LGBT rights by country or territory
This article is about current LGBT rights around the world. For historical and current movements to further LGBT rights, see LGBT social movements.
Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse and freedom of expression and association
| Same-sex intercourse legal | Same-sex intercourse illegal | ||
| | Marriage1 | | Unenforced penalty |
| | Marriage recognized but not performed1 | | Imprisonment |
| | Civil unions1 | | Up to life in prison |
| | Unregistered cohabitation1 | | Death penalty |
| | Same-sex unions not recognized | ||
| | Laws restricting freedom of expression and association |
Rings indicate areas where local judges have granted or denied marriages or imposed the death penalty in a jurisdiction where that is not otherwise the law or areas with a case-by-case application.
1Some jurisdictions in this category may currently have other types of partnerships.
1Some jurisdictions in this category may currently have other types of partnerships.
LGBT rights at the United Nations
| | Support | Countries which have signed a General Assembly declaration of LGBT rights or sponsored the Human Rights Council's 2011 resolution on LGBT rights (96 members). |
| | Oppose | Countries which signed a 2008 statement opposing LGBT rights (initially 57 members, now 54 members). |
| | Neither | Countries which, as regards the UN, have expressed neither official support nor opposition to LGBT rights (44 members). |
Laws affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people vary greatly by country or territory—everything from legal recognition of same-sex marriage or other types of partnerships, to the death penalty as punishment for same-sex romantic/sexual activity or identity.
LGBT rights are considered human rights by the Amnesty International[1] and civil rights by some.[2] LGBT rights laws include, but are not limited to, the following:
- government recognition of same-sex relationships (such as via same-sex marriage or similar unions)
- allowing LGBT adoption
- recognition of LGBT parenting
- anti-bullying legislation and student non-discrimination laws to protect LGBT children and/or students
- immigration equality laws
- anti-discrimination laws for employment and housing
- hate crime laws providing enhanced criminal penalties for prejudice-motivated violence against LGBT people
- equal age of consent laws
- equal access to assisted reproductive technology
- access to sex reassignment surgery and hormone replacement therapy
- legal recognition and accommodation of reassigned gender
- laws related to sexual orientation and military service
- allowing men who have sex with men to donate blood
As of April 2016, nineteen countries, most of them located in the Americas and Western Europe,[lower-alpha 1] recognize same-sex marriage and grant most of (if not all) the other rights listed above to its LGBT citizens.
Anti-LGBT laws include, but are not limited to, the following: sodomy laws penalizing consensual same-sex sexual activity with fines, jail terms, or the death penalty; anti-"lesbianism" laws; and higher ages of consent for same-sex activity.
In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, which was followed up with a report from the UN Human Rights Commission documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people, including hate crime, criminalization of homosexuality, and discrimination. Following up on the report, the UN Human Rights Commission urged all countries which had not yet done so to enact laws protecting basic LGBT rights.[3][4]
As of May 2016, 16 countries have an unequal age of consent law.[5]
As of August 2016, 72 countries as well as five sub-national jurisdictions[lower-alpha 7] have laws criminalizing homosexuality,[5] with most of them located in Asia and Africa. In 2006 that number was 92.[5]
History of LGBT-related laws
See also: LGBT history, Timeline of LGBT history, LGBT social movements, History of homosexuality, and Sodomy law § History
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| Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights |
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Ancient Celts
According to Aristotle, although most "belligerent nations" were strongly influenced by their women, the Celts were unusual because their men openly preferred male lovers (Politics II 1269b).[6][7] H. D. Rankin in Celts and the Classical World notes that "Athenaeus echoes this comment (603a) and so does Ammianus (30.9). It seems to be the general opinion of antiquity."[7] In book XIII of his Deipnosophists, the Roman Greek rhetorician and grammarian Athenaeus, repeating assertions made by Diodorus Siculus in the 1st century BC (Bibliotheca historica 5:32), wrote that Celtic women were beautiful but that the men preferred to sleep together. Diodorus went further, stating that "the young men will offer themselves to strangers and are insulted if the offer is refused". Rankin argues that the ultimate source of these assertions is likely to be Poseidonius and speculates that these authors may be recording "some kind of bonding ritual ... which requires abstinence from women at certain times".[7]
Ancient India
Throughout Hindu and Vedic texts there are many descriptions of saints, demigods, and even the Supreme Lord transcending gender norms and manifesting multiple combinations of sex and gender.[8] There are several instances in ancient Indian epic poetry of same sex depictions and unions by gods and goddesses. There are several stories depicting love between those of the same sex, especially among kings and queens. Kamasutra, the ancient Indian treatise on love talks about feelings for same sexes. Transsexuals are also venerated e.g. Lord Vishnu as Mohini and Lord Shiva as Ardhanarishwara (which means half woman).[9]
Ancient West Asia
Ancient Israel
The ancient Law of Moses (the Torah) forbids men lying with men (intercourse) in Leviticus 18 and gives a story of attempted homosexual rape in Genesis in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah, the cities being soon destroyed after that. The death penalty was prescribed. In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is condemned as being "abominable".
Ancient Persia
In Persia homosexuality and homoerotic expressions were tolerated in numerous public places, from monasteries and seminaries to taverns, military camps, bathhouses, and coffee houses. In the early Safavid era (1501–1723), male houses of prostitution (amrad khane) were legally recognized and paid taxes. Persian poets, such as Sa’di (d. 1291), Hafiz (d. 1389), and Jami (d. 1492), wrote poems replete with homoerotic allusions. The two most commonly documented forms were commercial sex with transgender young males or males enacting transgender roles exemplified by the köçeks and Sufi spiritual practices in which the practitioner admired the form of a beautiful boy in order to enter ecstatic states and glimpse the beauty of God.
Ancient Mesopotamia
Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC states: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch."[10]
Ancient Rome
The "conquest mentality" of the ancient Romans shaped Roman homosexual practices.[11] In the Roman Republic, a citizen's political liberty was defined in part by the right to preserve his body from physical compulsion or use by others;[12] for the male citizen to submit his body to the giving of pleasure was considered servile.[13] As long as a man played the penetrative role, it was socially acceptable and considered natural for him to have same-sex relations, without a perceived loss of his masculinity or social standing.[14] The bodies of citizen youths were strictly off-limits, and the Lex Scantinia imposed penalites on those who committed a sex crime (stuprum) against a freeborn male minor.[15] Acceptable same-sex partners were males excluded from legal protections as citizens: slaves, male prostitutes, and the infames, entertainers or others who might be technically free but whose lifestyles set them outside the law.
