Academy Award for Best Actor

Academy Award for Best Actor
Awarded for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role
Country United States
Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)
First awarded 1929 (for performance in films released during the 1927/1928 film season)
Currently held by Leonardo DiCaprio
The Revenant (2015)
Official website oscars.org

The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the film industry.

The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh.[1] Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy.[2]

In the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories. At that time, all of their work during the qualifying period (as many as three films, in some cases) was listed after the award.[3] However, during the 3rd ceremony held in 1930, only one of those films was cited in each winner's final award, even though each of the acting winners had two films following their names on the ballots.[4] The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a specific performance in a single film.[3] Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year.[3]

Since its inception, the award has been given to 79 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis has received the most awards in this category with three Oscars. Spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2016 ceremony, Leonardo DiCaprio is the most recent winner in this category for his role as Hugh Glass in The Revenant.

Winners and nominees

In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of film release in Los Angeles County; the ceremonies are always held the following year.[5] For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31.[6] For the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1, 1932 to December 31, 1933.[6] Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31.[6] German Shepard Rin Tin Tin received the most votes for Best Actor at the first Academy Award competition in 1929.[7] However, the originators of the Academy Awards wanted it to be seen as a serious award, and felt this would be undermined by giving the award to a dog. A new ballot was held in which Rin Tin Tin was excluded.

