September 1933

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September 12, 1933: Leó Szilárd gains an insight...

...on the nuclear chain reaction

...at Southampton Row and Russell Square...

The following events occurred in September 1933:

September 1, 1933 (Friday)

• U.S. Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes issued an order forbidding racial discrimination in hiring on any Public Works Administration funded projects, including any businesses awarded a PWA contract.^[1]
• At a Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg, Adolf Hitler announced that the time had come for "a new artistic renaissance of the Aryan human being", rejecting Jewish and Bolshevik forms of painting and sculpture, such as abstract art, cubism, Dadaism and surrealism.^[2]
• Author Upton Sinclair declared his candidacy for the Democratic Party nomination for Governor of California in the 1934 elections. Sinclair, a former Socialist, would introduce his platform, the End Poverty in California movement (E.P.I.C.) and win the nomination, but lose the general election to Republican Governor Frank Merriam.^[3]
• The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, written by Gertrude Stein, was released to bookstores, after parts of it had been serialized in Atlantic Monthly, and became a literary classic.^[4]
• The romantic comedy film One Sunday Afternoon starring Gary Cooper and Fay Wray was released.
• Born: Conway Twitty, American country music singer, as Harold Jenkins in Friars Point, Mississippi (d. 1993); Ann Richards, Governor of Texas, 1991–95, as Dorothy Ann Willis in Lakeview, Texas (d. 2006); Gene Harris, American jazz pianist, in Benton Harbor, Michigan (d. 2000); and Gwynfor Evans, Welsh politician who was the first MP from the Welsh independence political party Plaid Cymru, in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan (d. 2005)
• Died: Jack Donaldson, 47, Australian runner whose marks for fastest times in the 100 yard dash and 130 yards, were not recognized because he competed as a professional

September 2, 1933 (Saturday)

• The Fascist government of Italy, and the Communist-governed Soviet Union, signed a treaty of "friendship, neutrality and non-aggression".^[5]
• With the signing of the Oil Code by American petroleum producers under the NIRA, U.S. Interior Secretary Ickes sent telegrams to the governors of oil-producing states, specifying the monthly production quota from each oil field.^[6]
• The Hotspur, a weekly "story paper" and later a comic book for British schoolchildren, published the first of 1,197 issues, lasting until October 17, 1959.^[7]
• Born: Mathieu Kérékou, President of Benin from 1972–1991, and 1996–2008, in Kouarfa
• Died: Francesco de Pinedo, Italian aviator, was killed when his plane crashed on takeoff from Floyd Bennett Field in New York City, before hundreds of spectators. De Pinedo was taking off in hopes of flying to Baghdad in record time, and his Bellanca airplane was loaded with 1,027 gallons of gasoline as he raced down the runway. Too heavy, the plane failed to lift off, struck a fence, and burst into flames, burning the flyer beyond recognition.^[8]

September 3, 1933 (Sunday)

• The Irish political party Fine Gael was created by the merger of the parties Cumann na nGaedheal, the National Centre Party, and the National Guard Party, known as the Blueshirts. Blueshirts leader Eoin O'Duffy was the first to preside over the new organization.^[9] Fine Gael would form several governments, including that led by current Prime Minister Enda Kenny.

September 4, 1933 (Monday)

• Revolt of the Sergeants: At Camp Columbia, the Cuban Army base at Marianao, near Havana, Sergeant Fulgencio Batista led an uprising of non-commissioned officers against their Army superiors, seized control of the base, then incited a revolt that would topple the national government the next day.^[10]
• At the National Air Races in Chicago, aviator Jimmy Wedell became the first person to fly a landplane at an average of more than 300 miles per hour, averaging 304.98 mph in four runs on a three kilometer course.^[11] At the time, the record for a seaplane was 407 mph, set by George Stainforth in 1931.^[12] The feat was overshadowed by the death of 29 year old Florence Klingensmith, who had become the first woman to compete for the $10,000 Phillips Trophy. Her airplane fell apart as she passed the grandstand, and crashed at more than 200 mph.^[13]

September 5, 1933 (Tuesday)

