Newcastle-upon-Tyne by-election, 1908

The Newcastle-upon-Tyne by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

Vacancy

Thomas Cairns had been Liberal MP for the seat of Newcastle-upon-Tyne since the 1906 General Election. He died on 3 September 1908.

Electoral history

The seat had been Liberal since they gained it in 1906;

General Election January 1906^[1] Electorate 36,909

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Labour	Walter Hudson	18,869	31.1
	Liberal	Thomas Cairns	18,423	30.5
	Conservative	Sir Walter Richard Plummer	11,942	19.8
	Conservative	George Renwick	11,223	18.6
Turnout				84.6
Majority			6,927	11.3
	Labour gain from Conservative		Swing
Majority			6,481	10.7
	Liberal gain from Conservative		Swing

Candidates

Edward Shortt

The local Liberal Association selected 46-year-old Edward Shortt to defend the seat. The son of a Newcastle upon Tyne Church of England vicar, he was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1890 and practised on the North Eastern Circuit. He had served as Recorder (part-time judge) of Sunderland since 1907.^[2]

The Conservatives retained 58-year-old George Renwick as their candidate. Renwick was elected to Parliament in 1900 as Conservative member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, serving from 1900 until his defeat in 1906. Renwick was born in Newcastle upon Tyne. He joined shipowners Pyman, Bell & Co as a clerk and then co-founded his own business, Fisher, Renwick & Co. He had particularly large interests in drydocks, including the world's first ever floating repair docks, the Tyne Pontoons at Wallsend, which he sold to Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson Ltd in 1903.^[3]

The Newcastle Independent Labour Party selected J. J. Stephenson as a candidate. This was in conflict with the electoral alliance that had existed between the Liberal and Labour parties. However, the Labour Party National Executive persuaded the Labour candidate to withdraw. The Social Democratic Federation, with the support of some local Independent Labour Party branches, then nominated their own candidate, 53-year-old Bradford man, Edward Hartley.^[4] Hartley had fought Bradford East at the last General election, finishing third. Before that he had fought Dewsbury at the 1895 general election and then the Dewsbury by-election, 1902.

Campaign

Polling Day was fixed for the 25 September 1908, just 22 days after the death of the previous MP.

The constituency included at least 2,000 Irish voters, mainly Roman Catholics, who could normally be relied upon to vote Liberal. However, the Liberals banned the carrying of the Host in the Eucharistic Congress Procession in London earlier in the month, which was expected to cost them votes in Newcastle.^[5]

The SDF candidate antagonised the ILP and the local suffragists by refusing to pledge himself to oppose any future franchise reform restricted to manhood suffrage.^[6]

Result

The Conservatives gained the seat;

Newcastle-upon-Tyne by-election, 1908^[7] Electorate 37,389

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Conservative	George Renwick	13,863	48.5
	Liberal	Edward Shortt	11,720	41.1
	Social Democratic Federation	Edward Robertshaw Hartley	2,971	10.4
Turnout				76.4
Majority			2,143
	Conservative gain from Liberal		Swing

Aftermath

Shortt re-gained the seat from Renwick at the following General Election. Hartley returned to Bradford where he was again defeated at Bradford East;

General Election January 1910^[8] Electorate 38,534

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Liberal	Edward Shortt	18,779
	Labour	Walter Hudson	18,241
	Conservative	Sir Walter Richard Plummer	14,067
	Conservative	George Renwick	13,928
Turnout
Majority			4,174
	Liberal gain from Conservative		Swing
Majority
	Labour hold		Swing

References

1. British parliamentary election results 1885-1918
2. Who's Who
3. Who's Who
4. A Liberal Chronicle: Journals and Papers of J.A. Pease
5. A Liberal Chronicle: Journals and Papers of J.A. Pease
6. A Liberal Chronicle: Journals and Papers of J.A. Pease
7. British parliamentary election results 1885-1918
8. British parliamentary election results 1885-1918