List of heads of government of Russia

Dmitry Medvedev is currently head of government

Approximately 98 people have been head of the Russian government since its establishment in 1726. The chairman of government was a member of the Supreme Privy Council, which was created on 8 (19) February 1726 by Empress Catherine, and from 8 (20) September 1802 ministerial duties were allocated by the Committee of Ministers, which was established on in accordance with the proclamation of Emperor Alexander II. Beginning with Count Aleksandr Romanovich Vorontsov, the eldest of the officers was de facto chairman of the committee. Eight years after the inauguration of the manifest, the first de jure office holder was Count Nikolay Rumyantsev.^[1] The Council of Ministers was unofficially formed in October 1857, as a result of Emperor Alexander II's reforms; its first session began on 19 (31) December 1857. Before the actual formation of that body on 12 (24) November 1861, the Emperor himself was in charge. The Council of Ministers consisted of chairmen of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers, as well as high-ranking officers appointed by the Emperor. The first session ended on 11 (23) December 1882, after the number of files to the Council greatly decreased.^[2][3]

The Committee of Ministers functioned simultaneously with the second session of the Council of Ministers for six more months; Count Sergei Witte participated on both entities until the abolition of the committee on 23 April (5 May) 1906. Following that event, the duties of the committee were left to the Council of Ministers, until the formation of the Small Council in 1909, which also included deputy ministers. By the order of Emperor Nicholas II, the second session of the Council of Ministers began on 19 October (1 November) 1905, following the formation of the State Duma. Shortly after the February Revolution and the inception of the Russian Provisional Government on 2 (15) March 1917, Georgy Lvov from the Constitutional Democratic Party and Alexander Kerensky from the Socialist Revolutionary Party became joint Minister-Chairmen. The provisional Russian Republic was eventually replaced by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and the governmental body by the Council of People's Commissars, which was chaired from 1917–24 by Vladimir Lenin. That body was renamed Council of Ministers following a decree of the Supreme Council on 23 March 1946.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin, as the President of the Russian Federation, was automatically appointed as the Head of Government of the Russian Federation in the first two years of his mandate. The latter body took the previous name "Council of Ministers", the chairman of which became Viktor Chernomyrdin from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, replacing acting chairman Yegor Gaidar. According to the new constitution ratified on 25 December 1993, those two entities were separated. Since then, the head of that office takes the formal title "Chairmen of the Government" or colloquially "Prime Minister" (the only actual prime minister was Valentin Pavlov). Chernomyrdin resumed chairing the government, followed up by non-partisans and acting office holders. On 8 May 2008, Vladimir Putin took the office for a second term, now as a member of United Russia. Dmitry Medvedev has been the Chairman of the Government since 8 May 2012.^[4]

The youngest head of government by his accession to office was Count Karl-Fridrikh Golshteyn-Gottorpsky, at age 26, and the oldest Count Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy, at age 81.

Before 1905

Since the 18th century, a modern system of public administration was going to be created in Russia, including the formation of bodies whose powers are similar to the powers of the modern Russian Government. In some cases, the naming of those bodies, such as the Committee of Ministers, was kept to date, but the functions of this body in public administration have been severely limited. They were mostly advisory bodies, and its chairman - decorative.^[5]