• The first regularly published list, of the most popular songs of the week, was started in the entertainment industry newspaper Variety.^[14]
• As the Revolt of the Sergeants continued, Cuba's President Carlos Céspedes, in office for only a few weeks after the overthrow of Gerardo Machado, stepped aside in favor of a five-member junta allied with Sgt. Batista.^[15] The Pentarquia was led by law professor Guillermo Portela, accompanied by Jose Irizarri, Porfirio Franco, Sergio Carbo, and Ramon Grau San Martin.^[16] Within a week, Grau would become President, and Batista would be promoted to Army Chief of Staff. Batista would later become dictator of Cuba until being overthrown in an uprising by Fidel Castro.^[17]

September 6, 1933 (Wednesday)

• Twenty-eight years after introducing the successful a weekly entertainment magazine Variety, publisher Sime Silverman began publishing Daily Variety, Monday through Friday, in Hollywood. On the day issue #13 came out on September 22, Silverman died of a heart attack.^[18]
• Died: Marcel Journet, 65, French opera basso

September 7, 1933 (Thursday)

• As the uprising in Cuba continued, the United States dispatched 16 destroyers to the island nation, bringing to 30 the number of U.S. Navy ships prepared to bring an invading force.^[19]
• Born: Ela Bhatt, Indian lawyer, women's rights advocate and philanthropist, founder of the Self-Employed Women's Association of India, in Ahmedabad; and Tomoko Ohta, Japanese molecular biologist, in
• Died: Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, 71, British Foreign Secretary during World War One

September 8, 1933 (Friday)

• King Faisal I of Iraq died of a heart attack in his hotel room in the Swiss city of Bern, where he had come earlier in the week for medical treatment. In 1920, he had been proclaimed King of Syria, but was deposed by France, and on August 23, 1921, he was approved by the United Kingdom as King of Iraq, following a plebiscite of approval.^[20] His 23-year-old son, Crown Prince Ghazi, was proclaimed as the new king two hours after the death was announced; King Ghazi would be killed in an auto accident in 1939; Faisal's grandson, Faisal II, would be assassinated in 1958 in a coup that abolished the monarchy.^[21]
• Born: Michael Frayn, British playwright and novelist, winner of 2000 Tony Award for Copenhagen; in London

September 9, 1933 (Saturday)

• The Miss America Pageant was revived after an absence of six years, returning to Atlantic City, New Jersey where it had taken place from 1921 to 1927.^[22] Winner of the Miss America 1933 title was Miss Connecticut, 15-year-old high-school student Marian Bergeron.^[23]
• Professor Albert Einstein arrived in London, after fleeing Belgium, where he had been under police protection following word that Nazi Germany was offering a bounty for his slayer.^[24] In October, he would move to the United States, settling in Princeton, New Jersey, where he would work at the Institute for Advanced Studies at Princeton University.^[25]

September 10, 1933 (Sunday)

• The Reichskonkordat between Nazi Germany and Vatican City was ratified by both nations, with each pledging not to interfere with the other.^[26]
• The first Negro League baseball all-star game, dubbed the "East-West All-Star Game" for the Negro National League, was played one month after the white Major League Baseball teams held their first all-star game, and at the same venue, Comiskey Park in Chicago, where 20,000 attended. The West team beat the East, 11-7 with future Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Bill Foster, Mule Suttles, Willie Wells, and Turkey Stearnes, while the East had future Cooperstown inductees Josh Gibson, Satchel Paige, Judy Johnson and Biz Mackey. Cool Papa Bell, Jud Wilson, Oscar Charleston, Andy Cooper, and Manager Pop Lloyd.^[27]
• Dr. Ramón Grau became the fourth President of Cuba in less than a month, after the Revolutionary Council elected him to take over from the junta that had overthrown President de Cespedes.^[28] He would serve for a few months, but would serve a four-year term later from 1944 to 1948.^[29]
• Born: Yevgeny Khrunov, Soviet cosmonaut launched on Soyuz 4 and returned on Soyuz 5 in 1969; in Prudy, Tula Oblast, RSFSR (d. 2000); Mary Walter, Filipino film actress who worked in eight consecutive decades, in Sorsogon City (d. 1993); Harmindar Singh Takhar, Indian-born British mathematician and chemical engineer, in Punjab.^[30]

September 11, 1933 (Monday)

