. p. 23.
  50. ↑ "Zippered 'grass' big hit in Astrodome". Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal. Associated Press. March 20, 1966. p. 1B.
  51. ↑ "Phils, Astros plan tonight on artificial grass". Reading (PA) Eagle. Associated Press. July 19, 1966. p. 23.
  52. ↑ Bruce Nichols (April 10, 1985). "Prototype Astrodome Celebrates 20th Birthday". The Spokesman-Review.
  53. ↑ "Houston's Mistake". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 2, 1988.
  54. ↑ Jerry Bonkowski (December 7, 1992). "Oilers Entertain Bears With Playoffs on Mind". USA Today.
  55. ↑ Al Carter (September 18, 1995). "Revamped Oilers Fall to Browns 14-7". The Dallas Morning News.

Further reading

External links

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Events and tenants
Preceded by
Rice Stadium		 Home of the
Houston Oilers
1968–1996 		Succeeded by
Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium
Preceded by
Colt Stadium		 Home of the
Houston Astros
1965–1999 		Succeeded by
Minute Maid Park
Preceded by
Rice Stadium		 Home of the
Bluebonnet Bowl
1968–1984
1987 		Succeeded by
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Preceded by
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Men's Division I
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1971 		Succeeded by
Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena
Preceded by
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Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome		 Host of the
MLB All-Star Game
1968
1986 		Succeeded by
Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum
Preceded by
Chicago Stadium		 Host of the
NBA All-Star Game
1989 		Succeeded by
Miami Arena
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