Heathrow Airport

"Heathrow" and "LHR" redirect here. For other uses, see Heathrow (disambiguation) and LHR (disambiguation).
Heathrow Airport
IATA: LHR – ICAO: EGLL
Summary
Airport type Public
Owner Heathrow Airport Holdings
Operator Heathrow Airport Limited
Serves London, United Kingdom
Location London Borough of Hillingdon
Hub for British Airways
Elevation AMSL 83 ft / 25 m
Coordinates 51°28′39″N 000°27′41″W / 51.47750°N 0.46139°W / 51.47750; -0.46139Coordinates: 51°28′39″N 000°27′41″W / 51.47750°N 0.46139°W / 51.47750; -0.46139
Website www.heathrow.com
Map
LHR/EGLL

Location within Greater London

Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
09L/27R 3,902 12,802 Grooved asphalt
09R/27L 3,660 12,008 Grooved asphalt
3rd Runway (Expected in 2025) 3,500 11,483 Grooved asphalt
Statistics (2015)
Passengers 74,985,748
Passenger change 14–15 Increase2.2%
Aircraft movements 474,087
Movements change 14–15 Increase2.7%
Sources:
Statistics from the UK Civil Aviation Authority[1]

Heathrow Airport (IATA: LHR, ICAO: EGLL) is a major international airport in Hillingdon, London, England, United Kingdom. Heathrow is the second busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic (surpassed by Dubai–International in 2014),[2] as well as the busiest airport in Europe by passenger traffic, and sixth busiest airport in the world by total passenger traffic. In 2015, it handled a record 75 million passengers, a 2.2 percent increase from 2014.[1]

Heathrow lies 14 miles (23 km) west of Central London,[3] and has two parallel east–west runways along with four operational terminals on a site that covers 12.27 square kilometres (4.74 sq mi). The airport is owned and operated by Heathrow Airport Holdings, which itself is owned by FGP TopCo Limited, an international consortium led by Ferrovial that also includes Qatar Holding LLC, Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, Alinda Capital Partners, China Investment Corporation and Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS).[4] London Heathrow is the primary hub for British Airways and the primary operating base for Virgin Atlantic.

In September 2012, the UK government established the Airports Commission, an independent commission chaired by Sir Howard Davies to examine various options for increasing capacity at UK airports. The commission shortlisted two options for expanding Heathrow in its interim report in 2013, along with a third option for expanding Gatwick Airport.[5][6] The final report, published on 1 July 2015, backed a third runway at Heathrow.[7][8] The government approved a third runway on 25 October 2016.[9] A smaller runway, Runway 23 used to intersect the other two longer runways, but this was converted into a taxiway during the 2000s. [10]

Location

A Qantas Boeing 747-400 on approach to London Heathrow 27L runway.[11]

Heathrow is 14 mi (23 km) west of central London,[3] near the south end of the London Borough of Hillingdon on a parcel of land that is designated part of the Metropolitan Green Belt. The airport is surrounded by the built-up areas of Harlington, Harmondsworth, Longford and Cranford to the north and by Hounslow and Hatton to the east. To the south lie Bedfont and Stanwell while to the west Heathrow is separated from Slough in Berkshire by the M25 motorway. Heathrow falls entirely under the Hounslow post town of the TW postcode area.

As the airport is west of London and as its runways run east–west, an airliner's landing approach is usually directly over the conurbation of London when the wind is from the west.

Along with Gatwick, Stansted, Luton, Southend and London City, Heathrow is one of six airports with scheduled services serving the London area, although only Heathrow and London City are within Greater London.

History

Aerial photo of Heathrow Airport from the 1950s, before the terminals were built
For a chronicled history of Heathrow Airport, see History of London Heathrow Airport.

Heathrow Airport origins date from 1929 as a small airfield (Great West Aerodrome) on land southeast of the hamlet of Heathrow from which the airport takes its name. At that time there were farms, market gardens and orchards there: there was a "Heathrow Farm" about where Terminal 1 is now, a "Heathrow Hall" and a "Heathrow House". This hamlet was largely along a country lane (Heathrow Road) which ran roughly along the east and south edges of the present central terminals area.