Table key
Award winner Indicates the winner
§ Indicates winner who refused the award
^ Indicates posthumous winner
* Indicates posthumous nominee
Black and white photo of Emil Jannings arriving in Berlin, May 1929.
Emil Jannings (center) was the first winner in this category for his roles in 1928's The Last Command and 1927's The Way of All Flesh.
Warner Baxter in black and white promo photo
Warner Baxter won in 1928 for his performance in In Old Arizona.
Black and white photo of George Arliss in 1919.
George Arliss won in 1929 for his performance in Disraeli.
Black and white photo of Lionel Barrymore.
Lionel Barrymore won in 1930 for his performance in A Free Soul.
A man wearing a black suit including a white shirt and black tie.
A man wearing a grey suit including a white shirt and black tie.
Wallace Beery (top) and Fredric March (bottom) tied in 1932 for their performances in The Champ and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, respectively. March would also win in 1946 for The Best Years of Our Lives.
Black and white promo photo of Clark Gable.
Clark Gable won in 1934 for his performance in It Happened One Night.
Black and white publicity photo of Spencer Tracy.
Spencer Tracy was the first actor to win this category two consecutive years, having won in both 1937 and 1938 for his roles in Captains Courageous and Boys Town including seven other nominations.
Black and white photo of Bing Crosby in 1942.
Bing Crosby won in 1944 for his performance in Going My Way.
Photo of Laurence Olivier in 1973.
Laurence Olivier won in 1948 for his role as the title character in Hamlet, a film which he himself directed.[8]
Black and white photo of Marlon Brando in the film, A Streetcar Named Desire in 1948.
Marlon Brando won twice from seven nominations for his roles in 1954's On the Waterfront and 1972's The Godfather.
Black and white publicity photo of Gregory Peck in 1948.
Gregory Peck won in 1962 for his performance in To Kill a Mockingbird.
Black and white photo of Sidney Poitier in 1963.
Sidney Poitier won in 1963 for his performance in Lilies of the Field, thus becoming the first black actor to win an Oscar.[9]
Photo of Jack Nicholson attending the German premiere for the film, The Bucket List in 2008.
Jack Nicholson won twice from eight nominations for his performances in 1975's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and 1997's As Good as It Gets.
Photo of Dustin Hoffman attending the French premiere of his film, Quartet in 2013.
Dustin Hoffman won twice from seven nominations for his performances in Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) and Rain Man (1988).
Photo of Robert De Niro at the 43rd Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in 2008.
Robert De Niro won once from five nominations for his role as Jake LaMotta in 1980's Raging Bull.
Photo of Ben Kingsley at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festiva.
Ben Kingsley won for his portrayal of the title role in Gandhi (1982).
Photo of Michael Douglas at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival.
Michael Douglas won in 1987 for his performance in Wall Street.
Photo of Daniel Day-Lewis at the 2013 Jaguar Mille Miglia event.
Daniel Day-Lewis is the first actor to win this award three times, in 1989, 2007, and 2012, for his performances in My Left Foot, There Will Be Blood and Lincoln respectively.
Photo of Jeremy Irons at the Berlin International Film Festival
Jeremy Irons won for his portrayal of Claus von Bülow in 1990's Reversal of Fortune.
Photo of Sir Anthony Hopkins at the 2009 Tuscan Sun Festival in Cortona, Italy.
Anthony Hopkins won once from three nominations for his role as Dr. Hannibal Lecter in 1991's The Silence of the Lambs.
Photo of Al Pacino attending the Venice Film Festival in 2004.
Al Pacino won once from five nominations for his performance in 1992's Scent of a Woman.
Photo of Tom Hanks standing behind a podium at the Lincoln Memorial in 2009.
Tom Hanks won two consecutive awards in 1993 and 1994 for his roles in Philadelphia and Forrest Gump including three other nominations.
Photo of Roberto Benigni in 2006.
By virtue of his win in 1998 for Life Is Beautiful, Roberto Benigni became the second actor to win for a role in a film he directed himself.[8]
Photo of Crowe at the London film premiere for State of Play, 21 April 2009.
Russell Crowe won once from three consecutive nominations for playing Maximus Decimus Meridius in Gladiator (2000).
Photo of Denzel Washington after a performance of Julius Caesar in May 2005.
Denzel Washington won once from four nominations for his role in 2001's Training Day.
Photo of Adrien Brody attending the 2014 Cannes Film Festival.
At age 29, Adrien Brody became the youngest winner for Best Actor for his performance in 2002's The Pianist.
Photo of Sean Penn attending the 81st Academy Awards in 2009.
Sean Penn won twice from five nominations for his roles in 2003's Mystic River and 2008's Milk.
Photo of Hoffman at Cannes in 2002 promoting Punch-Drunk Love