• Austria's Chancellor and dictator, Engelbert Dollfuss, proclaimed the Ständestaat in Vienna, a fascist nation with one political party, his own Fatherland Front.^[31]
• The radio soap opera Today's Children began a five-season run, starting on the NBC Blue Network, and finishing the last two seasons on the NBC Red Network.^[32]
• Ernest Rutherford, the "father of nuclear physics", said in an address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science that his experiments in the splitting of the atom showed that there was no future for what is now called nuclear energy. "The energy produced by the breaking down of the atom is a very poor kind of thing," he said. "Anyone who expects a source of power from the transformation of those atoms is talking moonshine."^[33] Energy from uranium fission would be discovered five years later, after Rutherford's death, and the first uranium reactor would be operating by 1942.^[34]
• Hitlerjunge Quex, the first major Nazi German motion picture, premiered in Munich at the Ufa-Phoebas-Palast theater, followed eight days later by its Berlin debut.^[35]
• Born: William Luther Pierce, American physics professor at Oregon State University, founder of the neo-Nazi National Alliance, and author (under the pseudonym "Andrew Macdonald") of the racist and anti-Semitic novel The Turner Diaries, in Atlanta (d. 2002)

September 12, 1933 (Tuesday)

• Leó Szilárd, waiting for a red light on Southampton Row at Russell Square in Bloomsbury, conceived the idea of the nuclear chain reaction. Szilárd had read an account of Ernest Rutherford's comments, made the day before, that thoughts of nuclear energy were "moonshine". "As the light changed to green and I crossed the street," he would say later, "it suddenly occurred to me that if we could find an element which is split by neutrons and which would emit two neutrons when it absorbs one neutron, such an element, if assembled in sufficiently large mass, could sustain a nuclear chain reaction."^[36]
• Dr. Earle Haas was granted U.S. Patent No. 1,926,900 for his 1931 invention, a "catamenal device" with an applicator, which was marketed as the Tampax tampon.^[37]

September 13, 1933 (Wednesday)

• Elizabeth Combs became the first woman to be elected to New Zealand's Parliament, to succeed her late husband.^[38]
• A crowd of almost 250,000 marchers paraded down New York City's Fifth Avenue with banners displaying the "Blue Eagle", to demonstrate their gratitude for the National Recovery Administration. The parade was organized by NRA Administrator Hugh S. Johnson, and required ten hours to complete as the quarter-million participants were given the half a day off by order of Mayor John P. O'Brien.^[39] TIME Magazine suggested that Johnson, a retired U.S. Army Brigadier General, raised his hand constantly in a "fascist salute", and one historian commented that the pro-government rally "was too reminiscent of mass rallies in fascist Italy and Nazi Germany".^[40]
• A 118-year-old ban against tobacco smoking was rescinded in the Prussia, Germany's largest state. Previously, offenders could be fined for smoking, though the law was seldom enforced.^[41]
• Adolf Hitler announced the new Nazi program Winterhilfswerk, with Germans contribute money, clothing, fuel and shelter to help other Aryan Germans before winter arrived.^[42]
• Iranian Prime Minister Medayat resigned without explanation.^[43]
• The fantasy drama film Berkeley Square starring Leslie Howard and Heather Angel premiered in New York.

September 14, 1933 (Thursday)

• The British High Commissioner for the African protectorate of Bechuanaland (now the Republic of Botswana), Vice Admiral E.R.G.R. Evans, sent in troops to the city of Serowe, to depose the King of the Bamangwato tribe, Chief Tshekedi. The King had violated a law prohibiting trial of any European national in native courts, after permitting a British citizen, Phineas McIntosh, to be flogged as punishment for adultery.^[44]
• Born: Zoe Caldwell, Australian actress, in Melbourne; and Ingo Swann, American psychic, in Telluride, Colorado
• Died: Irwin "Ike" H. Hoover, White House Chief Usher, employee since 1890, who had served ten U.S. Presidents, from Benjamin Harrison to Franklin D. Roosevelt. His memoir would be published by Houghton Mifflin in 1934 as Forty-Two Years in the White House

September 15, 1933 (Friday)

• Edward "Spike" O'Donnell, a gangster "who once ranked almost equal to Al Capone" before falling on hard times, was acquitted by a jury of vagrancy charges.^[45]