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Head of state
Members of the Supreme Privy Council of the Russian Empire (1726–1730)
			Duke Alexander Danilovich Menshikov (1673–1729)	8 February 1726	8 September 1727	Catherine I (1725–1727) Peter II (1727–1730) Anna (1730–1740)
			Count Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin (1661–1728)	8 February 1726	10 November 1728
			Count Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin (1660–1734)	8 February 1726	6 May 1727
			Count Andrey Ivanovich Osterman (1686–1747)	8 February 1726	6 May 1727
		Knyaz Dmitry Mikhaylovich Golitsyn (1665–1737)	8 February 1726	6 May 1727
			Count Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy (1645–1729)	8 February 1726	6 May 1727
		Count Karl Fridrikh Golshteyn-Gottorpsky (1700–1739)	8 February 1726 (or March 1726)[6]	25 July 1727
			Knyaz Alexey Grigoryevich Dolgorukov (?–1734)	3 February 1728	4 March 1730
			Knyaz Vasily Lukich Dolgorukov (1670–1739)	6 April 1729	4 March 1730
			Knyaz Vasily Vladimirovich Dolgorukov (1667–1746)	19 January 1730	4 March 1730
			Knyaz Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1675–1730)	19 January 1730	4 March 1730
Cabinet ministers of the Russian Empire (1731–1741)
			Count Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin (1660–1734)	10 November 1731	20 January 1734	Anna (1730–1740) Ivan VI (1740–1741)
			Count Andrey Ivanovich Osterman (1686–1747)	20 January 1734	10 November 1740
			Count Khristofor Antonovich Minikh (1683–1767)	10 November 1740	3 March 1741
			Count Andrey Ivanovich Osterman (1686–1747) (2nd time)	3 March 1741	25 November 1741
Conferency ministers at the Highest Court of the Russian Empire (1756–1762)
			Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin (1702–1758)	14 March 1756	1 October 1757	Elizabeth (1741–1762) Peter III (1762)
			Count Mikhail Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (1688–1760)	14 March 1756	2 October 1757
			Knyaz Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1684–1764)	14 March 1756	17 December 1757
			Count Alexey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (1693–1768)	14 March 1756	14 February 1758
			Count Alexander Borisovich Buturlin (1694–1767)	14 March 1756	17 October 1760
			Count Peter Ivanovich Shuvalov (1711–1762)	14 March 1756	4 January 1762
			Count Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov (1714–1767)	14 March 1756	20 January 1762
			Knyaz Nikita Yuryevich Trubetskoy (1699–1767)	14 March 1756	20 January 1762
			Count Alexander Ivanovich Shuvalov (1710–1771)	14 March 1756	20 January 1762
			Grand Duke Peter Fyodorovich Romanov (subsequently Emperor Peter III) (1728–1762)	14 March 1756	28 January 1762
			Knyaz Yakov Petrovich Shakhovsky (1705–1777)	16 September 1760	25 December 1761
			Ivan Ivanovich Neplyuev (1693–1773)	16 September 1760	20 January 1762
			Count Roman Illarionovich Vorontsov (1707–1783)	28 December 1761	20 January 1762
Members of the Imperial Council of the Russian Empire (1762)
			Prince Georg Lyudwig Golshteyn-Gottorpsky (1719–1763)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762	Peter III (1762)
			Count Pyotr Avgust Fridrikh Golshteyn-Beksky (1696–1775)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762
			Count Khristofor Antonovich Minikh (1683–1767)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762
			Knyaz Nikita Yuryevich Trubetskoy (1699–1767)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762
			Count Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov (1714–1767)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762
			Aleksandr Nikitich Vilbua (1713–1788)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762
			Knyaz Mikhail Nikitich Volkonsky (1713–1788)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762
			Aleksey Petrovich Melgunov (1722–1788)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762
Heads of Council Affairs at the Highest Court (Highest Council) of the Russian Empire (1768–1801)
			Stepan Fyodorovich Strekalov (1728–1805)	17 November 1768	1776	Catherine II (1762–1796) Paul (1796–1801)
			Count Alexander Nikolayevich Samoylov (1744–1814)	1776	1787
			Ivan Andreyevich Veydemeyer (1752–1820)	1787	18 November 1796
			Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin (1743–1816)	18 November 1796	22 November 1796
			Ivan Andreyevich Veydemeyer (1752–1820) (2nd time)	18 November 1796	26 March 1801
Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers of the Russian Empire (1810–1903)
			Count Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev[lower-alpha 1] (1754–1826)	1810	1812	Alexander I (1801–1825) Nicholas I (1825–1855) Alexander II (1855–1881) Alexander III (1881–1894) St. Nicholas II (1894–1917)
			Count and Knyaz Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov (1736–1816)	29 March 1812[7]	9 September 1812 (disputed)[lower-alpha 2] 16 May 1816
			Count Sergey Kuzmich Vyazmitinov (disputed)[lower-alpha 3] (1744–1819)	9 September 1812	15 October 1816
			Knyaz Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin (1753–1827)	25 May 1816[8]	6 April 1827
			Knyaz Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (1768–1834)	29 April 1827[9]	3 June 1834
			Count Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev (1761–1838)	11 July 1834[10]	8 April 1838
			Knyaz Illarion Vasilyevich Vasilchikov (1776–1847)	9 April 1838[11]	21 February 1847
			Count Vasily Vasilyevich Levashov (1783–1848)	31 December 1847[12]	23 September 1848
			Knyaz Alexander Ivanovich Chernyshyov (1785–1857)	1 December 1848[13]	5 April 1856[13]
			Knyaz Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov (1787–1862)	May 1857[14]	January 1861[15]
			Count Dmitry Nikolayevich Bludov (1785–1864)	12 November 1861	19 February 1864
			Knyaz Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin (1789–1872)	24 February 1864[16]	21 February 1872
			Count Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev (1797–1879)	21 February 1872[17]	20 December 1879[17]
			Count Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev (1815–1890)	25 December 1879[18]	4 October 1881[18]
			Count Mikhail Khristoforovich Reytern (1820–1890)	4 October 1881[19]	30 December 1886[19]
			Nikolay Khristianovich Bunge (1823–1895)	1 January 1887[20]	3 June 1895[20]
			Ivan Nikolayevich Durnovo (1834–1903)	15 October 1895[21]	29 May 1903
			Count Sergei Yulyevich Witte (1849–1915)	16 August 1903[22]	22 April 1906[22]