Philip Seymour Hoffman won for Capote (2005).
Photo of Forest Whitakerat the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.
Forest Whitaker won for his performance as Idi Amin in the 2006 film, The Last King of Scotland.
Photo of Jeff Bridges attending the 2013 San-Diego Comic Con International.
Jeff Bridges won once from three nominations, two being consecutive, for his performance in 2009's Crazy Heart.
Photo of Colin Firth at the San Diego Comic-Con International in 2014.
Colin Firth won once from two consecutive nominations for his portrayal of King George VI in 2010's The King's Speech.
Photo of Jean Dujardin attending the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.
Jean Dujardin became the first French actor to win this award for his performance in the 2011 film The Artist.[10]
Photo of Matthew McConaughey at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival premiere.
Matthew McConaughey won in 2013 for his performance as Ron Woodroof in Dallas Buyers Club.
Photo of Eddie Redmayne in 2014.
Eddie Redmayne won in 2014 for his role as Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything, and was nominated the next year for his performance as Lili Elbe in The Danish Girl.
Leonardo DiCaprio
Leonardo DiCaprio was nominated for The Aviator, Blood Diamond, and The Wolf of Wall Street, before winning in 2016 for his portrayal of Hugh Glass in The Revenant.
Year Actor Film Role(s) Ref.
1927/28
(1st) 		Emil Jannings Award winner[A] The Last Command
The Way of All Flesh		 Grand Duke Sergius Alexander
August Schilling		 [11]
Richard Barthelmess The Noose
The Patent Leather Kid		 Nickie Elkins
Patent Leather Kid
1928/29
(2nd)		 Warner Baxter Award winner In Old Arizona The Cisco Kid [12]
George Bancroft Thunderbolt Thunderbolt Jim Lang
Chester Morris Alibi Chick Williams (No. 1065)
Paul Muni The Valiant James Dyke
Lewis Stone The Patriot Count Pahlen
1929/30
(3rd) 		George Arliss Award winner[B] Disraeli Award winner Benjamin Disraeli [13]
George Arliss[B] The Green Goddess The Raja
Wallace Beery The Big House Butch 'Machine Gun' Schmidt
Maurice Chevalier [B] The Big Pond
The Love Parade		 Pierre Mirande
Count Alfred Renard
Ronald Colman [B] Bulldog Drummond
Condemned		 Capt. Hugh 'Bulldog' Drummond
Michel
Lawrence Tibbett The Rogue Song Yegor
1930/31
(4th) 		Lionel Barrymore Award winner A Free Soul Stephen Ashe [14]
Jackie Cooper Skippy Skippy Skinner
Richard Dix Cimarron Yancey Cravat
Fredric March The Royal Family of Broadway Tony Cavendish
Adolphe Menjou The Front Page Walter Burns
1931/32
(5th) 		Wallace Beery Award winner[C] The Champ Andy "Champ" Purcell [15]
Fredric March Award winner[C] Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Dr. Henry Jekyll / Mr. Edward Hyde
Alfred Lunt The Guardsman The Actor
1932/33
(6th) 		Charles Laughton Award winner The Private Life of Henry VIII King Henry VIII of England [16]
Leslie Howard Berkeley Square Peter Standish
Paul Muni I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang James Allen
1934
(7th) 		Clark Gable Award winner It Happened One Night Peter Warne [17]
Frank Morgan The Affairs of Cellini Alessandro – Duke of Florence
William Powell The Thin Man Nick Charles
1935
(8th) 		Victor McLaglen Award winner The Informer Gypo Nolan [18]
Clark Gable Mutiny on the Bounty Lieutenant Fletcher Christian
Charles Laughton Mutiny on the Bounty Captain William Bligh
Franchot Tone Mutiny on the Bounty Midshipman Roger Byam
Paul Muni [D] Black Fury Joe Radek
1936
(9th) 		Paul Muni Award winner The Story of Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur [19]
Gary Cooper Mr. Deeds Goes to Town Longfellow Deeds
Walter Huston Dodsworth Sam Dodsworth
William Powell My Man Godfrey Godfrey Park
Spencer Tracy San Francisco Father Tim Mullin
1937
(10th) 		Spencer Tracy Award winner Captains Courageous Manuel [20]
Charles Boyer Conquest Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte
Fredric March A Star Is Born Norman Maine
Robert Montgomery Night Must Fall Danny
Paul Muni The Life of Emile Zola Émile Zola
1938
(11th) 		Spencer Tracy Award winner Boys Town Father Flanagan [21]
Charles Boyer Algiers Pepe le Moko
James Cagney Angels with Dirty Faces Rocky Sullivan
Robert Donat The Citadel Dr. Andrew Manson
Leslie Howard Pygmalion Professor Henry Higgins
1939
(12th) 		Robert Donat Award winner Goodbye, Mr. Chips Charles Edward Chipping [22]
Clark Gable Gone with the Wind Rhett Butler
Laurence Olivier Wuthering Heights Heathcliff
Mickey Rooney Babes in Arms Mickey Moran
James Stewart Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Jefferson Smith
1940
(13th) 		James Stewart Award winner The Philadelphia Story Macaulay "Mike" Connor [23]
Charlie Chaplin The Great Dictator Adenoid Hynkel/The Barber
Henry Fonda The Grapes of Wrath Tom Joad
Raymond Massey Abe Lincoln in Illinois Abraham Lincoln
Laurence Olivier Rebecca 'Maxim' de Winter
1941
(14th) 		Gary Cooper Award winner Sergeant York Sgt. Alvin C. York [24]
Cary Grant Penny Serenade Roger Adams