September 16, 1933 (Saturday)

• The Columbia News Service, forerunner of CBS News, was incorporated by the CBS Radio Network in order to gather its own news stories rather than relaying those from newspaper services.^[46]

September 17, 1933 (Sunday)

• The new Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden (National Representation of German Jews) was created to encompass all of the Jewish organizations in Nazi Germany, with the Rabbi Leo Baeck as its President and Otto Hirsch as Director of its governing board.^[47] As persecution of Jews increased, the group would be forced to change its name in 1935 from Representation of German Jews to Representation of Jews in Germany, when Jews would no longer be classified as German citizens.^[48]
• The Chinese city of Shanhaikwan and the surrounding area was annexed to the Japanese puppet-state of Manchukuo. According to Japan's press agency, a delegation by Governor Puyi arrived "to find the population celebrating the move".^[49]
• The 1933 NFL season opened, with changes in the rules and three new teams, the Philadelphia Eagles, the Pittsburgh Pirates (later the Steelers), and the Cincinnati Reds. In the first games, the Boston (later Washington) Redskins tied the Green Bay Packers 7-7, and the Portsmouth Spartans (later the Detroit Lions) beat the football Reds 21-0.
• Born: David Kaplan, American philosopher, in Los Angeles

September 18, 1933 (Monday)

• The bituminous coal operators of the United States agreed to come under the jurisdiction of the National Recovery Act, guaranteeing their employees a minimum wage of $4.60 a day and a 40-hour week.^[50]
• Born: Robert Blake, American actor, as Michael Gubitosi in Nutley, New Jersey; Aklilu Lemma, Ethiopian physician, in Jijiga (d. 1997); and Bob Bennett, U.S. Senator for Utah from 1993 to 2011, in Salt Lake City
• Died: Stephen Pichon, former Foreign Minister of France during World War One.

September 19, 1933 (Tuesday)

• The New York Giants clinched the National League pennant when the Pittsburgh Pirates were eliminated by losing the second game of a doubleheader to the Philadelphia Phillies 3-2.^[51]
• The film version of The Emperor Jones, starring Paul Robeson and an African-American cast, had its premiere, being shown at the Rivoli theater in Manhattan and the Roosevelt Theater in Harlem.^[52]
• Born: David McCallum, Scottish-born American TV actor, in Glasgow; and Kurt Sanderling, German conductor, in Arys, Prussia (now Orzysz, Poland (d. 2011)

September 20, 1933 (Wednesday)

• The Rosh Hashanah holiday was celebrated by German Jews with "record-breaking attendance at German synagogues" in defiance of the Nazi government's wave of anti-Semitic decrees to mark the beginning of year 5694 on the Hebrew calendar.^[53] Post survived, but would be killed in another crash in 1935.
• The team that would become the Pittsburgh Steelers played its first game. Known at the time as the Pirates, the team lost to the New York Giants, 23-2. The game was played on a Wednesday because Pennsylvania did not permit Sunday afternoon sports at the time.^[54]
• Died: Annie Besant, 85, British Theosophical Society member and activist for Indian independence; William Walker, 73, African-American jockey who won the Kentucky Derby in 1877; and Albrecht Höhler German Communist convicted of murdering Nazi Horst Wessel, following an interrogation by the Gestapo

September 21, 1933 (Thursday)

• Mabel Smith Douglass, who had founded the New Jersey College for Women, disappeared after venturing out in a rowboat on New York's Lake Placid. Her capsized boat was found later, but Mrs. Douglass's body was not found until nearly 30 years later. NJCW, now affiliated with Rutgers University, would be renamed Douglass College in her honor in 1955.^[55] On September 15, 1963, scuba divers would locate her remains on the bottom of the lake, "tied to an anchor with an estimated weight of 50 pounds".^[56]
• Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the Deputy People's Commissar for the Soviet Army and Navy, ordered the formation of the RNII (Reaktivnyy nauchno-issledovatel’skiy institut, literally the Reaction-Engine Scientific Research Institute) to begin the Soviet Union's development of missiles and space rockets.^[57]
• U.S. President Roosevelt ordered the immediate purchase of "surplus foodstuffs and staples for distribution to the nation's needy" at a total cost of $75,000,000 to provide food and clothing for 3.5 million American families.^[58]
• Egypt's Prime Minister Ismail Pasha Sidqi resigned.^[59]
• American aviator Wiley Post was seriously injured, and his famous airplane, the Winnie Mae, heavily damaged, in a crash on takeoff from the airport in Quincy, Illinois.^[60]
• The Washington Senators clinched the American League pennant by defeating the St. Louis Browns 2-1.^[61]
• Born: Chuck Jones, American animator (Warner Brothers), in Spokane (d. 2002); Clifford Alexander, Jr., first AfricanHistory of the St. Louis Browns-American Secretary of the Army; and György Sándor, Hungarian pianist, in Budapest (d. 2005)