"Homosexual" and "heterosexual" were thus not categories of Roman sexuality, and no words exist in Latin that would precisely translate these concepts.[16] A male citizen who willingly performed oral sex or received anal sex was disparaged, but there is only limited evidence of legal penalties against these men, who were presumably "homosexual" in the modern sense.[17] In courtroom and political rhetoric, charges of effeminacy and passive sexual behaviors were directed particularly at "democratic" politicians (populares) such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.[18]
Roman law addressed the rape of a male citizen as early as the 2nd century BC, when a ruling was issued in a case that may have involved a man of same-sex orientation. It was ruled that even a man who was "disreputable and questionable" had the same right as other citizens not to have his body subjected to forced sex.[19] A law probably dating to the dictatorship of Julius Caesar defined rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone"; the rapist was subject to execution, a rare penalty in Roman law.[20] A male classified as infamis, such as a prostitute or actor, could not as a matter of law be raped, nor could a slave, who was legally classified as property; the slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage.[21]
In the Roman army of the Republic, sex among fellow soldiers violated the decorum against intercourse with citizens and was subject to harsh penalties, including death,[22] as a violation of military discipline.[23] The Greek historian Polybius (2nd century BC) lists deserters, thieves, perjurers, and "those who in youth have abused their persons" as subject to the fustuarium, clubbing to death.[24] Ancient sources are most concerned with the effects of sexual harassment by officers, but the young soldier who brought an accusation against his superior needed to show that he had not willingly taken the passive role or prostituted himself.[25] Soldiers were free to have relations with their male slaves;[26] the use of a fellow citizen-soldier's body was prohibited, not homosexual behaviors per se.[27] By the late Republic and throughout the Imperial period, there is increasing evidence that men whose lifestyle marked them as "homosexual" in the modern sense served openly.[28]
Although Roman law did not recognize marriage between men, and in general Romans regarded marriage as a heterosexual union with the primary purpose of producing children, in the early Imperial period some male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites. Juvenal remarks with disapproval that his friends often attended such ceremonies.[29] The emperor Nero had two marriages to men, once as the bride (with a freedman Pythagoras) and once as the groom. His consort Sporus appeared in public as Nero's wife wearing the regalia that was customary for the Roman empress.[30]
Apart from measures to protect the prerogatives of citizens, the prosecution of homosexuality as a general crime began in the 3rd century of the Christian era when male prostitution was banned by Philip the Arab. By the end of the 4th century, after the Roman Empire had come under Christian rule, passive homosexuality was punishable by burning.[31] "Death by sword" was the punishment for a "man coupling like a woman" under the Theodosian Code.[32] Under Justinian, all same-sex acts, passive or active, no matter who the partners, were declared contrary to nature and punishable by death.[33]
Congo
E. E. Evans-Pritchard recorded that in the past male Azande warriors in the northern Congo routinely took on young male lovers between the ages of twelve and twenty, who helped with household tasks and participated in intercrural sex with their older husbands. The practice had died out by the early 20th century, after Europeans had gained control of African countries, but was recounted to Evans-Pritchard by the elders to whom he spoke.[34]
Feudal Japan
In feudal Japan, homosexuality was recognized, between equals (bi-do), in terms of pederasty (wakashudo), and in terms of prostitution. The younger partner in a pederastic relationship often was expected to make the first move; the opposite was true in ancient Greece. In religious circles, same-sex love spread to the warrior (samurai) class, where it was customary for a boy in the wakashū age category to undergo training in the martial arts by apprenticing to a more experienced adult man. The man was permitted, if the boy agreed, to take the boy as his lover until he came of age; this relationship, often formalized in a "brotherhood contract",[35] was expected to be exclusive, with both partners swearing to take no other (male) lovers. The Samurai period was one in which homosexuality was seen as particularly positive. Later when Japanese society became pacified, the middle classes adopted many of the practices of the warrior class.
Lesotho
Anthropologists Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe reported that women in Lesotho engaged in socially sanctioned "long term, erotic relationships" called motsoalle.[36]
Papua New Guinea
In Papua New Guinea, same-sex relationships were an integral part of the culture until the middle of the last century. The Etoro and Marind-anim for example, even viewed heterosexuality as wasteful and celebrated homosexuality instead. They believed that in sharing semen, they are sharing their life force, yet women simply wasted this force any time they didn't get pregnant after sex. In many traditional Melanesian cultures a prepubertal boy would be paired with an older adolescent who would become his mentor and who would "inseminate" him (orally, anally, or topically, depending on the tribe) over a number of years in order for the younger to also reach puberty.[37]
Global LGBT Rights Maps
| Laws regarding same-sex sexuality by country or territory. |
|---|
|
Laws regarding same-sex sexuality by country or territory Same-sex marriage Other type of partnership (or unregistered cohabitation) Foreign same-sex marriages recognized No recognition of same-sex couples Laws restricting freedom of expression and association Imprisonment Imprisonment (up to life sentence) Up to death |
| LGBT rights at the United Nations |
|---|
|
Support Countries which have signed a General Assembly declaration of LGBT rights and/or sponsored the Human Rights Council's 2011 resolution on LGBT rights (96 members) Oppose Countries which signed a 2008 statement opposing LGBT rights (initially 57 members, now 54 members) Neither Countries which, as regards the UN, have expressed neither official support nor opposition to LGBT rights (44 members |
| Homosexual "propaganda" laws by country or territory |
|---|
 Homosexual "propaganda" laws by country or territory Countries or territories that don't have homosexual "propaganda" laws |
| Decriminalization of same-sex sexual intercourse by country or territory |
|---|
 1790–1799 1800–1819 1820–1829 1830–1839 1840–1859 1860–1869 1870–1879 1880–1889 1890–1909 1910–1919 1920–1929 1930–1939 1940–19491 1950–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–19992 2000–2009 2010-present3 Same-sex sexual activity always legal4 Male same-sex sexual intercourse illegal Same-sex sexual intercourse illegal 1During World War II, Nazi Germany annexed territory or established reichskommissariats which extended Germany's laws against same-sex sexual intercourse to those territories and reichskommissariats. Same-sex sexual intercourse was previously legalized in the following countries or territories before German annexation or establishment of reichskommissariats: Bas-Rhin (legal in 1791), Belgium (legal in 1795), Belluno (legal in 1890), Friuli-Venezia Giulia (legal in 1890), Haut-Rhin (legal in 1791), Luxembourg (legal in 1795), Moselle (legal in 1791), Netherlands (legal in 1811), Nord (legal in 1791), Pas-de-Calais (legal in 1791), Poland (legal in 1932), and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (legal in 1890). All countries and territories listed that where annexed or established into reichskommissariats by Nazi Germany during World War II where restored as independent countries or reincorporated into their previous countries during or after the war and thus re-legalized same-sex sexual intercourse in those areas. 