Walter Huston The Devil and Daniel Webster Mr. Scratch
Robert Montgomery Here Comes Mr. Jordan Joe Pendleton
Orson Welles Citizen Kane Charles Foster Kane
1942
(15th) 		James Cagney Award winner Yankee Doodle Dandy George M. Cohan [25]
Ronald Colman Random Harvest Charles Rainier
Gary Cooper The Pride of the Yankees Lou Gehrig
Walter Pidgeon Mrs. Miniver Clem Miniver
Monty Woolley The Pied Piper Howard
1943
(16th) 		Paul Lukas Award winner Watch on the Rhine Kurt Muller [26]
Humphrey Bogart Casablanca Rick Blaine
Gary Cooper For Whom the Bell Tolls Robert Jordan
Walter Pidgeon Madame Curie Pierre Curie
Mickey Rooney The Human Comedy Homer Macauley
1944
(17th) 		Bing Crosby Award winner Going My Way Father Chuck O'Malley [27]
Charles Boyer Gaslight Gregory Anton
Barry Fitzgerald Going My Way Father Fitzgibbon
Cary Grant None but the Lonely Heart Ernie Mott
Alexander Knox Wilson Woodrow Wilson
1945
(18th) 		Ray Milland Award winner The Lost Weekend Don Birnam [28]
Bing Crosby The Bells of St. Mary's Father Chuck O'Malley
Gene Kelly Anchors Aweigh Joseph Brady
Gregory Peck The Keys of the Kingdom Father Francis
Cornel Wilde A Song to Remember Frédéric Chopin
1946
(19th) 		Fredric March Award winner The Best Years of Our Lives Al Stephenson [29]
Laurence Olivier Henry V King Henry V of England
Larry Parks The Jolson Story Al Jolson
Gregory Peck The Yearling Ezra "Penny" Baxter
James Stewart It's a Wonderful Life George Bailey
1947
(20th) 		Ronald Colman Award winner A Double Life Anthony John [30]
John Garfield Body and Soul Charlie Davis
Gregory Peck Gentleman's Agreement Philip Schuyler Green
William Powell Life with Father Clarence Day, Sr.
Michael Redgrave Mourning Becomes Electra Orin Mannon
1948
(21st) 		Laurence Olivier Award winner Hamlet Hamlet, Prince of Denmark [31]
Lew Ayres Johnny Belinda Dr. Robert Richardson
Montgomery Clift The Search Ralph "Steve" Stevenson
Dan Dailey When My Baby Smiles at Me "Skid" Johnson
Clifton Webb Sitting Pretty Lynn Aloysius Belvedere
1949
(22nd) 		Broderick Crawford Award winner All the King's Men Willie Stark [32]
Kirk Douglas Champion Michael "Midge" Kelly
Gregory Peck Twelve O'Clock High Brig. General Frank Savage
Richard Todd The Hasty Heart Cpl. Lachlan "Lachie" MacLachlan
John Wayne Sands of Iwo Jima Sergeant John M. Stryker
1950
(23rd) 		José Ferrer Award winner Cyrano de Bergerac Cyrano de Bergerac [33]
Louis Calhern The Magnificent Yankee Oliver Wendell Holmes
William Holden Sunset Boulevard Joe Gillis
James Stewart Harvey Elwood P. Dowd
Spencer Tracy Father of the Bride Stanley T. Banks
1951
(24th) 		Humphrey Bogart Award winner The African Queen Charlie Allnut [34]
Marlon Brando A Streetcar Named Desire Stanley Kowalski
Montgomery Clift A Place in the Sun George Eastman
Arthur Kennedy Bright Victory Larry Nevins
Fredric March Death of a Salesman Willy Loman
1952
(25th) 		Gary Cooper Award winner High Noon Marshal Will Kane [35]
Marlon Brando Viva Zapata! Emiliano Zapata
Kirk Douglas The Bad and the Beautiful Jonathan Shields
José Ferrer Moulin Rouge Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Comte Alphonse de Toulouse-Lautrec
Alec Guinness The Lavender Hill Mob Holland
1953
(26th) 		William Holden Award winner Stalag 17 Sgt. J.J. Sefton [36]
Marlon Brando Julius Caesar Mark Antony
Richard Burton The Robe Marcellus Gallio
Montgomery Clift From Here to Eternity Pvt. Robert E. Lee 'Prew' Prewitt
Burt Lancaster From Here to Eternity 1st Sgt. Milton Warden
1954
(27th) 		Marlon Brando Award winner On the Waterfront Terry Malloy [37]
Humphrey Bogart The Caine Mutiny Lt. Cmdr. Philip Francis Queeg
Bing Crosby The Country Girl Frank Elgin
James Mason A Star Is Born Norman Maine
Dan O'Herlihy Adventures of Robinson Crusoe Robinson Crusoe
1955
(28th) 		Ernest Borgnine Award winner Marty Marty Piletti [38]
James Cagney Love Me or Leave Me Martin Snyder
James Dean *[39] East of Eden Cal Trask
Frank Sinatra The Man with the Golden Arm Frankie Machine
Spencer Tracy Bad Day at Black Rock John J. Macreedy
1956
(29th) 		Yul Brynner Award winner The King and I King Mongkut of Siam [40]
James Dean *[39] Giant Jett Rink
Kirk Douglas Lust for Life Vincent van Gogh
Rock Hudson Giant Jordan "Bick" Benedict Jr.
Laurence Olivier Richard III King Richard III of England
1957
(30th) 		Alec Guinness Award winner The Bridge on the River Kwai Lt. Colonel L. Nicholson, D.S.O. [41]
Marlon Brando Sayonara Major Lloyd "Ace" Gruver, USAF
Anthony Franciosa A Hatful of Rain Polo Pope
Charles Laughton Witness for the Prosecution Sir Wilfrid Robarts
Anthony Quinn Wild Is the Wind Gino
1958
(31st) 		David Niven Award winner Separate Tables Major Angus Pollock [42]
Tony Curtis The Defiant Ones John 'Joker' Jackson
Paul Newman Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Brick Pollitt
Sidney Poitier The Defiant Ones Noah Cullen
Spencer Tracy The Old Man and the Sea The Old Man
1959
(32nd) 		Charlton Heston Award winner Ben-Hur Judah Ben-Hur [43]
Laurence Harvey Room at the Top Joe Lampton