Development of the whole Heathrow area as a very much larger airfield began in 1944: it was stated to be for long-distance military aircraft bound for the Far East. But by the time the airfield was nearing completion, World War II had ended. The government continued to develop the airfield as a civil airport; opened as London Airport in 1946 and renamed Heathrow Airport in 1966. The masterplan for the airport was designed by Sir Frederick Gibberd, who designed the original terminals and central area buildings, including the original control tower and multi-faith chapel of St George's.

Operations

Facilities

Central waiting area in Terminal 5
Concorde G-BOAB in storage at Heathrow
Four aircraft on the approach to Heathrow runway 09L
Heathrow's control tower
British Airways aircraft at Terminal 5C

Heathrow Airport is used by over 80 airlines flying to 185 destinations in 84 countries. The airport is the primary hub of British Airways and is a base for Virgin Atlantic. It has four passenger terminals (numbered 2 to 5) and a cargo terminal. Of Heathrow's 73.4 million passengers in 2014, 93% were international travellers; the remaining 7% were bound for UK destinations.[12] The busiest single destination in passenger numbers is New York, with over 3 million passengers flying between Heathrow and JFK Airport in 2013.[13]

In the 1950s, Heathrow had six runways, arranged in three pairs at different angles in the shape of a hexagram (✡) with the permanent passenger terminal in the middle and the older terminal along the north edge of the field; two of its runways would always be within 30° of the wind direction. As the required length for runways has grown, Heathrow now has only two parallel runways running east–west. These are extended versions of the two east–west runways from the original hexagram. From the air, almost all of the original runways can still be seen, incorporated into the present system of taxiways. North of the northern runway and the former taxiway and aprons, now the site of extensive car parks, is the entrance to the access tunnel and the site of Heathrow's unofficial "gate guardian". For many years the home of a 40% scale model of a British Airways Concorde, G-CONC, the site has been occupied by a model of an Emirates Airbus A380 since 2008.[14]

Heathrow Airport has Anglican, Catholic, free church, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim and Sikh chaplains. There is a multi-faith prayer room and counselling room in each terminal, in addition to St. George's Interdenominational Chapel in an underground vault adjacent to the old control tower, where Christian services take place. The chaplains organise and lead prayers at certain times in the prayer room.[15]

The airport has its own resident press corps, consisting of six photographers and one TV crew, serving all the major newspapers and television stations around the world.[16]

Most of Heathrow's internal roads are initial letter coded by area: N in the north (e.g. Newall Road), E in the east (e.g. Elmdon Road), S in the south (e.g. Stratford Road), W in the west (e.g. Walrus Road), C in the centre (e.g. Camborne Road).

Flight movements

Aircraft destined for Heathrow are usually routed over one of four main reporting points: Bovingdon (BNN) in Hertfordshire, Lambourne (LAM) in Essex, Biggin Hill (BIG) in Bromley and Ockham (OCK) in Surrey.[17] Each is defined by a VOR radio-navigational beacon. When the airport is busy, aircraft orbit in the associated hold patterns. These holding areas lie to the northwest, northeast, southeast and southwest of the London conurbation. Aircraft hold between 7,000 feet and 15,000 feet at 1,000 foot intervals. If these holds become full, aircraft are held at more distant points before being cleared onward to one of the four main holds.

Air traffic controllers at Heathrow Approach Control (based in Swanwick, Hampshire) then guide the aircraft to their final approach, merging aircraft from the four holds into a single stream of traffic, sometimes as close as 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km; 2.9 mi) apart. Considerable use is made of continuous descent approach techniques to minimise the environmental effects of incoming aircraft, particularly at night.[18] Once an aircraft is established on its final approach, control is handed over to Heathrow Tower.

When runway alternation was introduced, aircraft generated significantly more noise on departure than when landing, so a preference for westerly operations during daylight was introduced, which continues to this day.[19] In this mode, aircraft depart towards the west and approach from the east over London, thereby minimising the impact of noise on the most densely populated areas. Heathrow's two runways generally operate in segregated mode, whereby arriving aircraft are allocated to one runway and departing aircraft to the other. To further reduce noise nuisance to people beneath the approach and departure routes, the use of runways 27R and 27L is swapped at 15:00 each day if the wind is from the west. When landings are easterly there is no alternation; 09L remains the landing runway and 09R the departure runway due to the legacy of the now rescinded Cranford Agreement, pending taxiway works to allow the roles to be reversed. Occasionally, landings are allowed on the nominated departure runway, to help reduce airborne delays and to position landing aircraft closer to their terminal, reducing taxi times.