2In May 1973, the Libyan Arab Republic annexed the Aouzou Strip from Chad. Libya's laws against same-sex sexual intercourse where thus extended to the annexed Aouzou Strip. In August 1987, during the Toyota War between the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Chad, Aouzou fell to the Chadian forces, only to be repelled by an overwhelming Libyan counter-offensive. The Aouzou dispute was concluded on February 3, 1994, when the judges of the International Court of Justice by a majority of 16 to 1 decided that the Aouzou Strip belonged to Chad. Monitored by international observers, the withdrawal of Libyan troops from the Strip began on April 15, 1994, and was completed by May 10, 1994. The formal and final transfer of the Aouzou Strip from Libya to Chad took place on May 30, 1994, when the sides signed a joint declaration stating that the Libyan withdrawal had been effected. 3During the Iraq Crisis / Iraqi Civil War, from 2013 to present, parts of Iraq were taken over by the Islamic State, enacting sharia and executing LGBT people. Territories, from 2014 to present, retaken by Iraqi government and thus re-legalized same-sex sexual intercourse in those areas. 4Same-sex sexual intercourse was never criminalized in the following countries and territories: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad (excluding Aouzou Strip), Clipperton Island, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Gabon, Indonesia, (excluding Aceh, British Bencoolen, Netherlands East-Indies (prior to 1811), and South Sumatra) Laos, Madagascar, Mali, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Niger, North Korea, South Korea, Vietnam, and Wallis and Futuna. |
| Equalization of age of consent laws for same-sex couples by country or territory |
|---|
 1790–1829 1830–1839 1840–1859 1860–1869 1870–1879 1880–1889 1890–1929 1930–1939 1940–19491 1950–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010-present Always equal age of consent laws for opposite and same-sex couples Unequal age of consent laws for same-sex couples 1During World War II, Nazi Germany annexed territory or established reichskommissariats which extended Germany's laws against same-sex sexual intercourse to those territories and reichskommissariats. Age of consent was previously equalized for same-sex couples in the following countries or territories before German annexation or establishment of reichskommissariats: Belluno (legal in 1890), Friuli-Venezia Giulia (legal in 1890), Poland (legal in 1932), and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (legal in 1890). All countries and territories listed that where annexed or established into reichskommissariats by Nazi Germany during World War II where restored as independent countries or reincorporated into their previous countries during or after the war and thus re-legalized equal age of consent laws for same-sex couples in those areas. |
| Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples by country or territory |
|---|
 Joint adoption allowed1 Second-parent adoption allowed2 No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples 1In Finland a law will come into force in 2017 |
| LGBT service in national militarizes by country or territory |
|---|
 All LGBT people can serve GBT men can serve LGB people can serve GB men can serve Ambiguous or conditional policy LGBT people are banned from serving No military No data on LGBT service |
| Employment discrimination laws by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory |
|---|
 Sexual orientation and gender identity: all employment Sexual orientation with anti–employment discrimination ordinance and gender identity solely in public employment Sexual orientation: all employment Gender identity: all employment Sexual orientation and gender identity: federal public employment and federal contractors Sexual orientation and gender identity: public employment Sexual orientation: public employment No national-level employment laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity |
| Constitutional discrimination laws by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory |
|---|
 Sexual orientation covered Gender identity covered No national or local level constitutional discrimination laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity |
| LGBT hate crime laws by country or territory |
|---|
 Sexual orientation and gender identity hate crime laws Sexual orientation hate crime laws No LGBT hate crime laws |
| Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by country or territory |
|---|
 Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation prohibited No prohibition on incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity |
| Bans on LGBT conversion therapy for minors by country or territory |
|---|
 Ban on LGBT conversion therapy for minors No prohibition LGBT conversion therapy for minors |
| LGBT immigration equality by country or territory |
|---|
 Recognition of same-sex couples in national immigration laws Unknown/ambiguous |
| Bans on same-sex unions by country or territory |
|---|
 No specific prohibition of same-sex marriages or unions Statute bans same-sex marriage Constitution bans same-sex marriage Constitution bans same-sex marriage and equivalent/similar union |
| Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men by country or territory |
|---|
 Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral Men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral Men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral1 No Data 1No restriction in Israel and the United States of America if last MSM activity was before 1977. |
| Blood donation policies for female sex partners of men who have sex with men by country or territory |
|---|
 Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral No Data |
| Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory |
|---|
 Legal identity change No legal identity change Unknown/Ambiguous |
LGBT-related laws by country or territory
Africa
| List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Africa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This table:
Northern Africa
Western Africa
Central Africa
Southeast Africa
Horn of Africa
Indian Ocean States
Southern Africa
Partially recognized or unrecognized states
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Americas
| List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in the Americas | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Tables:
North America
Central America
Caribbean
South America
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Asia
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Eurasia
Western Asia
Southern Asia
Eastern Asia
Southeast Asia
Partially recognized or unrecognized states
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Europe
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European Union
Central Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Partially recognised or unrecognised states
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Oceania
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Australasia
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia
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See also
- Buggery
- Civil union
- Heterosexism
- Homophobia
- Intersex human rights
- Movements for civil rights
- Transphobia
- List of human rights articles by country
- List of LGBT rights articles by region
- List of transgender-rights organizations
- LGBT people in prison
- Religion and homosexuality
- Same-sex marriage
- Sexual revolution
- Socialism and LGBT rights
- Societal attitudes toward homosexuality
- Status of same-sex marriage
- Yogyakarta Principles
Notes
- ↑ Countries with same-sex marriage recognized nationwide are: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark,[lower-alpha 2] France, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,[lower-alpha 3] New Zealand,[lower-alpha 4] Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom,[lower-alpha 5] the United States [lower-alpha 6] and Uruguay.