Jack Lemmon Some Like It Hot Jerry / Daphne
Paul Muni The Last Angry Man Dr. Sam Abelman
James Stewart Anatomy of a Murder Paul Biegler
1960
(33rd) 		Burt Lancaster Award winner Elmer Gantry Elmer Gantry [44]
Trevor Howard Sons and Lovers Walter Morel
Jack Lemmon The Apartment C. C. "Bud" Baxter
Laurence Olivier The Entertainer Archie Rice
Spencer Tracy Inherit the Wind Henry Drummond
1961
(34th) 		Maximilian Schell Award winner Judgment at Nuremberg Hans Rolfe [45]
Charles Boyer Fanny Cesar
Paul Newman The Hustler Eddie Felson
Spencer Tracy Judgment at Nuremberg Chief Judge Dan Haywood
Stuart Whitman The Mark Jim Fuller
1962
(35th) 		Gregory Peck Award winner To Kill a Mockingbird Atticus Finch [46]
Burt Lancaster Birdman of Alcatraz Robert Franklin Stroud
Jack Lemmon Days of Wine and Roses Joe Clay
Marcello Mastroianni Divorce Italian Style Ferdinando Cefalù
Peter O'Toole Lawrence of Arabia T. E. Lawrence
1963
(36th) 		Sidney Poitier Award winner Lilies of the Field Homer Smith [47]
Albert Finney Tom Jones Tom Jones
Richard Harris This Sporting Life Frank Machin
Rex Harrison Cleopatra Julius Caesar
Paul Newman Hud Hud Bannon
1964
(37th) 		Rex Harrison Award winner My Fair Lady Professor Henry Higgins [48]
Richard Burton Becket Thomas Becket
Peter O'Toole Becket King Henry II of England
Anthony Quinn Zorba the Greek Alexis Zorba
Peter Sellers Dr. Strangelove Group Captain Lionel Mandrake
President Merkin Muffley
Dr. Strangelove
1965
(38th) 		Lee Marvin Award winner Cat Ballou Kid Shelleen
Tim Strawn		 [49]
Richard Burton The Spy Who Came in from the Cold Alec Leamas
Laurence Olivier Othello Othello
Rod Steiger The Pawnbroker Sol Nazerman
Oskar Werner Ship of Fools Willie Schumann
1966
(39th) 		Paul Scofield Award winner A Man for All Seasons Sir Thomas More [50]
Alan Arkin The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming Lt. Rozanov
Richard Burton Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? George
Michael Caine Alfie Alfie Elkins
Steve McQueen The Sand Pebbles Jake Holman
1967
(40th) 		Rod Steiger Award winner In the Heat of the Night Police Chief Bill Gillespie [51]
Warren Beatty Bonnie and Clyde Clyde Barrow
Dustin Hoffman The Graduate Benjamin Braddock
Paul Newman Cool Hand Luke Lucas "Cool Hand Luke" Jackson
Spencer Tracy *[39] Guess Who's Coming to Dinner Matt Drayton
1968
(41st) 		Cliff Robertson Award winner Charly Charly Gordon [52]
Alan Arkin The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter John Singer
Alan Bates The Fixer Yakov Bok
Ron Moody Oliver! Fagin
Peter O'Toole The Lion in Winter King Henry II of England
1969
(42nd) 		John Wayne Award winner True Grit Reuben "Rooster" Cogburn [53]
Richard Burton Anne of the Thousand Days King Henry VIII of England
Dustin Hoffman Midnight Cowboy Enrico Salvatore "Ratso" "Rico" Rizzo
Peter O'Toole Goodbye, Mr. Chips Arthur Chipping
Jon Voight Midnight Cowboy Joe Buck
1970
(43rd) 		George C. Scott §[54] Patton General George S. Patton, Jr. [55]
Melvyn Douglas I Never Sang for My Father Tom Garrison
James Earl Jones The Great White Hope Jack Jefferson
Jack Nicholson Five Easy Pieces Robert Eroica Dupea
Ryan O'Neal Love Story Oliver Barrett IV
1971
(44th) 		Gene Hackman Award winner The French Connection Detective Jimmy "Popeye" Doyle [56]
Peter Finch Sunday Bloody Sunday Dr. Daniel Hirsh
Walter Matthau Kotch Joseph P. Kotcher
George C. Scott The Hospital Dr. Herbert Bock
Topol Fiddler on the Roof Tevye
1972
(45th) 		Marlon Brando §[54] The Godfather Vito Corleone [57]
Michael Caine Sleuth Milo Tindle
Laurence Olivier Sleuth Andrew Wyke
Peter O'Toole The Ruling Class Jack Gurney, 14th Earl of Gurney
Paul Winfield Sounder Nathan Lee Morgan
1973
(46th) 		Jack Lemmon Award winner Save the Tiger Harry Stoner [58]
Marlon Brando Last Tango in Paris Paul
Jack Nicholson The Last Detail Signalman First Class Billy L. "Badass" Buddusky
Al Pacino Serpico Frank Serpico
Robert Redford The Sting Johnny "Kelly" Hooker
1974
(47th) 		Art Carney Award winner Harry and Tonto Harry Coombes [59]
Albert Finney Murder on the Orient Express Hercule Poirot
Dustin Hoffman Lenny Lenny Bruce
Jack Nicholson Chinatown J. J. "Jake" Gittes
Al Pacino The Godfather Part II Michael Corleone
1975
(48th) 		Jack Nicholson Award winner One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Randle Patrick "Mac" McMurphy [60]
Walter Matthau The Sunshine Boys Willy Clark
Al Pacino Dog Day Afternoon Sonny Wortzik
Maximilian Schell The Man in the Glass Booth Arthur Goldman
James Whitmore Give 'em Hell, Harry! Harry S. Truman
1976
(49th) 		Peter Finch ^[39] Network Howard Beale [61]
Robert De Niro Taxi Driver Travis Bickle
Giancarlo Giannini Seven Beauties Pasqualino Frafuso
William Holden Network Max Schumacher
Sylvester Stallone Rocky Rocky Balboa
1977
(50th) 		Richard Dreyfuss Award winner The Goodbye Girl Elliot Garfield [62]
Woody Allen Annie Hall Alvy Singer
Richard Burton Equus Martin Dysart
Marcello Mastroianni A Special Day Gabriele
John Travolta Saturday Night Fever Anthony "Tony" Manero