After 1905

The modern government type in Russia came after the establishment of the Council of Ministers on 1 November 1905, created for the "management and union action principal chiefs of departments on subjects like law and senior public administration", and modelled on the relevant institutions within the constitutional states, when all the ministries and directorates have been declared part of the unified state management; ministers no longer individual officials responsible only each for his actions and orders. The first Prime Minister was Count Sergei Witte, who was appointed on 6 November 1905.^[23]

Colour key (for political parties)
Independent   Constitutional Democratic Party   Socialist Revolutionary Party   Communist Party   Our Home – Russia   Fatherland – All Russia   Unity   United Russia

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Government	Political party		Head of state
Russian Empire (1721-1917)
1		Count Sergey Yulyevich Witte (1849–1915)	6 November 1905	5 May 1906	Witte	Independent		St. Nicholas II (1894–1917)
2		Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (1839–1917)	5 May 1906	21 July 1906	Goremykin I	Independent
3		Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin (1862–1911)	21 July 1906	18 September 1911	Stolypin	Independent
4		Count Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov (1853–1943)	18 September 1911	22 September 1911	Acting	Independent
			22 September 1911	12 February 1914	Kokovtsov
5		Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (1839–1917)	12 February 1914	2 February 1916	Goremykin II	Independent
6		Baron Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer (1848–1917)	2 February 1916	23 November 1916	Styurmer	Independent
7		Alexander Fyodorovich Trepov (1862-1928)	23 November 1916	20 January 1917	Trepov	Independent
8		Prince Nikolai Dmitriyevich Golitsyn (1850-1925)	20 January 1917	12 March 1917	Golitsyn	Independent
Russian Republic (1917)
9		Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov (1861–1925)	15 March 1917	20 July 1917	Lvov	Constitutional Democratic Party		Georgy Lvov (1917)
10		Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (1881–1970)	21 July 1917	1 September 1917	Kerensky I	Socialist Revolutionary Party		Alexander Kerensky (1917)
			1 September 1917	7 November 1917	Kerensky II
Russian State (1918–1920) (De Jure)[24]
—		Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodsky (1863–1925)	4 November 1918	22 November 1919	Vologodsky In exile	Socialist Revolutionary Party		Alexander Kolchak (1918 — 1920)
—		Viktor Nikolayevich Pepelyayev (1885-1920)	22 November 1919	4 January 1920	Pepelyayev In exile	Independent
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917-1991)
11		Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ("Lenin") (1870–1924)	9 November 1917	21 January 1924	Lenin	Communist Party		Vladimir Lenin (1917–1924)
12		Alexey Ivanovich Rykov (1881–1938)	2 February 1924	18 May 1929	Rykov	Communist Party		Joseph Stalin (1924–1953)
13		Sergey Ivanovich Syrtsov (1883–1937)	18 May 1929	3 November 1930	Syrtsov	Communist Party
14		Daniil Yegorovich Sulimov (1890–1937)	3 November 1930	27 July 1937	Sulimov	Communist Party
15		Nikolay Alexandrovich Bulganin (1895–1975)	27 July 1937	17 September 1938	Bulganin	Communist Party
16		Vasily Vasilyevich Vakhrushev (1902–1947)	29 July 1939	2 June 1940	Vakhrushev	Communist Party
17		Ivan Sergeyevich Khokhlov (1895–1973)	2 June 1940	5 May 1942	Khokhlov	Communist Party
—		Konstantin Dmitrievich Pamfilov (1901–1943)	5 May 1942	2 May 1943	Acting	Communist Party
18		Alexey Nikolayevich Kosygin (1904–1980)	2 May 1943	23 March 1946	Kosygin	Communist Party