- ↑ Excluding the Faroe Islands
- ↑ Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten
- ↑ Excluding Niue, Tokelau and the Cook Islands
- ↑ Excluding Northern Ireland, the Crown dependencies and most British Overseas Territories. (Same-sex marriage is legal in the Pitcairn Islands).
- ↑ Excluding most Native American tribes. (Same-sex marriage is legal in at least 24 of them). Application to American Samoa unclear.
- ↑ These five sub-national jurisdictions are: the provinces of Aceh and South Sumatra (Indonesia), the Cook Islands (New Zealand), Gaza (Palestine) and Marawi City (the Philippines).
References
- ↑ "About LGBT Human Rights". Amnesty International. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
- ↑ Becker, John (23 March 2012). "LGBT Rights Are Civil Rights". Huffington Post. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
- ↑ Jordans, Frank (17 June 2011). "U.N. Gay Rights Protection Resolution Passes, Hailed As 'Historic Moment'". Associated Press.
- ↑ "UN issues first report on human rights of gay and lesbian people". United Nations. 15 December 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
- ↑ Percy, William A. (1996). Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece. University of Illinois Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-252-06740-1. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
- 1 2 3 Rankin, David; Ranking, H.D. (1996). Celts and the Classical World. Psychology Press. pp. 55 and 78. ISBN 978-0-4151-5090-3.
- ↑ ritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex, p. 40
- ↑ "Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association, Inc". The Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
- ↑ Halsall, Paul. "The Code of the Assura". Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Fordham University. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ↑ Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. xi; Marilyn B. Skinner, introduction to Roman Sexualities (Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 11.
- ↑ Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 326.
- ↑ Catharine Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome," in Roman Sexualities, pp. 67–68.
- ↑ Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), p. 225, and "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3.4 (1993), p. 525.
- ↑ Plutarch, Moralia 288a; Thomas Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in The Roman Cultural Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 39; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 545–546. Scholars disagree as to whether the Lex Scantinia imposed the death penalty or a hefty fine.
- ↑ Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122.
- ↑ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 214–215; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," passim.
- ↑ Catharine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 63–64.
- ↑ As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), noted and discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561.
- ↑ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
- ↑ Under the Lex Aquilia. See McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 314.
- ↑ McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 40.
- ↑ Sara Elise Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 93.
- ↑ Polybius, Histories 6.37.9 (translated as bastinado).
- ↑ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 280–285.
- ↑ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, p. 3.
- ↑ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 112 et passim.
- ↑ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 285–292.
- ↑ Juvenal, Satire 2; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 28.
- ↑ Suetonius Life of Nero 28–29; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 279ff.
- ↑ Michael Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia: Three Types of Explanation," in Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education (LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 193.
- ↑ Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3 (4 December 342), introduced by the sons of Constantine in 342.
- ↑ Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia," p. 193.
- ↑ Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1970). "Sexual Inversion among the Azande". American Anthropologist, New Series. 72 (6): 1428–1434. doi:10.1525/aa.1970.72.6.02a00170.
- ↑ Leupp, Gary P. (1999). Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan. University of California Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0-520-20909-5.
- ↑ Murray, Stephen (ed.); Roscoe, Will (ed.) (1998). Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-23829-0.
- ↑ Herdt, Gilbert H. (1984), Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, University of California Press, pp. 128–136, ISBN 0-520-08096-3
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Where is it illegal to be gay? - BBC News". Bbc.com. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- ↑ (Spanish) Reglamento regulador del Registro de Uniones de Hecho
- 1 2 "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law". St. Petersburg Times. 2005-07-01. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
- 1 2 "Adoption in Spain". Intercountry Adoption. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 http://ilga-europe.org/
- 1 2 (Spanish) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
- ↑ "Egypt (Law) - ILGA". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture
- ↑ (Spanish) REGLAMENTO REGULADOR DEL REGISTRO DE PAREJAS DE HECHO DE LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA
- ↑ "Morocco (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ "Tunisia (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ "Benin (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ "The Gambia passes bill imposing life sentences for some homosexual acts | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- ↑ "Ghana (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ LGBT Rights in Guinea
- ↑ LGBT Rights in Liberia
- ↑ LGBT Rights in Mauritania
- ↑ "Nigeria (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ LGBT Rights in Senegal
- ↑ LGBT Rights in Equatorial Guinea
- ↑ Marriage (Ascension) Ordinance, 2016
- ↑ "Everything you need to know about human rights. | Amnesty International". Amnesty.org. 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- ↑ "Laws of Kenya ; The Constitution of Kenya" (PDF). Kenyaembassy.com. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- ↑ LGBT Rights in Rwanda
- ↑ LGBT Rights in Eritrea
- ↑ LGBT Rights in Somalia
- ↑ LGBT Rights in Comoros
- ↑ "The Sexual Offences Bill" (PDF). mauritiusassembly.govmu.org. Government of Mauritius. 6 April 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ LGBT Rights in Mauritius
- 1 2 "Africa: Outspoken activists defend continent's sexual diversity - Norwegian Council for Africa". Afrika.no. 2009-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- ↑ "Equal Opportunities Act 2008" (PDF). Ilo.org. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- ↑ https://76crimes.com/2016/05/18/tiny-african-victory-seychelles-repeals-ban-on-gay-sex/
- ↑ LGBT Rights in Angola
- ↑ "Malawi suspends anti-gay laws as MPs debate repeal | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- ↑ "Mozambique Gay Rights Group Wants Explicit Constitutional Protections | Care2 Causes". Care2.com. 2011-03-03. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- ↑ "Homosexuality Decriminalised in Mozambique". Kuchu Times. 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- ↑ "Namibia". State.gov. 2002-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- ↑ "Namibia". Lgbtnet.dk. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia. Gay
- ↑ "La junta de protección a la infancia de Barcelona: Aproximación histórica y guía de su archivo" (PDF). Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ↑
- ↑ Johnson, Ayo (June 15, 2013). "MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
- ↑ "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)". Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.