1978
(51st) 		Jon Voight Award winner Coming Home Luke Martin [63]
Warren Beatty Heaven Can Wait Joe Pendleton
Gary Busey The Buddy Holly Story Buddy Holly
Robert De Niro The Deer Hunter Michael Vronsky
Laurence Olivier The Boys from Brazil Ezra Lieberman
1979
(52nd) 		Dustin Hoffman Award winner Kramer vs. Kramer Ted Kramer [64]
Jack Lemmon The China Syndrome Jack Godell
Al Pacino ...And Justice for All Arthur Kirkland
Roy Scheider All That Jazz Joe Gideon
Peter Sellers Being There Chance the Gardener, aka Chauncey Gardiner
1980
(53rd) 		Robert De Niro Award winner Raging Bull Jake LaMotta [65]
Robert Duvall The Great Santini Lieutenant Colonel Wilbur "Bull" Meechum
John Hurt The Elephant Man John Merrick
Jack Lemmon Tribute Scottie Templeton
Peter O'Toole The Stunt Man Eli Cross
1981
(54th) 		Henry Fonda Award winner On Golden Pond Norman Thayer, Jr. [66]
Warren Beatty Reds John Silas "Jack" Reed
Burt Lancaster Atlantic City Lou Pascal
Dudley Moore Arthur Arthur Bach
Paul Newman Absence of Malice Michael Colin Gallagher
1982
(55th) 		Ben Kingsley Award winner Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi [67]
Dustin Hoffman Tootsie Michael Dorsey, aka Dorothy Michaels
Jack Lemmon Missing Ed Horman
Paul Newman The Verdict Frank Galvin
Peter O'Toole My Favorite Year Alan Swann
1983
(56th) 		Robert Duvall Award winner Tender Mercies Mac Sledge [68]
Michael Caine Educating Rita Dr. Frank Bryant
Tom Conti Reuben, Reuben Gowan McGland
Tom Courtenay The Dresser Norman
Albert Finney The Dresser Sir
1984
(57th) 		F. Murray Abraham Award winner Amadeus Antonio Salieri [69]
Jeff Bridges Starman Starman
Albert Finney Under the Volcano Geoffrey Firmin
Tom Hulce Amadeus Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Sam Waterston The Killing Fields Sydney Schanberg
1985
(58th) 		William Hurt Award winner Kiss of the Spider Woman Luis Molina [70]
Harrison Ford Witness Detective Captain John Book
James Garner Murphy's Romance Murphy Jones
Jack Nicholson Prizzi's Honor Charley Partanna
Jon Voight Runaway Train Oscar "Manny" Manheim
1986
(59th) 		Paul Newman Award winner The Color of Money Fast Eddie Felson [71]
Dexter Gordon Round Midnight Dale Turner
Bob Hoskins Mona Lisa George
William Hurt Children of a Lesser God James Leeds
James Woods Salvador Richard Boyle
1987
(60th) 		Michael Douglas Award winner Wall Street Gordon Gekko [72]
William Hurt Broadcast News Tom Grunick
Marcello Mastroianni Dark Eyes Romano
Jack Nicholson Ironweed Francis Phelan
Robin Williams Good Morning, Vietnam Adrian Cronauer
1988
(61st) 		Dustin Hoffman Award winner Rain Man Raymond Babbitt [73]
Gene Hackman Mississippi Burning Agent Rupert Anderson
Tom Hanks Big Josh Baskin
Edward James Olmos Stand and Deliver Jaime Escalante
Max von Sydow Pelle the Conqueror Lassefar
1989
(62nd) 		Daniel Day-Lewis Award winner My Left Foot Christy Brown [74]
Kenneth Branagh Henry V King Henry V of England
Tom Cruise Born on the Fourth of July Ron Kovic
Morgan Freeman Driving Miss Daisy Hoke Colburn
Robin Williams Dead Poets Society John Charles "Keats" Keating
1990
(63rd) 		Jeremy Irons Award winner Reversal of Fortune Claus von Bülow [75]
Kevin Costner Dances with Wolves Lieutenant John J. Dunbar
Robert De Niro Awakenings Leonard Lowe
Gérard Depardieu Cyrano de Bergerac Cyrano de Bergerac
Richard Harris The Field "Bull" McCabe
1991
(64th) 		Anthony Hopkins Award winner The Silence of the Lambs Dr. Hannibal Lecter [76]
Warren Beatty Bugsy Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel
Robert De Niro Cape Fear Maximilian "Max" Cady
Nick Nolte The Prince of Tides Tom Wingo
Robin Williams The Fisher King Henry "Parry" Sagan
1992
(65th) 		Al Pacino Award winner Scent of a Woman Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade [77]
Robert Downey, Jr. Chaplin Charlie Chaplin
Clint Eastwood Unforgiven William "Will" Munny
Stephen Rea The Crying Game Fergus
Denzel Washington Malcolm X Malcolm X
1993
(66th) 		Tom Hanks Award winner Philadelphia Andrew Beckett [78]
Daniel Day-Lewis In the Name of the Father Gerry Conlon
Laurence Fishburne What's Love Got to Do with It Ike Turner
Anthony Hopkins The Remains of the Day James Stevens
Liam Neeson Schindler's List Oskar Schindler
1994
(67th) 		Tom Hanks Award winner Forrest Gump Forrest Gump [79]
Morgan Freeman The Shawshank Redemption Ellis Boyd "Red" Redding
Nigel Hawthorne The Madness of King George King George III
Paul Newman Nobody's Fool Donald "Sully" Sullivan
John Travolta Pulp Fiction Vincent Vega
1995
(68th) 		Nicolas Cage Award winner Leaving Las Vegas Ben Sanderson [80]
Richard Dreyfuss Mr. Holland's Opus Glenn Holland
Anthony Hopkins Nixon Richard Nixon
Sean Penn Dead Man Walking Matthew Poncelet
Massimo Troisi *[39] Il Postino Mario Ruoppolo
1996
(69th) 		Geoffrey Rush Award winner Shine David Helfgott [81]
Tom Cruise Jerry Maguire Jerry Maguire
Ralph Fiennes The English Patient Count Laszlo de Almásy
Woody Harrelson The People vs. Larry Flynt Larry Flynt