September 22, 1933 (Friday)

• The Reichskulturkammer (Reich Chamber of Culture) was created in Germany at the direction of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, who served as the Chamber's president. All "creators of culture" were required to register as members of one of the subdivisions of the organization, such as the Reich Film Chamber, the Reich Theatre Chamber, or those for literature, music, radio, the fine arts and even for the press, in order to continue to have the privilege of continuing their cultural work, and non-Aryans were excluded from membership.^[62]
• Bank robber John Dillinger was arrested at a boarding house at 324 West First Street in Dayton, Ohio. He would be transferred six days later from Dayton's jail to one in Lima, Ohio, where his gang would help him escape on October 12.^[63]
• Born: Herbert Mataré, German physicist and inventor of a transistor (d. 2011); and Martha Scott, American actress, in Van Nuys, California (d. 2003)

September 23, 1933 (Saturday)

• The groundbreaking for Germany's Autobahn system of superhighways took place at Frankfurt, where Chancellor Adolf Hitler turned the first shovelful of earth, after telling 700 unemployed workers, "Before years have passed, this gigantic work will bear witness to our will, our industry, our ability, and our determination. German workers, to the work!"^[64] The first stretch of four-lane highway, from Frankfurt to Darmstadt (now Bundesautobahn 5 or A5), would open on May 13, 1935.^[65]
• Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin was on a boat trip on the Black Sea, at Sukhumi, when the craft came under rifle fire from the coast. What had first appeared to be an assassination attempt turned out to be a mistake made by guards from the local NKVD secret police, who thought that the unfamiliar boat was bringing foreign spies. The guards' pleas for mercy were accepted by Stalin at the time, with normal discipline measures for the hasty act; four years later, during the Great Purge, the men's convictions would be reviewed and they would be executed.^[66]
• Born: Richard Viguerie, American conservative activist and pioneer in using direct mail for political fundraising, in Pasadena, Texas; and Ian Tyson, Canadian singer-songwriter, in Victoria, British Columbia

September 24, 1933 (Sunday)

• German nuclear physics student Klaus Fuchs arrived in England, after having escaped arrest in Nazi Germany during a roundup of German Communist Party members. Despite his Communist background, Fuchs would be cleared for work on the top secret American atomic bomb program, and would share the information so that the Soviet Union could develop its own nuclear weapons.^[67]
• Born: Don Porter, American actor (Gidget), in Miami, Oklahoma (d. 1997)
• Died: Mike Donlin, 55, American baseball player; and Horace Liveright, 49, American stage producer

September 25, 1933 (Monday)

• A tornado destroyed the town of Tampico, Mexico, reportedly killing 5,000 people.^[68]
• Born: ; and Ian Tyson, Canadian singer-songwriter, in Victoria, British Columbia
• Died: Ring Lardner, 48, American humorist; Oscar Dufrenne, 58, French director of the Folies Bergère (murdered); Arthur Seligman, 60, Governor of New Mexico since 1931; and Paul Ehrenfest, 53, Austrian-Dutch physicist (suicide)

September 26, 1933 (Tuesday)

• Gangster George "Machine Gun" Kelly was captured in Memphis, Tennessee, along with his wife and two other partners in crime.^[69] According to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, Kelly shouted "Don't shoot, G-Men!", which was later explained as meaning "government men" for the federal officers, a nickname that would be picked up by the press for FBI agents.^[70] Kelly, convicted of the kidnapping of Oklahoma City businessman Charles Urschel, would spend the rest of his life in prison, dying on July 17, 1954.^[71]
• St. Zita (1212–1272) was designated by the Roman Catholic Church as the patron saint of maids and domestic servants.^[72]
• Charged with setting the Reichstag Fire, Marinus Van Der Lubbe confessed at his trial in Leipzig that he had set fire to the city hall, the former imperial palace and a welfare office in Berlin, but denied burning the Reichstag.^[73]