- ↑ Law Reform (2000) Act
- ↑ An Act instituting civil unions and establishing new rules of filiation
- ↑ "Alberta: Adult Interdependent Relationships". Legal Resource Center of Alberta. 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ THE COMMON-LAW PARTNERS' PROPERTY AND RELATED AMENDMENTS ACT
- ↑ LOI CONCERNANT CERTAINES CONDITIONS DE FOND DU MARIAGE CIVIL
- ↑ Status differs in provinces and territories:
- Mary C. Hurley (31 May 2007). "Sexual Orientation and Legal Rights". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
- Jennifer A. Cooper (31 December 2001). "Opinion on Common-Law Relationships". Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
- "Gay couple leaps 'walls' to adopt son". Edmonton Journal. 19 February 2007.
- "Legal Information for Same Sex Couples" (PDF). Legal Information for Same Sex Couples. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
- "Yukon Adoption: Important Adoption Issues". Adoptiveparents.ca. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
- ↑ "Canadian Armed Forces". The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- ↑
- ↑ Northwest Territories Human Rights Act, S.N.W.T. 2002, c.18. Section 5.
- ↑ "Ontario passes law to protect transgender people". CBC News. June 13, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
- ↑ http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/topic.page?id=C53953157EE344A681EFD28325B526F4
- ↑ http://vitalstats.gov.mb.ca/change_of_sex_designation.html
- ↑ "1995-96 - L 162 (oversigt): Forslag til lov om ændring af kriminalloven og arveloven for Grønland. (Ændringer som følge af indførelse af registreret partnerskab)" (in Danish). Webarkiv.dk. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
- ↑ (Danish) Anordning om ikrafttræden for Grønland af lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab m.v.
- ↑ L 122 Forslag til lov om ændring af myndighedsloven for Grønland, lov om ikrafttræden for Grønland af lov om ægteskabets retsvirkninger, retsplejelov for Grønland og kriminallov for Grønland.
- ↑ (Spanish) Leopoldo Ramos (11 January 2007). "Aprueba Coahuila la figura del pacto civil de solidaridad". La Jornada. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ↑ (Spanish) Pedro Zamora Briseño (29 July 2013). "Aprueba Colima "enlace conyugal" entre parejas del mismo sexo". Proceso. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ↑ http://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2013/12/23/legalizan-bodas-gays-en-campeche
- ↑ (Spanish) "Jalisco avala Ley de Libre Convivencia para regular parejas del mismo sexo". CNN México. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- 1 2 David Agren (10 August 2010). "Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages". New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ↑ (Spanish) Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). "Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo". El Universal. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ↑ (Spanish) Mauricio Torres (14 November 2013). "Senadores proponen legalizar el matrimonio gay en todo México". CNN México. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ↑ (Spanish) "Propone Fernando Mayans Canabal reconocer el matrimonio sin distinción de preferencia sexual". Senado de México. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ↑ Summers, Claude (6 June 2015). "Mexico's Supreme Court Effectively Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage Nationwide". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ↑ "SCJN abre la puerta a matrimonio gay en todo el país" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: La Journada. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ↑ "Suprema Corte ampara matrimonio igualitario" (in Spanish). Mexico: Animal Politico. 13 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ↑ Associated Press (4 March 2010). "Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect". MSNBC. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ (Spanish) Jesús Castro (12 February 2014). "Ya pueden parejas gay adoptar en Coahuila; PAN vota en contra". Vanguardia. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ↑ "Intercountry Adoption: Mexico". Office of Children Issues, U.S. Dept. of State. November 2009.
- ↑ International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) (23 April 2003). "Mexico protects its gay and lesbian citizens with new law". Retrieved 27 November 2009.
- ↑ International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Trans (29 August 2008). "Mexico City extends official rights to transgender individuals". Retrieved 27 November 2009.
- ↑ Mexico, Protocol of Action for Those Who Impart Justice in Cases that Involve Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico City: Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation. August 2014. ISBN 978-607-96207-3-8. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 (French) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vignal, Francois (April 15, 2013). "Mariage pour tous : le détail du vote au Sénat" (in French). Public Senat. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/france.html
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga - ILGA". Trans.ilga.org. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
- ↑ "California Family Code Section 299.2". Onecle.
- ↑ [http://www.citizenlink.org/CLNews/A000004948.cfm CitizenLink: Amendment Would Mean No Money to D.C. Domestic-Partner Registry
- ↑ Summary of LD 1579
- ↑ "Oregon Registered Domestic Partners" (PDF). State of Oregon. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
- ↑ "Senate Bill 566".
- ↑ Burroway, Jim (June 17, 2009). "Wisconsin Senate Approves Domestic Partnerships". Box Turtle Bulletin. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
- ↑ "Nevada legalizing domestic partnerships". CNN. May 31, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
- ↑ "New Jersey Public Law 2006, c.103" (PDF). New Jersey Legislature. 2006. Retrieved July 31, 2007.
- ↑ Illinois House passes civil unions legislation in historic vote
- ↑ Huffington Post: Mark Niesse, "Hawaii Governor Neil Abercrombie Signs Same-Sex Civil Unions Into Law," February 23, 2011, accessed April 13, 2011
- ↑ Votes for SB13-011
- ↑ Wolf, Richard (June 26, 2015). "Supreme Court strikes down bans on same-sex marriage". USA Today. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Liptak, Adam (26 June 2015). "Gay Marriage Backers Win Supreme Court Victory". nytimes.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
- 1 2 3 "In 60 days, gays will be allowed to serve openly in the military". CNN. July 23, 2011.
