Iris mandshurica

Iris mandshurica
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Subfamily: Iridoideae
Tribe: Irideae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris
Section: Psammiris
Species: Iris mandshurica
Binomial name
Iris mandshurica
Maxim.
Synonyms

None known[1]

Iris mandshurica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, it is found in Russia, China,and Korea. It has green sword-like leaves, smooth green stem and yellow flowers, with yellow-purple (or maroon) veining and a yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Description

It is thought to be similar in form to Iris bloudowii and Iris humilis,[2] having a short rhizome (like Iris bloudowii) and narrow, pointed spathes like Iris humilis.[3]

It has a short, thick rhizome.[3][4][5][6] It has branching, thick, fibrous and strong secondary stolons roots,[4][5][6][7] which are yellow and white.[5] On top of the rhizome, are the brown, fibrous remains of old leaves.[4][5][6][7]

It has green, ensiform (sword shaped) or lanceolate basal (growing from the base) leaves.[4][7] They are slightly bent or curved.[5][6] They can grow up to between 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long and 0.8–1 cm wide, at blooming time.[4][5][6][7] They then lengthen,[4] and by the time the iris has seed capsules, they are between 30 cm (12 in) long and 1.5 cm wide.[5][6] They have 2-4 longitudinal veins.[5][6]

It has a smoother stem, that can reach up to between 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long.[4][5][6][7][8][9]

The stem has 3 green, lanceolate, (scarious) membranous, spathes or bracts (leaves of the flower bud).[3][4][5][6] They are 3.5–5 cm (1–2 in) long and 1-1.8 cm wide.[5][6] It also has a small pedicel (flower stalk), between 6mm to 1 cm long.[4][5][6]

The stems hold 1-2 terminal (top of stem) flowers,[4][5][6] blooming early in the season,[8][10] in May.[4][5][6][7][8]

The flowers are 4–5 cm (2–2 in) in diameter,[4][5][6] and yellow.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[12] The falls are obovate,[4][5][6] with maroon,[4][11] brown,[6] or brown purple veining.[5][9][10] They are 4–5 cm (2–2 in) long and 1.5–2 cm wide.[4][5][6] In the centre of the petal, is a yellow beard.[5][6][7] The erect standards are long and narrow,[4][7] or oblanceolate,[5] they are up to 3.5 cm (1 in) long.[4][5][6]

It has a 2-2.5 cm long, funnel-shaped perianth tube,[4][5][6] 2 cm long stamens,[4][5][6] yellow anthers and a 1-1.2 cm long green, spindle-shaped, ovary.[4][5][6] It has long and flat, style branches that are 3 cm long and 4-5mm wide, they have a large lobed (or toothed) end.[4][5]

After the iris has flowered, between June and August,[5][6] it produces a fusiform (spindle shaped) seed capsule.[6] Which is up to 6 cm (2 in) long and 1.5 cm wide, and has 6 longitudinal ribs and a long beak appendage (at the top).[4][5][6] It dehisces (splits open) below the apex.[4] The seeds have not been described.

Biochemistry

In 1986, a study was carried out on 3 iris species in China, the chromosomes of Iris mandshurica, Iris uniflora and Iris bloudowii were counted. The chromosome count of Iris mandshurica was 2n=14, which was different to previous counts such as 2n=34 (Simonet 1928,1932) and 2n=20 (Longley 1928).[13]

In 2000, an isoflavonoids (chemical compound) study was carried out on 22 species of iris. Iris cathayensis and Iris mandshurica contain glycosides and isoflavonoid aglycons.[14]

In 2007, a study was carried out on the anatomical structure of the leaves of Iris mandshurica.[15]

In 2009, a genetic study was carried out on Iris vorobievii, Iris mandshurica and Iris humilis. It confirmed that they were independent species.[16]

In 2011, a study was carried out on the cell growth of Iris mandshurica.[17]

In 2013, a Molecular phylogenetic (genetic evolution) study was carried out on 16 species of Iris found in Korea. It placed Iris mandshurica in a clade with other basal irises, including Iris dichotoma and Iris tectorum.[18]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[12] It has been counted several times; 2n=20 (Longley 1928).[13] 2n=34 (Probatova 1988), 2n=14 (Zakharjeva 1990), 2n=14 (Starodubtsev & Mironova 1990) and 2n=28 (Sha et al., 1995).[8] It is normally published as 2n=34,[4][6][9] or 2n=14.[6][7]

Taxonomy

It is pronounced as (Iris) EYE-ris (mandshurica) man-SHEU-ree-ka.[10]

It is written as 长白鸢尾 in Chinese script,[6] and known as chang bai yuan wei in Pidgin in China.[5][6][19]

It has the common name of 'manchu Iris'.[8][20] or 'Manchurian iris'.[10][19][21][22]

The Latin specific epithet mandshurica refers to Manchuria, coming from the Chinese region.[23][24]

It was first published and described by Karl Maximovich in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg Volume 26 page530 in 1880.[5][8][19][25]

It was also published in Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg' Vol.10 page724 in 1880.[19]

Specimens used for the description were collected from China.[5]

It was thought to be within the Pseudoregelia section in Waddick & Zhao, Iris of China, in 1992,[8] but most sources place it within the Psammiris section.