19		Mikhail Ivanovich Rodionov (1907–1950)	23 March 1946	9 March 1949	Rodionov	Communist Party
20		Boris Nikolayevich Chernousov (1908–1978)	9 March 1949	20 October 1952	Chernousov	Communist Party
21		Alexander Mikhailovich Puzanov (1906–1998)	20 October 1952	24 January 1956	Puzanov	Communist Party
								Nikita Khrushchev (1953–1964)
22		Mikhail Alexeyevich Yasnov (1906–1991)	24 January 1956	19 December 1957	Yasnov	Communist Party
23		Frol Romanovich Kozlov (1908–1965)	19 December 1957	31 March 1958	Kozlov	Communist Party
24		Dmitry Stepanovich Polyansky (1917–2001)	31 March 1958	23 November 1962	Polyansky	Communist Party
25		Gennady Ivanovich Voronov (1910–1994)	23 November 1962	23 July 1971	Voronov	Communist Party
								Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982)
26		Mikhail Sergeyevich Solomentsev (1913–2008)	28 July 1971	24 June 1983	Solomentsev	Communist Party
								Yuri Andropov (1982–1984)
27		Vitaly Ivanovich Vorotnikov (1926–2012)	24 June 1983	3 October 1988	Vorotnikov	Communist Party
								Konstantin Chernenko (1984–1985)
								Mikhail Gorbachev (1985–1991)
28		Alexander Vladimirovich Vlasov (1932–2002)	3 October 1988	15 June 1990	Vlasov	Communist Party
29		Ivan Stepanovich Silayev (1930–)	15 June 1990	11 July 1991	Silayev I	Communist Party
			12 July 1991	26 September 1991	Silayev II
—		Oleg Ivanovich Lobov (1937–)	26 September 1991	6 November 1991	Acting	Communist Party
Russian Federation (since 1991)
—		Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (1931–2007)	6 November 1991	15 June 1992	Yeltsin—Gaidar	Independent
								Boris Yeltsin (1991–1999)
—		Yegor Timurovich Gaidar (1956–2009)	15 June 1992	14 December 1992		Independent
30		Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (1938–2010)	14 December 1992	9 August 1996	Chernomyrdin I	Our Home – Russia
			10 August 1996	23 March 1998	Chernomyrdin II
31		Sergey Vladilenovich Kiriyenko (1962–)	23 March 1998	24 April 1998	Acting	Independent
			24 April 1998	23 August 1998	Kiriyenko
—		Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (1938–2010)	23 August 1998	11 September 1998	Acting	Our Home – Russia
32		Yevgeny Maximovich Primakov (1929–2015)	11 September 1998	12 May 1999	Primakov	Fatherland – All Russia
33		Sergey Vadimovich Stepashin (1952–)	12 May 1999	19 May 1999	Acting	Independent
			19 May 1999	9 August 1999	Stepashin
34		Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (1952–)	9 August 1999	16 August 1999	Acting	Unity
			16 August 1999	7 May 2000	Putin I			Vladimir Putin (1999–2008)
35		Mikhail Mikhailovich Kasyanov (1957–)	7 May 2000	17 May 2000	Acting	Independent
			17 May 2000	24 February 2004	Kasyanov
—		Viktor Borisovich Khristenko (1957–)	24 February 2004	5 March 2004	Acting	Independent
36		Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov (1950–)	5 March 2004	7 May 2004	Fradkov I	Independent
			7 May 2004	12 May 2004	Acting
			12 May 2004	14 September 2007	Fradkov II
37		Viktor Alexeyevich Zubkov (1941–)	14 September 2007	8 May 2008	Zubkov	United Russia
38		Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (1952–)	8 May 2008	7 May 2012	Putin II	United Russia		Dmitry Medvedev (2008–2012)
—		Viktor Alexeyevich Zubkov (1941–)	7 May 2012	8 May 2012	Acting	United Russia		Vladimir Putin (2012–)
39		Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev (1965–)	8 May 2012	Incumbent	Medvedev	United Russia

Living former Prime Ministers

As of December 2016, there are seven living former Prime Ministers. The most recent death of a former Prime Minister was that of Yevgeny Primakov (1998–1999) on 26 June 2015, aged 85.