- ↑ Geidner, Chris (23 April 2012). "Transgender Breakthrough". Metro Weekly. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
- ↑ HHS: Health Reform Law Prohibits Antitransgender Bias in Care
- ↑ Tatectate, Curtis (July 16, 2015). "EEOC: Federal law bans workplace bias against gays, lesbians, bisexuals | Miami Herald Miami Herald". Miamiherald.com. Retrieved 2016-05-25.
- ↑ http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/belize-supreme-court-overturns-anti-gay-law-n627511
- ↑ "Chapter 4 of the Laws of Belize - THE CONSTITUTION OF BELIZE PART II: Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms". Belmopan, Belize: The Government of Belize. 1981. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ↑ Littauer, Dan (10 August 2016). "Love wins! Belize anti-gay law struck down". Scotland: KaleidoScot. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ↑ "Supreme Court declares Section 53 unconstitutional". Port of Spain, Trinidad: Daily Express. Cana News. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ↑ "Transgender Culture in Belize". unibam.org. United Belize Advocacy Movement (UNIBAM). Retrieved 16 October 2016.
- ↑ [http://www.nacion.com/nacional/salud-publica/CCSS-aprobo-extender-seguro-parejas_0_1416058622.html, 22 May 2014
- ↑ Costa Rica Government To Prioritize Bill Legalizing Gay Civil Unions, 19 Mar 2015
- ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/costa-rica.html
- ↑ http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2015/04/el-salvador-approves-measures-banning-same-sex-marriage-gay-couple-adoption/
- 1 2 Asociación Salvadoreña de Derechos Humanos “Entre Amigos” (2010). HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER PERSONS IN EL SALVADOR: Shadow Report submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Committee (PDF). San Salvador.
- ↑ http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Gender-Hate-Crimes-in-El-Salvador-to-Receive-Tougher-Sentencing-20150904-0028.html
- ↑ http://www.lapagina.com.sv/nacionales/109929/2015/09/03/Homicidios-a-comunidad-LGTBI-tendran-penas-de-hasta-60-anos
- ↑ In socially conservative Guatemala, transgender people sees gains
- ↑ (Spanish) CONSTITUCION POLITICA DE LA REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS DE 1982
- ↑ "Honduras Bans Gay Marriage & Adoption". Global Gayz. March 30, 2005. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
- ↑ “DECRETO 144-83” CÓDIGO PENAL
- ↑ http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/internacionales/368103-buscan-que-orientacion-sexual-e-identidad-genero-s/
- ↑ http://impresa.prensa.com/panorama/Transexuales-panamenos-tramitan-cedulas-mujer_0_3518648160.html
- ↑ "Por primera vez, una transexual logra en Panamá cambiar su nombre en la cédula". El Espectador (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 August 2016.
- ↑ http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2016/09/aruba-parliament-approves-civil-unions-sex-couples/
- 1 2 3 "Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. 10 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ↑ The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, sections 9 and 26.
- ↑ Waaldijk, Kees. "Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands" (PDF). INED. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
- ↑ "Gay Marriage Goes Dutch". CBS News. Associated Press. 1 April 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
- ↑ "Burgerlijk Wetboek, Boek 1 (Civil Code, Book 1)". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
- ↑ https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/contents/prohibition-of-discrimination
- ↑ http://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/the-netherlands-passes-landmark-gender-identity-law
- ↑ "The Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009" (PDF). Cayman Constitution. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
- ↑ Duncan, Charles (July 24, 2016). "Gay couple wins work permit appeal". Cayman Compass.
- ↑ (Spanish) Gaceta Oficial No. 29 Extraordinaria de 17 de junio de 2014
- ↑ (Spanish) Entra en vigor nuevo Código de Trabajo
- ↑ "Cuba approves sex change operations", Reuters, 6 June 2008
- ↑ (Spanish) Constitución Política de la República Dominicana, proclamada el 26 de enero 2010, Publicada en la Gaceta Oficial No. 10561, del 26 de enero de 2010.
- ↑ Dominican Republic reiterates ban on gay cops and soldiers
- ↑ "The Montserrat Constitution Order 2010". Government of Montserrat. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
- ↑ "Constitution of Montserrat Part I: Fundamental Rights & Freedoms". Government of Montserrat. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
- ↑ Puerto Rico to amend laws after US ruling on gay marriage
- ↑ "The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2011" (PDF). Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
- ↑ Ley 1004
- ↑ (Spanish) LEY Nº 3736 CONVIVENCIA HOMOSEXUAL
- ↑ Ley 26.994 CODIGO CIVIL Y COMERCIAL DE LA NACION
- ↑ Ley 26.618
- ↑ AG magazine (2 March 2009). "A New Argentina Overturns Gay Military Ban". Queerty. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
- ↑ Buscan replicar Ley de la Ciudad en la Nación
- ↑ Página12, 10 May 2012
- ↑ CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DEL ESTADO PLURINACIONAL DE BOLIVIA
- ↑
- ↑ "Constitución Política del Estado (CPE) (7-Febrero-2009)" (in Spanish). Infoleyes. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
- ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/bolivia.html
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- ↑ CNJ obriga cartórios a celebrar casamento entre homossexuais
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- ↑ Ley 20830 CREA EL ACUERDO DE UNIÓN CIVIL
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- ↑ http://www.biobiochile.cl/2014/01/21/senado-aprueba-idea-de-legislar-proyecto-de-ley-de-identidad-de-genero.shtml
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- ↑ CONSTITUCIÓN DEL ECUADOR
- ↑ LEY REFORMATORIA AL CÓDIGO CIVIL
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- 1 2 Family Law Review 2015 – Proposals for new policy development and legislation
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- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 "Map shows how Europe forces trans people to be sterilized". Gay Star News.
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This amendment to the penal code entailed a de jure decriminalization of sodomy since, in 1963, the Israeli Supreme Court had already issued a de facto decriminalization, ruling that the anti-sodomy law (which dated back to the British Mandate of Palestine; Mandatory Criminal Ordinance of 1936) could not be prosecuted (Yosef Ben-Ami vs. The Attorney General of Israel, 224/63).
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- ↑ Kuwait Law
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- 1 2 3 4 5 6 (Turkish) Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın “Eşcinsellik Suçu” Yasası Tarihe Karıştı!