Billy Bob Thornton Sling Blade Karl Childers
1997
(70th) 		Jack Nicholson Award winner As Good as It Gets Melvin Udall [82]
Matt Damon Good Will Hunting Will Hunting
Robert Duvall The Apostle Euliss "Sonny" Dewey
Peter Fonda Ulee's Gold Ulysses "Ulee" Jackson
Dustin Hoffman Wag the Dog Stanley Motss
1998
(71st) 		Roberto Benigni Award winner Life Is Beautiful Guido Orefice [83]
Tom Hanks Saving Private Ryan Captain John Miller
Ian McKellen Gods and Monsters James Whale
Nick Nolte Affliction Wade Whitehouse
Edward Norton American History X Derek Vinyard
1999
(72nd) 		Kevin Spacey Award winner American Beauty Lester Burnham [84]
Russell Crowe The Insider Jeffrey Wigand
Richard Farnsworth The Straight Story Alvin Straight
Sean Penn Sweet and Lowdown Emmet Ray
Denzel Washington The Hurricane Rubin "The Hurricane" Carter
2000
(73rd) 		Russell Crowe Award winner Gladiator Maximus Decimus Meridius [85]
Javier Bardem Before Night Falls Reinaldo Arenas
Tom Hanks Cast Away Chuck Noland
Ed Harris Pollock Jackson Pollock
Geoffrey Rush Quills The Marquis de Sade
2001
(74th) 		Denzel Washington Award winner Training Day Detective Alonzo Harris [86]
Russell Crowe A Beautiful Mind John Forbes Nash, Jr.
Sean Penn I Am Sam Sam Dawson
Will Smith Ali Muhammad Ali
Tom Wilkinson In the Bedroom Dr. Matt Fowler
2002
(75th) 		Adrien Brody Award winner The Pianist Władysław Szpilman [87]
Nicolas Cage Adaptation Charlie Kaufman
Donald Kaufman
Michael Caine The Quiet American Thomas Fowler
Daniel Day-Lewis Gangs of New York William "Bill the Butcher" Cutting
Jack Nicholson About Schmidt Warren R. Schmidt
2003
(76th) 		Sean Penn Award winner Mystic River Jimmy Markum [88]
Johnny Depp Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Jack Sparrow
Ben Kingsley House of Sand and Fog Massoud Amir Behrani
Jude Law Cold Mountain W. P. Inman
Bill Murray Lost in Translation Bob Harris
2004
(77th) 		Jamie Foxx Award winner Ray Ray Charles [89]
Don Cheadle Hotel Rwanda Paul Rusesabagina
Johnny Depp Finding Neverland J. M. Barrie
Leonardo DiCaprio The Aviator Howard Hughes
Clint Eastwood Million Dollar Baby Frankie Dunn
2005
(78th) 		Philip Seymour Hoffman Award winner Capote Truman Capote [90]
Terrence Howard Hustle & Flow Djay
Heath Ledger Brokeback Mountain Ennis Del Mar
Joaquin Phoenix Walk the Line Johnny Cash
David Strathairn Good Night, and Good Luck Edward R. Murrow
2006
(79th) 		Forest Whitaker Award winner The Last King of Scotland Idi Amin [91]
Leonardo DiCaprio Blood Diamond Danny Archer
Ryan Gosling Half Nelson Dan Dunne
Peter O'Toole Venus Maurice
Will Smith The Pursuit of Happyness Chris Gardner
2007
(80th) 		Daniel Day-Lewis Award winner There Will Be Blood Daniel Plainview [92]
George Clooney Michael Clayton Michael Clayton
Johnny Depp Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Sweeney Todd / Benjamin Barker
Tommy Lee Jones In the Valley of Elah Hank Deerfield
Viggo Mortensen Eastern Promises Nikolai Luzhin
2008
(81st) 		Sean Penn Award winner Milk Harvey Milk [93]
Richard Jenkins The Visitor Walter Vale
Frank Langella Frost/Nixon Richard Nixon
Brad Pitt The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Benjamin Button
Mickey Rourke The Wrestler Randy "The Ram" Robinson
2009
(82nd) 		Jeff Bridges Award winner Crazy Heart Otis "Bad" Blake [94]
George Clooney Up in the Air Ryan Bingham
Colin Firth A Single Man George Falconer
Morgan Freeman Invictus Nelson Mandela
Jeremy Renner The Hurt Locker SFC William James
2010
(83rd) 		Colin Firth Award winner The King's Speech King George VI [95]
Javier Bardem Biutiful Uxbal
Jeff Bridges True Grit Reuben "Rooster" Cogburn
Jesse Eisenberg The Social Network Mark Zuckerberg
James Franco 127 Hours Aron Ralston
2011
(84th) 		Jean Dujardin Award winner The Artist George Valentin [96]
Demián Bichir A Better Life Carlos Galindo
George Clooney The Descendants Matthew King
Gary Oldman Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy George Smiley
Brad Pitt Moneyball Billy Beane
2012
(85th) 		Daniel Day-Lewis Award winner Lincoln Abraham Lincoln [97]
Bradley Cooper Silver Linings Playbook Patrizio "Pat" Solitano, Jr.
Hugh Jackman Les Misérables Jean Valjean
Joaquin Phoenix The Master Freddie Quell
Denzel Washington Flight William "Whip" Whitaker, Sr.
2013
(86th) 		Matthew McConaughey Award winner Dallas Buyers Club Ron Woodroof [98]
Christian Bale American Hustle Irving Rosenfeld
Bruce Dern Nebraska Woodrow "Woody" Grant
Leonardo DiCaprio The Wolf of Wall Street Jordan Belfort
Chiwetel Ejiofor 12 Years a Slave Solomon Northup
2014
(87th) 		Eddie Redmayne Award winner The Theory of Everything Stephen Hawking [99]
Steve Carell Foxcatcher John du Pont
Bradley Cooper American Sniper Chris Kyle
Benedict Cumberbatch The Imitation Game Alan Turing
Michael Keaton Birdman Riggan Thomson
2015
(88th) 		Leonardo DiCaprio Award winner The Revenant Hugh Glass [100]
Bryan Cranston Trumbo Dalton Trumbo
Matt Damon The Martian Mark Watney
Michael Fassbender Steve Jobs Steve Jobs
Eddie Redmayne The Danish Girl Lili Elbe