Night-time flights at Heathrow are subject to restrictions. Between 23:00 and 04:00, the noisiest aircraft (rated QC/8 and QC/16) cannot be scheduled for operation. In addition, during the night quota period (23:30–06:00) there are four limits:

A trial of "noise relief zones" ran from December 2012 to March 2013, which concentrated approach flight paths into defined areas compared with the existing paths which were spread out. The zones used alternated weekly, meaning residents in the "no-fly" areas received respite from aircraft noise for set periods.[21] However, it was concluded that some residents in other areas experienced a significant disbenefit as a result of the trial and that it should therefore not be taken forward in its current form. Heathrow received more than 25,000 noise complaints in just three months over the summer of 2016, but around half were made by the same ten people.[22]

Regulation

Further information: Landing slot

Until it was required to sell Gatwick and Stansted Airports, Heathrow Airport Holdings held a dominant position in the London aviation market, and has been heavily regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) as to how much it can charge airlines to land. The annual increase in landing charge per passenger was capped at inflation minus 3% until 1 April 2003. From 2003 to 2007 charges increased by inflation plus 6.5% per year, taking the fee to £9.28 per passenger in 2007. In March 2008, the CAA announced that the charge would be allowed to increase by 23.5% to £12.80 from 1 April 2008 and by inflation plus 7.5% for each of the following four years.[23] In April 2013, the CAA announced a proposal for Heathrow to charge fees calculated by inflation minus 1.3%, continuing until 2019.[24] Whilst the cost of landing at Heathrow is determined by the CAA and Heathrow Airport Holdings, the allocation of landing slots to airlines is carried out by Airport Co-ordination Limited (ACL).[25]

Until 2008, air traffic between Heathrow and the United States was strictly governed by the countries' bilateral Bermuda II treaty. The treaty originally allowed only British Airways, Pan Am and TWA to fly from Heathrow to the US. In 1991, PAA and TWA sold their rights to United Airlines and American Airlines respectively, while Virgin Atlantic was added to the list of airlines allowed to operate on these routes. The Bermuda bilateral agreement conflicted with the Right of Establishment of the United Kingdom in relation to its EU membership, and as a consequence the UK was ordered to drop the agreement in 2004. A new "open skies" agreement was signed by the United States and the European Union on 30 April 2007 and came into effect on 30 March 2008. Shortly afterwards, additional US airlines, including Northwest Airlines, Continental Airlines, US Airways and Delta Air Lines started services to Heathrow.

The airport has been criticised in recent years for overcrowding and delays;[26] according to Heathrow Airport Holdings, Heathrow's facilities were originally designed to accommodate 55 million passengers annually. The number of passengers using the airport reached a record 70 million in 2012.[27] In 2007 the airport was voted the world's least favourite, alongside Chicago O'Hare in a TripAdvisor survey.[28] However, the opening of Terminal 5 in 2008 has relieved some pressure on terminal facilities, increasing the airport's terminal capacity to 90 million passengers per year. A tie-up is also in place with McLaren Applied Technologies to optimise the general procedure, reducing delays and pollution.[29]

With only two runways, operating at over 98% of their capacity, Heathrow has little room for more flights, although the increasing use of larger aircraft such as the Airbus A380 will allow some increase in passenger numbers. It is difficult for existing airlines to obtain landing slots to enable them to increase their services from the airport, or for new airlines to start operations.[30] To increase the number of flights, Heathrow Airport Holdings has proposed using the existing two runways in 'mixed mode' whereby aircraft would be allowed to take off and land on the same runway. This would increase the airport's capacity from its current 480,000 movements per year to as many as 550,000 according to British Airways CEO Willie Walsh.[31] Heathrow Airport Holdings has also proposed building a third runway to the north of the airport, which would significantly increase traffic capacity (see Future expansion below).[32]

Security

Policing of the airport is the responsibility of the aviation security unit of the Metropolitan Police, although the army, including armoured vehicles of the Household Cavalry, has occasionally been deployed at the airport during periods of heightened security.