- ↑ Perspective: what has the EU done for LGBT rights?, Café Babel, 17 May 2010
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- ↑ (German) Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz
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- ↑ (Czech) 115/2006 Sb. o registrovaném partnerství a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů
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- ↑ (Hungarian) T/5423 Magyarország Alaptörvényének 6. módosítása
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- 1 2 (French)Le pacs gagne du terrain
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- ↑ (Finnish) Ihmisoikeudet kuuluvat myös transsukupuolisille
- ↑ (Icelandic)Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)
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- ↑ http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/sweden-ends-forced-sterilization-trans110113
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- ↑ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 204
- ↑ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 393
- ↑ (Italian) "Adozioni gay, la Corte d'Appello di Roma conferma: sì a due mamme". Corriere della Sera.
- ↑ (Italian)"Cassazione, via libera alla stepchild adoption in casi particolari". Repubblica.
- ↑ (Italian) "Legge 14 Aprile 1982, n. 164 (GU n. 106 del 19/04/1982) Norme in Materia di Rettificazione di Attribuzione di Sesso". Archived from the original on 23 May 2007.
- ↑ Court of Cassation judgment of 21 May 2015
- ↑ "Macedonia Moves to Rule Out Same-Sex Marriage". Balkan Insight. 1 July 2014.
- 1 2 AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
- ↑ MARRIAGE ACT
- ↑ Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Bill
- ↑ "THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO and THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO ADOPTED ON 19 OCTOBER 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-05.
- ↑ "Information on the rights of minority groups in Montenegro" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-05.
- ↑ (Portuguese) Law no. 7/2001, from 11 May (specifically Article 1, no. 1).
- ↑ (Portuguese) AR altera lei das uniões de facto
- ↑ Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May.
- ↑ (Portuguese) Lei 17/2016 de 20 de junho
- ↑ (Portuguese) Lei que alarga a procriação medicamente assistida publicada em Diário da República
- ↑ (Portuguese) Todas as mulheres com acesso à PMA a 1 de Agosto
- ↑ http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/press-releases/meps-welcome-new-gender-change-law-in-portugal-concerned-about-lithuania/
- ↑ Gessa, Daniele Guido (June 27, 2012). "San Marino axes medieval law to let gay couples live together". GayStarNews. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
- ↑ (Italian) San Marino. Unioni civili, presto sul tavolo tre bozze di legge
- ↑ (Italian) San Marino. Unioni civili, presto sul tavolo tre bozze di legge
- ↑ First post-Mediaeval criminal code in the Principality of Serbia, named "Kaznitelni zakon" (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, punishes sexual intercourse "against the order of nature" between males with 6 months to 4 years imprisonment. V. Para # 206, p. 82 of the "Kaznitelni zakon 1860" in Slavo-Serbian orthography (PDF)
- ↑ "Constitution of Serbia". Serbian Government. Retrieved 8 November 2006.
- ↑ http://www.parlament.gov.rs/akti/doneti-zakoni/doneti-zakoni.1033.html
- ↑ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2012&mm=12&dd=24&nav_category=11&nav_id=671737
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Galán, José Ignacio Pichardo. "Same-sex couples in Spain. Historical, contextual and symbolic factors" (PDF). Institut national d'études démographiques. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
- ↑ "Ley 1/2001, de 6 de abril, por la que se regulan las uniones de hecho". Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
- ↑ "Llei 18/2001 de 19 de desembre, de parelles estables" (in Catalan). Govern de les Illes Balears. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ↑ "LEY 4/2002, de 23 de mayo, de Parejas Estables" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ↑ "DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León y se regula su funcionamiento" (PDF) (in Spanish). Junta de Castilla y León. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ↑ "Ley de Cantabria 1/2005, de 16 de mayo, de Parejas de Hecho de la Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria." (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ↑ "Decreto 248/2007, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se crea y se regula el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de Galicia." (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ↑ "Decreto 30/2010, de 14 de mayo, por el que se crea el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de La Rioja" (in Spanish). El Gobierno de La Rioja. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ↑ "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law". St. Petersburg Times. 2005-07-01. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
- ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/spain.html
- ↑ (Spanish) Boletín Oficial del Estado Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida (see Article 7)
- ↑ (Spanish) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
- 1 2 "Turkey's main opposition proposed labor bill for LGBT people". kaosgl.com.
- ↑ http://ijg.sagepub.com/content/18/1/77.abstract
- ↑ (German) Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusammenwohnens
- ↑ "Belgium to follow Holland on gay marriage". RTÉ News. 29 November 2002.
- ↑ "Belgium legalizes gay marriage". UPI. 31 January 2003.
- ↑ "Belgium approves same-sex marriage". PlanetOut. 30 January 2003.
- ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/belgium.html
- ↑ (French)(Dutch) Belgian Official Gazette Loi du 5 mai 2014 portant établissement de la filiation de la coparente, as amended by loi du 18 décembre 2014 modifiant le Code civil, le code de droit international privé, le Code consulaire, la loi du 5 mai 2014 portant établissement de la filiation de la coparente et la loi du 8 mai 2014 modifiant le Code civil en vue d’instaurer l’égalité de l’homme et de la femme dans le mode de transmission du nom à l’enfant et à l’adopté
- ↑ (French) (Dutch) Loi du 10 mai 2007 relative à la transsexualité/Wet van 10 mei 2007 betreffende de transseksualiteit
- ↑ (French) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
- ↑ Erlanger, Steven (18 May 2013). "Hollande Signs French Gay Marriage Law". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
- ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/france.html
- ↑ "France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga - ILGA". Trans.ilga.org. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
- ↑ "Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2011". guernseylegalresources.gg.
- ↑ "JURIST - Homosexual Offenses and Human Rights in Guernsey". jurist.org.
- ↑ http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=98634&p=0
- ↑ http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=98636&p=0
- ↑ "Union civile, Green, marriage, Liberate « Guernsey Press". guernseypress.com.
- ↑ "Guernsey votes to legalise same-sex marriage". Gay Times Magazine.
- ↑ "Guernsey law change allows same-sex couples to adopt". BBC News.