September 27, 1933 (Wednesday)

• Ludwig Müller was elected as the first Reichsbishop of the Nazi-controlled German Evangelical Church, referred to as the Reichskirche.^[74] On the same day, the 2,000 assembled ministers voted to approve the Aryan paragraph for the church bylaws, expelling any Protestant minister who had a Jewish ancestor.^[75] Müller would serve as Reichsbishop until Germany's defeat in 1945, and would commit suicide on July 31 after realizing that he would be tried as a war criminal.^[76]
• Born: Lina Medina, Peruvian child who became the youngest mother in recorded history, giving birth in 1939, in Ticrapo; and Tauno Marttinen, Finnish composer, in Helsinki (d. 2008)
• Died: Brigham H. Roberts, 76, American Mormon politician who was elected to Congress in 1898, but denied a seat because of his practice of polygamy; and William Kennedy-Cochran-Patrick, 37, British flying ace in World War One, in a plane crash in South Africa;

September 28, 1933 (Thursday)

• Gustav Lemoine of France set a new altitude record for an airplane, reaching 13,611 meters (44,819 feet) in a Potez 33.^[77]
• Born: Madeleine M. Kunin, Swiss-born American politician who served as the first female Governor of Vermont 1985-1991, and first Jewish woman to govern any American state; in Zurich

September 29, 1933 (Friday)

• The Reichserbhofgesetz, (State Law on Hereditary Farms) was decreed in Germany, requiring that mid-size family farms could not be inherited by any other person except for the youngest son, could not be divided among the family, and could not be owned by any non-Aryan people.^[78]
• Born: Samora Machel, first President of Mozambique (1975–86), in Madragoa (now Chilembene) (killed 1986); Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian film director, in Ferrara (d. 2007); and Mars Rafikov, Soviet cosmonaut dismissed from the program for discipline problems (d. 2000)
• Died: Ernest Holloway Oldham, 39, cipher clerk in British Foreign Office and spy for the Soviet Union (suicide)

September 30, 1933 (Saturday)

• Dr. Francis Townsend first proposed the "Townsend Plan" to provide a government old-age pension of $150 per month for people over the age of 60, a precursor to the American social security plan. Dr. Townsend started with a letter published in the Press-Telegram of Long Beach, California.^[79]
• National Barn Dance premiered on nationwide radio on 30 clear channel stations of the NBC Red Network, after nine years as a local program in Chicago. It would end its run on ABC Radio in 1952.^[80]
• The musical revue As Thousands Cheer premiered on Broadway, introducing the new songs by Irving Berlin, including Easter Parade and Heat Wave.^[81]
• A crew of three Soviet aeronauts- Georgy Prokofiev, Ernest Birnbaum, and C.D. Godunov= set a new altitude of record of 60,695 feet in the balloon USSR.^[82]
• Born: János Flesch, Hungarian-born chess grandmaster (killed in auto accident, 1983)