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, it was updated on 5 April 2013.[19]

Iris mandshurica is an accepted name by the RHS.[26]

Distribution and habitat

Iris mandshurica is native to temperate areas of Asia.[19][21]

Range

It is found in the Russian Federation,[5][6][7][9][11] in the state of Primorye.[4][19][20] Beside the Ussuri River.[4] It is also found in China,[21][26] (or Manchuria[2][4][7][9][11][20]) in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning.[5][6][19] It is also though to be found in Korea,[4][5][6][7][9][11][19][20][26] and Mongolia.[21]

Habitat

It grows on sunny dry slopes,[5][6][7][20] on steppes,[21] in open woodlands,[6] (of oak[20]) in shrubberies,[4][5] and on woodland edges.[4]

They can be found at an altitude of 400 to 800 m (1,300 to 2,600 ft) above sea level.[6][7]

Conservation

It is considered as an 'endangered' species in Russia,[7][20] and listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation.[22]

It is protected in a reserve of 'Senkina Shapka Hill, in Oktyabrsky District,[22] beside the Tsukanovki river.[7][20]

It has been endangered due to the economic developments in the territory.[20]

Cultivation

It is hardy to between USDA Zone 5 and Zone 11,[10] or between Zone 3 to 10.[21] It prefers dry winters.[21]

It prefers to grow in well drained,[21] or soils with loam.[20]

It can tolerate strongly acidic or mildly acidic soils (PH levels between 5.1 and 6.5).[10]

It can tolerate positions in full sun to partial shade.[10]

It has average to high water needs during the growing season.[10]

It was tested (for hardiness) in the botanical gardens of Alma Ata in Moscow (TAA) and Tomsk.[20]

It has been also grown in the botanical garden of Vladivostok.[20][22]

It can grow in rockeries or rock gardens.[22]

Propagation

It can be propagated by division or by seed growing.[22]

Propagation Methods: By dividing rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs (including offsets) Seed Collecting: Allow pods to dry on plant; break open to collect seeds[10]

In 2006, a study was carried out on the pollen viability of Iris mandshurica. It was found that time is a significant factor as well as climate.[27]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[10]

References

  1. ↑ "Iris mandshurica Maxim. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  2. 1 2 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 125. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
  3. 1 2 3 Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 62, at Google Books
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 "Iris mandshurica". frps.eflora.cn. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 "FOC Vol. 24 Page 309". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Chapter I (Part 8) Regelia". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pries, Bob (12 June 2014). "(SPEC) Iris mandshurica Maxim.". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Manchurian Iris". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 "Aril Irises". pacificbulbsociety. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  12. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 0881927309.
  13. 1 2 Yutang, Zhao; Jingmei, Lu (February 1986). "Karyotype Studies Of 3 Species Of Genus Iris In China". Journal of Northeast Normal University. Northeast Forestry University. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  14. ↑ Qin, Min-Jian; Xu, Luo-Shan; Toshihiro, Tanaka; Wang, Qiang; Xu, Guo-Jun (2000). "A preliminary study on the distribution pattern of isoflavones in rhizomes of Iris from China and its systematic significance". Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica. TLC. 38 (4): 343–349. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  15. ↑ Zhang, Di; Lihuan, Zhuo; Hao, Zhuo (2007). "Anatomical Structure of Iris mandshurica Leaves". Journal of Northeast Normal University. Northeast Forestry University (11): 50–51, 69. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  16. ↑ Kozyrenko, M.M.; Artiukova, E.V.; Zhuravlev, I.N. (November 2009). "Independent species status of Iris vorobievii N.S. Pavlova, Iris mandshurica Maxim., and Iris humilis Georgi (Iridaceae): evidence from the nuclear and chloroplast genomes". Genetika. 45 (11): 1575–1584. Accessed 2 May 2015.
  17. ↑ ZhangLing, Di; Wang, Ling; Zhuo, Li-huan (May 2011). "Embryology of Iris mandshurica Maxim. (Iridaceae) and its systematic relationships". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 293 (1): 43–52. doi:10.1007/s00606-011-0427-1. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  18. ↑ Lee, HyunJung; Park, SeonJoo (2013). "A phylogenetic study of Korean Iris L. based on plastid DNA (psbA-trnH, trnL-F) sequences". Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy. The Plant Taxonomic Society of Korea. 43 (3): 227–235. doi:10.11110/kjpt.2013.43.3.227. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Taxon: Iris mandshurica Maxim.". ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rodionenko, G. I. "Iris (Iris) Manchu (Iris mandshurica)". calc.ru. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kelaidis, Panayoti (25 November 2005). "Iris mandshurica". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The exhibition "Iris Russia"". flower-iris.ru. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  23. ↑ Smith, A.W.; Stearn, William T. (1972). A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names (Revised ed.). Cassell and Company (published 1963). p. 208. ISBN 0304937215.
  24. ↑ Horticulture - Plant Names Explained: Botanical Terms and Their Meaning, p. 129, at Google Books
  25. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris mandshurica Maxim.". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  26. 1 2 3 "Iris mandshurica". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  27. ↑ Dan, Mu; Ling, Wang; Lihuan, Zhuo (April 2006). "Biological Characteristics of Flowing and Pollen Viability of Iris mandshurica". Journal of Northeast Forestry University. Northeast Forestry University. Retrieved 2 May 2015.

Other sources

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