Name	Term of office	Born
Ivan Silayev	1990–1991	21 October 1930
Sergey Kiriyenko	1998	26 July 1962
Sergei Stepashin	1999	2 March 1952
Vladimir Putin	1999–2000 and 2008–2012	7 October 1952
Mikhail Kasyanov	2000–2004	8 December 1957
Mikhail Fradkov	2004–2007	1 September 1950
Viktor Zubkov	2007–2008	15 September 1941

Timeline

See also

• Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation
• Politics of Russia
• Government of Russia
• Premier of the Soviet Union
• Bald–hairy

Footnotes

1. De facto (unofficial) Chairman of the Committee of Ministers from 8 September 1802 to 1809 was Alexander Romanovich Vorontsov
2. Sources which list Vyazmitinov as Saltykov's successor state a date of 9 September 1812; other sources assert that Saltykov was in office until his death
3. Some sources (such as the Large Soviet Encyclopedia) list Vyazmitinov as committee minister, while other (such as the History of the Fatherland encyclopedia) don't mention him at all and instead list Lopukhin as the successor of Saltykov

Notes

1. "Комитет министров". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 86 Volumes (82 Volumes and 4 Additional Volumes). St. Petersburg. 1890–1907.
2. "Совет министров". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 86 Volumes (82 Volumes and 4 Additional Volumes). St. Petersburg. 1890–1907.
3. "Ministers' Council established in Russia". Presidential Library Named After Boris Yeltsin. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
4. "The Russian Government – Dmitry Medvedev". Government of the Russia Federation. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
5. В России был учреждён Совет Министров
6. "Верховный тайный совет". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 86 Volumes (82 Volumes and 4 Additional Volumes). St. Petersburg. 1890–1907.
7. Салтыков, князь Николай Иванович [Knyaz Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov] (in Russian). Retrieved 7 April 2014.
8. Неизвестная Фемида : документы, события, люди [The Unknown Themis: Documents, Events, People] (in Russian). ОЛМА Медиа Групп. 2003. p. 93. ISBN 978-5-224-04224-1.
9. Кочубей, князь Виктор Павлович [Knyaz Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey] (in Russian). Retrieved 8 April 2014.
10. B. V. Ananych, ed. (2008). Управленческая элита Российской империи: история министерств, 1802–1917 [Ruling Elite of the Russian Empire: History of Ministries, 1802–1917] (in Russian). "Лики России".
11. Васильчиков Илларион Васильевич — Биографический указатель [Illarion Vasilyevich Vasilchikov – Biography] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
12. Vladimir Nikolayevich Balyazin; Voldemar Nikolayevich Balyazin (2008). Царский декамерон: От Николая I до Николая II. Исторические книги В.Н. Балязина (Historical Books by V. N. Balyazin) (in Russian). 2. ОЛМА Медиа Групп. p. 49. ISBN 978-5-373-01976-7.
13. Александр Иванович Чернышев — Биографический указатель [Aleksandr Ivanovich Chernyshov] (in Russian). Retrieved 5 April 2014.
14. Землевладельцы Панинского района. Князь Орлов Алексей Фёдорович [Landowners of the Panin Rayon. Knyaz Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov] (in Russian). Retrieved 9 April 2014.
15. Орлов князь Алексей Федорович [Knyaz Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
16. Павел Павлович Гагарин [Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
17. Игнатьев Павел Николаевич [Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
18. Валуев Петр Александрович [Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
19. Рейтерн Михаил Христофорович [Mikhail Khristoforovich Reytern] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
20. Бунге Николай Христианович [Nikolay Khristianovich Bunge] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
21. Дурново Иван Николаевич [Ivan Nikolayevich Durnovo] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
22. "Витте Сергей Юлиевич (sic!)" [Sergey Yuliyevich (sic!) Witte] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
23. Преобразован Совет министров Российской империи
24. State created by the White movement during the Civil War and laid claim to the entire territory of Russia, however, controlled only a small part of the country.

References

• S. M. Seredonin, ed. (1902). Т. 1 : Комитет министров в царствование императора Александра Первого (1802 г. сентября 8 – 1825 г. ноября 19). – 1902. [Vol. 1: Committee of Ministers During the Reign of Emperor Aleksandr the First (8 September 1802 – 19 November 1825). – 1902] (in Russian). 1. Government Public Historical Library of Russia.
• B. Yu. Ivanov, B. M. Karev, E. I. Kuksina, A. S. Oreshnikov, O. V. Sukhareva, eds. (1999). История отечества [History of the Fatherland] (in Russian). Moscow: Большая Российская энциклопедия (Large Russian Encyclopedia). pp. 554–576.
• K. K. Arsenyev, ed. (1911–1916). Новый энциклопедический словарь [New Encyclopedic Dictionary] (in Russian). 1–29. Saint Petersburg: F. A. Brockhaus and I. A. Efron.
• A. A. Polovtsov, ed. (1896–1918). Русский биографический словарь (Russian Biographical Dictionary) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Russian Imperatorial Historical Society of Saint Petersburg

External links

• Heads of State and Government of the Soviet Union (1922–1991)