References

1. John B. Kirby, Black Americans in the Roosevelt Era: Liberalism and Race (University of Tennessee Press, 1982) p22
2. Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich in Power (Penguin, 2006) p168-169
3. Arthur M. Schlesinger, The Politics of Upheaval: 1935-1936, The Age of Roosevelt (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2003) pp112-121
4. Stephen Donovan, et al., Authority Matters: Rethinking the Theory and Practice of Authorship (Rodopi, 2008) p147
5. Ion S. Munro, Through Fascism to World Power: A History of the Revolution in Italy (Ayer Publishing, 1933) p271
6. Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power (Simon and Schuster, 2008) p238
7. Owen Dudley Edwards, British Children's Fiction in the Second World War (Edinburgh University Press, 2007) p286
8. "Italian All Set for Bagdad Hop", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 2, 1933; "De Pinedo Dies in Flames As Ocean Plane Crashes", Youngstown Vindicator, September 2, 1933
9. "The Founding and Story of Fine Gael - 1933", MichaelCollins.com
10. Ted Henken, Cuba: A Global Studies Handbook (ABC-CLIO, 2008).
11. "Wedell Sets Speed Mark at Air Races", St. Joseph (MO) Gazette, September 5, 1933, p1
12. Walter J. Boyne, Beyond the Wild Blue: A History of the United States Air Force, 1947-2007 (Macmillan, 2007) p450
13. "Daring Girl Flier Killed Racing Men", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 5, 1933, p1
14. Russell Sanjek, American Popular Music and Its Business: From 1900 to 1984 (Oxford University Press, 1988) p193
15. "Cuban Junta Quickly Ousts De Cespedes", Montreal Gazette, September 6, 1933, p1
16. "Soldiers, Radicals Oust New Cuban Government", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 6, 1933, p1
17. Gillian McGillivray, Batista Blazing Cane: Sugar Communities, Class, & State Formation in Cuba, 1868-1959 (Duke University Press, 2009) p207
18. "Depression doesn't stop Daily Variety- Newspaper set up shop in Hollywood in 1933", by Robert Hofler
19. "U.S. Masses 30 War Vessels Off Cuba", Milwaukee Journal, September 7, 1933, p1
20. "Feisal, King of Irak, Dies", Milwaukee Journal, September 8, 1933, p2
21. Malik Mufti, Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq (Cornell University Press, 1996) p31
22. "Beauty Contest Revived; Shore Hails Happy Days", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 4, 1933
23. "Crown Goes to Nutmeg State Girl", Los Angeles Times (Windsor, ON), September 10, 1933, p1, from MissAmerica1933.com
24. "Einstein in England, Flees Nazi Threats", Milwaukee Journal, September 10, 1933, p1
25. Lydia Jaeger, Einstein, Polanyi, and the Laws of Nature (Templeton Foundation Press, 2012)
26. Frank J. Coppa, Controversial Concordats (Catholic University of America Press, 1999) p139
27. Larry Lester, Black Baseball's National Showcase: The East-West All-Star Game, 1933-1953 (University of Nebraska Press, 2001) p29
28. "New President of Cuba Wants Full Freedom", Milwaukee Journal, September 11, 1933, p1
29. Hugh Thomas, Cuba, or, The Pursuit of Freedom (Da Capo Press, 1998) p650
30. O. Anwar Bég, Giants of Engineering Science (Troubador Publishing Ltd, 2003) pp14-26
31. Katrin Kohl and Ritchie Robertson, eds., A History Of Austrian Literature 1918-2000 (Camden House, 2006) p5
32. Jim Cox, Historical Dictionary of American Radio Soap Operas (Scarecrow Press, 2005) p230
33. "No Power from Atoms", St. Joseph (MO) News-Press, September 12, 1933, p5
34. V.L. Ginzburg, The Physics of a Lifetime: Reflections on the Problems and Personalities of 20th Century Physics (Springer, 2001) p139
35. Eric Rentschler, The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and Its Afterlife (Harvard University Press, 1996) p319
36. Richard Rhodes, The Manhattan Project: The Birth of the Atomic Bomb in the Words of Its Creators, Eyewitnesses, and Historians (Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2009) p19
37. David John Cole, et al., Encyclopedia of Modern Everyday Inventions (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003) p191
38. "New Zealand Elects Woman to Parliament", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 14, 1933, p2
39. "Monster NRA Parade in N.Y.", Reading (PA) Eagle, September 14, 1933, p9
40. Naomi E. Pasachoff, Frances Perkins: Champion of the New Deal (Oxford University Press, 2000) p86
41. "Prussia Makes Smoking Legal", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 14, 1933, p4
42. Irene Guenther, Nazi 'Chic'?: Fashioning Women in the Third Reich (Berg, 2004) p232
43. "Persian Premier Quits In Mystery Shakeup", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 14, 1933, p3