- 1 2 "The Prevention of Discrimination (Enabling Provisions) (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 2004". Guernsey Legal Resources. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
- ↑ "Legal Resources: Legal Resources Navigation List: Guernsey Law Reports 2007–08 GLR 161". guernseylegalresources.gg.
- ↑ "Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010". irishstatutebook.ie.
- ↑ Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Bill 2015
- ↑ "Gay adoption law due before same-sex marriage referendum". The Irish Times. 21 January 2015.
- ↑ "FAQs". The Adoption Authority of Ireland.
- ↑ http://rainbow-europe.org/#8639/0/0
- ↑ http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/change-sought-to-anomaly-in-adoption-law-1.1848049
- ↑ Oireachtas Children and Family Relationships Act 2015
- ↑ "Employment Equality Act, 1998". Irishstatutebook.ie. 18 June 1998. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
- ↑ "Equal Status Act, 2000". Irishstatutebook.ie. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
- ↑ "Prohibition of Incitement To Hatred Act, 1989". irishstatutebook.ie.
- ↑ http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-transgender-recognition-bill-2218956-Jul2015/
- ↑ "Civil Partnership Act 2011" (PDF). legislation.gov.im.
- ↑ "Same-sex Manx marriages can go ahead after Royal Assent". BBC. 19 July 2016. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
- ↑ EMPLOYMENT ACT 2006
- ↑ "GENDER RECOGNITION ACT 2009" (PDF). legislation.gov.im.
- ↑ "Gender recognition bill to provide protection to Isle of Man trans residents". PinkNews.
- ↑ "Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012" (PDF). jerseylaw.je.
- ↑ Equal Marriage and Partnership Options Paper Report
- ↑ http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyPropositions/2015/P.40-2015.pdf
- ↑ GENDER RECOGNITION (JERSEY) LAW 2010
- ↑ (French) Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats
- ↑ Same-sex marriages from January 1
- ↑ Same-Sex Marriage in Luxembourg from 1 January 2015
- ↑ http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2014/0125/a125.pdf
- ↑ (French) Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006
- ↑ n°207 - Proposition de loi relative au Pacte de vie commune
- ↑ Waaldijk, Kees. "Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands" (PDF). INED. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
- ↑ "Gay Marriage Goes Dutch". CBS News. Associated Press. 1 April 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
- ↑ ttp://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/netherlands.html
- ↑ (Dutch) Staatsblad Wet van 25 november 2013 tot wijziging van Boek 1 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek in verband met het juridisch ouderschap van de vrouwelijke partner van de moeder anders dan door adoptie
- ↑ https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/contents/prohibition-of-discrimination
- ↑ http://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/the-netherlands-passes-landmark-gender-identity-law
- ↑ "Civil Partnership Act 2004". legislation.gov.uk.
- ↑ "Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed". BBC News. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ↑ "Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed". BBC News. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ↑ Thomas, Ellen (20 September 2009). "New legislation sees gay Scottish couples win right to adopt children". The Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
- ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/united-kingdom.html
- ↑ legislation.gov.uk Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008: Cases in which woman to be other parent
- ↑ Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4)
- 1 2 LGBT Rights in Ukraine
- ↑ http://lug-info.com/documents/one/ugolovnyi-kodeks-luganskoi-narodnoi-respubliki-467
- ↑ "FAMILY LAW OF KOSOVO - Law Nr.2004/32". childhub.org.
- ↑ "Adoption Laws in Kosovo: Unmarried persons". State portal of the Republic of Kosovo. Constitution of Kosovo.
- ↑ "Adoption in Kosovo (Report) - Page 6". OSCE Mission in Kosovo.
- ↑ "Constitution of Kosovo; discrimination".
- ↑
- ↑ http://dnr-online.ru/ugolovnyj-kodeks-dnr/
- ↑ http://pravo.pmr-online.com/View.aspx?id=dMQ8CSXQu3QAok4djqV2MQ%3D%3D
- ↑ "В Приднестровье, как и в Молдове защитят права геев и лесбиянок". Новости Приднестровья:: ИА «Тирас».
- ↑ "Relationships Act 2003". Tasmanian Legislation. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
- ↑ "South Australia gays get new rights by Tony Grew (7 December 2006)". pinknews.com.au. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
- ↑ Relationships Act 2008 (Vic)
- ↑ "Massive support for register". Star Observer. May 13, 2010. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
- ↑ Agius, Kym (December 1, 2011). "Bligh asks ALP to support gay marriage". Retrieved September 14, 2012.
- ↑ "Civil Unions Bill 2011". ACT Government. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
- ↑ Marriage Amendment Act 2004
- ↑ http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/australian-parliament-vote-same-sex-marriage-again-year040814
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ "Australia Ends a Prohibition On Homosexuals in Military", New York Times, November 24, 1992
- 1 2 Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013
- 1 2 Marriage equality Bill officially signed into law, GayNZ.com, Retrieved 19 April 2013
- ↑ Chand, Shalveen (26 February 2010). "Same sex law decriminalised". Fiji Times. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
- ↑ Verheyen, Vincent. "Sexual orientation [LGBTQ+] and the draft of the new Solomon Islands Constitution". Retrieved 3 March 2016.
- ↑ Nauru decriminalises homosexuality
- ↑ Crimes Act 2016
- ↑ Palau decriminalises sex between men
- ↑ "Sodomy Laws American Samoa". Sodomylaws.org. 28 March 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
- ↑ Sagapolutele, Fili. "gay marriage illegal in American Samoa". USNews. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
- ↑ Employment Relations Act 2012
- ↑ Pitcairn Island: Same Sex Marriage and Civil Partnership Ordinance 2015
- ↑ Laws - PITCAIRN
- ↑ The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010
- ↑ Labour and Employment Relations Act 2013
External links
- International Lesbian and Gay Association
- Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual: Law at DMOZ
- Amnesty International USA: LGBT legal status around the world — interactive map
- GayLawNet: Laws — information by country
- International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission
- Resource links — for researching legal information
- International Commission of Jurists, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Justice - A Comparative Law Casebook
- United Nations Human Rights Council, Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, an annual report
- The United Nations, Living Free and Equal: What States Are Doing to Tackle Violence and Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex People, November 2016
- Legal recognition of nonbinary gender identities
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