Multiple wins and nominations

The following individuals received two or more Best Actor awards:

Wins Actor
3
 Daniel Day-Lewis
2 Marlon Brando
Gary Cooper
Tom Hanks
Dustin Hoffman
Fredric March
Jack Nicholson
Sean Penn
Spencer Tracy

The following individuals received four or more Best Actor nominations:

Nominations Actor
9 Laurence Olivier
Spencer Tracy
8 Paul Newman
Jack Nicholson
Peter O'Toole
7 Marlon Brando
Dustin Hoffman
Jack Lemmon
6 Richard Burton
5 Gary Cooper
Daniel Day-Lewis
Robert De Niro
Tom Hanks
Fredric March
Paul Muni
Al Pacino
Gregory Peck
Sean Penn
James Stewart
4 Warren Beatty
Charles Boyer
Michael Caine
Leonardo DiCaprio
Albert Finney
Burt Lancaster
Denzel Washington

Age superlatives

Record Actor Film Age (in years) Ref.
Oldest winner Henry Fonda On Golden Pond 76 [101]
Oldest nominee Richard Farnsworth The Straight Story 79 [101]
Youngest winner Adrien Brody The Pianist 29 [101]
Youngest nominee Jackie Cooper Skippy 9 [101]

See also

Notes

A^ : According to longstanding Hollywood legend,[102] reported by Susan Orlean,[103] Rin Tin Tin actually received the most Best Actor votes, but the Academy (not wishing to give the first award to a dog) refactored the votes to ensure that Jannings won.[104]
B1 2 3 : Rules at the time of the first three ceremonies allowed for a performer to receive a single nomination which could honor their work in more than one film. George Arliss, Maurice Chevalier, and Ronald Colman were all nominated for two different roles in the same category. Current Academy rules forbid this from happening. No official reason was ever given as to why Arliss won the award for only one of the two films he was listed for.[105]
C1 2 : Fredric March received one more vote than Wallace Beery. Academy rules at that time considered such a close margin to be a tie, so both March and Beery received the award. Under current Academy rules, however, dual awards are given only for exact ties.[106]
D^ : Paul Muni's performance in Black Fury was not nominated for an Oscar. For two years only, the Academy allowed a write-in vote.[107][108] Technically, this meant that any performance was eligible for the award. The decision was made the previous year in response to the controversy surrounding Bette Davis's failure to receive a nomination for Of Human Bondage. Muni came 2nd in the vote, however, the Academy does not recognise Davis or Muni as nominees in these years.[109][110]

References

  1. ↑ "Rule One: Award Definitions" (PDF). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). p. 1. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  2. ↑ "Rule Six: Special Rules for the Acting Awards" (PDF). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). p. 8-7. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 Levy 2003, p. 56
  4. ↑ Dirks, Tim. "1929–38 Academy Awards Winners and History". Filmsite. Rainbow Media. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  5. ↑ Crouse 2005, p. 257
  6. 1 2 3 Levy 2003, p. 52
  7. ↑ Orlean, Susan (August 29, 2011). "The Dog Star". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  8. 1 2 Osborne 2013, p. 423
  9. ↑ Crouse 2005, p. 177
  10. ↑ Patel, Tara (February 27, 2012). "'The Artist' Wins Top Oscar Honors in Bow to Silent Film". Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
  11. ↑ "The 1st Academy Awards (1929) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  12. ↑ "The 2nd Academy Awards Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  13. ↑ "The 3rd Academy Awards (1930) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  14. ↑ "The 4th Academy Awards (1931) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  15. ↑ "The 5th Academy Awards (1932) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  16. ↑ "The 6th Academy Awards (1933) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  17. ↑ "The 7th Academy Awards (1935) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  18. ↑ "The 8th Academy Awards (1936) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  19. ↑ "The 9th Academy Awards (1937) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  20. ↑ "The 10th Academy Awards (1938) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  21. ↑ "The 11th Academy Awards (1939) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  22. ↑ "The 12th Academy Awards (1940) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  23. ↑ "The 13th Academy Awards (1941) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  24. ↑ "The 14th Academy Awards (1942) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  25. ↑ "The 15th Academy Awards (1943) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  26. ↑ "The 16th Academy Awards (1944) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  27. ↑ "The 17th Academy Awards (1945) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  28. ↑ "The 18th Academy Awards (1946) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  29. ↑ "The 19th Academy Awards (1947) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  30. ↑ "The 20th Academy Awards (1948) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  31. ↑ "The 21st Academy Awards (1949) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  32. ↑ "The 22nd Academy Awards (1950) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  33. ↑ "The 23rd Academy Awards (1951) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  34. ↑ "The 24th Academy Awards (1952) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  35. ↑ "The 25th Academy Awards (1953) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
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  38. ↑ "The 28th Academy Awards (1956) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 Thise 2008, p. 235
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  41. ↑ "The 30th Academy Awards (1958) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  42. ↑ "The 31st Academy Awards (1959) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  43. ↑ "The 32nd Academy Awards (1960) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  44. ↑ "The 33rd Academy Awards (1961) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  45. ↑ "The 34th Academy Awards (1962) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
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  48. ↑ "The 37th Academy Awards (1965) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  49. ↑ "The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  50. ↑ "The 39th Academy Awards (1967) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
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  52. ↑ "The 41st Academy Awards (1969) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
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  54. 1 2 Thise 2008, p. 236
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  57. ↑ "The 45th Academy Awards (1973) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  58. ↑ "The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  59. ↑ "The 47th Academy Awards (1975) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  60. ↑ "The 48th Academy Awards (1976) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  61. ↑ "The 49th Academy Awards (1977) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
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  73. ↑ "The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
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  97. ↑ "The 85th Academy Awards (2013) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  98. ↑ "The 86th Academy Awards (2014) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  99. ↑ "The 87th Academy Awards (2015) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved January 15, 2015.
  100. ↑ "The 88th Academy Awards (2016) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  101. 1 2 3 4 "Oldest/Youngest Acting Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved September 16, 2014.
  102. ↑ Orlean, Susan (August 29, 2011). "The Dog Star". The New Yorker. Condé Nast. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  103. ↑ Brooks, Xan. "Award posthumous Oscar to dog star Rin Tin Tin, says biographer". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  104. ↑ Orlean 2011, pp. 88–89
  105. ↑ Rooney, David (November 25, 2003). "On the double-bubble". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  106. ↑ Levy 2003, p. 116
  107. ↑ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 1002
  108. ↑ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 1045
  109. ↑ Levy 2003, p. 51
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Bibliography

External links

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