44. "Chieftain Who Flogged Britisher Is Deposed", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 15, 1933, p2
45. "Noted Gangster Acquitted by Jury", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 16, 1933, p1
46. Louise M. Benjamin, Freedom of the Air And the Public Interest: First Amendment Rights in Broadcasting to 1935 (SIU Press, 2006) p176
47. Leni Yahil, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932-1945 (Oxford University Press, 1991) p77
48. Werner T. Angress, Between Fear & Hope: Jewish Youth in the Third Reich (Columbia University Press, 1988) p156
49. "Manchukous Asked to Annex Region", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 18, 1933, p3
50. "ROOSEVELT TO SIGN CODE TODAY, ENDING YEARS OF MINE WARFARE", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 18, 1933, p1
51. "Giants Clinch 13th Pennant; Tie Record". Chicago Daily Tribune. Chicago: p. 19. September 20, 1933.
52. Sheila Tully Boyle and Andrew Bunie, Robeson: The Years of Promise and Achievement (University of Massachusetts Press, 2001) p280
53. "German Jews Throng New Year Ceremonies", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 21, 1933, p3
54. Lew Freedman, Pittsburgh Steelers: The Complete Illustrated History (MBI Publishing Company, 2009) p14
55. "Douglass College", in Encyclopedia of New Jersey (Rutgers University Press, 2004) p215
56. "Mabel Smith Douglass", in the Rutgers (NJ) Daily Targum, September 21, 1973
57. Mike Gruntman, Blazing The Trail: The Early History Of Spacecraft And Rocketry (AIAA, 2004) p271
58. "U.S. TO CLOTHE, FEED NEEDY BY BUYING SURPLUS IN MARKET", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 22, 1933, p1
59. "Egyptian Premier Resigns", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 22, 1933, p1
60. "Wiley Post Hurt Badly in Crash", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 22, 1933, p1
61. Hornbaker, Mark. "This Day in D.C. Baseball History – Senators' Clinch AL Pennant". D.C. Baseball History. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
62. Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich in Power (Penguin, 2006)
63. "Dayton’s connection to Dillinger: Bank robber came here for love", Dayton Daily News June 28, 2009
64. Heinz Linge, With Hitler to the End: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler's Valet (Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2009) p33
65. Dan P. Silverman, Hitler's Economy: Nazi Work Creation Programs, 1933-1936 (Harvard University Press, 1998) p165
66. Robert Service, Stalin: A Biography (Harvard University Press, 2005) p296
67. Christoph Laucht, Elemental Germans: Klaus Fuchs, Rudolf Peierls and the Making of British Nuclear Culture 1939-59 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) p13
68. "5,000 Lives Lost, Tampico in Chaos After Hurricane", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 26, 1933, p1
69. "'Machine Gun' Kelly Captured in Memphis", Milwaukee Journal, September 26, 1933, p1
70. Lawrence Block, Gangsters, Swindlers, Killers, and Thieves: The Lives and Crimes of Fifty American Villains (Oxford University Press, 2004) p125
71. "Kelly, Machine Gun", in Tennessee Biographical Dictionary: K-Z, Nancy Capace, ed. (Somerset Publishers, 2000) p5
72. A.J.M. Mausolfe and J.K. Mausolfe, Saint Companions for Each Day (St. Paul Press, 1986) p153
73. "Reichstag Suspect Admits Berlin Fires", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 27, 1933, p2
74. "Nazis Rule Church, Elect Own Reichbishop", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 28, 1933, p2
75. Claudia Koonz, The Nazi Conscience (Harvard University Press, 2003) p294
76. Ernst Christian Helmreich, The German churches under Hitler: background, struggle, and epilogue (Wayne State University Press, 1979) p501
77. Antony L. Kay and Paul Couper, Junkers Aircraft And Engines, 1913-1945 (Naval Institute Press, 2004) p94
78. Heinrich August Winkler, Germany: The Long Road West: Volume 2: 1933-1990 (Oxford University Press, 2007) pp28-29
79. Edwin Amenta, When Movements Matter: The Townsend Plan and the Rise of Social Security (Princeton University Press, 2006) p35
80. Don Cusic, Discovering Country Music (ABC-CLIO, 2008) p28
81. Frank Cullen, Vaudeville, Old and New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America (Volume 1) (Routledge, 2007) p145
82. Tom D. Crouch, Wings: A History Of Aviation From Kites To The Space Age (W. W. Norton & Company, 2004) p279; "Three Soviet Fliers, Who Soared 11 Miles Into Space, Hope To Set New Mark Today", Pittsburgh Press, October 1, 1933, p1