Full body scanners are now used at the airport, and passengers who object to their use after being selected are required to submit to a hand search in a private room.[33] The scanners display passengers' bodies as a cartoon-style figure, with indicators showing where concealed items may be.[33] The new imagery was introduced initially as a trial in September 2011 following complaints over privacy.[34]

Terminals

Terminal 1 (Closed)

Main article: Heathrow Terminal 1

The former Terminal 1, which closed in June 2015, originally opened in 1968 and was formally inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II in April 1969.[35][36] Before Terminal 5 opened, Terminal 1 was the base for British Airways' domestic (European) network from Heathrow and for a few of its long haul routes. The airline's owner International Airlines Group's acquisition of BMI (British Midland International) in 2012 meant British Airways took over BMI's short-haul and medium-haul destinations from the terminal.[37]

Terminal 1 is due to be demolished,[38] and its site will be used for the extension of Terminal 2,[39] which opened in June 2014. A number of newer boarding gates used by airlines at Terminal 1 were built as part of the Terminal 2 development will be retained for continued use by that terminal.[40][41] British Airways was the last operator in Terminal 1. Two flights of this carrier, one departing to Hannover and one arriving from Baku, marked the terminal closure on 29 June 2015. British Airways operations have been relocated to Terminals 3 and 5.[38]

Terminal 2

Terminal 2 central departures area
Main article: Heathrow Terminal 2

The airport's newest terminal, officially known as the Queen's Terminal, was opened on 4 June 2014.[42][43] Designed by Spanish architect Luis Vidal, it was built on the site previously occupied by the original Terminal 2 and the Queens Building.[44][45] The main complex was completed in November 2013 and underwent six months of testing before opening to passengers. It includes a satellite pier (T2B), a 1,340-space car park, an energy centre and a cooling station to generate chilled water. There are 52 shops and 17 bars and restaurants.[46]

Terminal 2 is used by all Star Alliance members which fly from Heathrow (consolidating the airlines under Star Alliance's co-location policy "Move Under One Roof") with the exception of Air India which uses Terminal 4. Aer Lingus, Germanwings and Icelandair also operate from the terminal. The airlines moved from their original locations over a six-month period with only 10% of flights operating in the first six weeks (United Airlines' transatlantic flights) to avoid the opening problems seen at Terminal 5.[47] Development will continue at the terminal to increase capacity in preparation for the closure of Terminal 3 in 2019.[48]

The original Terminal 2 opened as the Europa Building in 1955 and was the airport's oldest terminal. It had an area of 49,654 m2 (534,470 sq ft) and was designed to handle around 1.2 million passengers annually. In its final years it accommodated up to 8 million. A total of 316 million passengers passed through the terminal in its lifetime. The building was demolished in 2010, along with the Queens Building which formerly housed airline company offices.[49]

Terminal 3

Main article: Heathrow Terminal 3
Terminal 3 bird's-eye view

Terminal 3 opened as The Oceanic Terminal on 13 November 1961 to handle flight departures for long-haul routes for foreign carriers to the United States, Asia and other far eastern destinations.[50] At this time the airport had a direct helicopter service to Central London from the gardens on the roof of the terminal building. Renamed Terminal 3 in 1968, it was expanded in 1970 with the addition of an arrivals building. Other facilities added included the UK's first moving walkways. In 2006, the new £105 million Pier 6 was completed[51] to accommodate the Airbus A380 superjumbo; Emirates and Qantas operate regular flights from Terminal 3 using the Airbus A380.

Redevelopment of Terminal 3's forecourt through the addition of a new four lane drop-off area and a large pedestrianised plaza, complete with canopy to the front of the terminal building, was completed in 2007. These improvements were intended to improve passengers' experiences, reduce traffic congestion and improve security.[52] As part of this project, Virgin Atlantic was assigned its own dedicated check-in area, known as 'Zone A', which features a large sculpture and atrium.

As of 2013, Terminal 3 has an area of 98,962 m2 (1,065,220 sq ft) and in 2011 handled 19.8 million passengers on 104,100 flights.[53] In May 2015, it was announced that Terminal 3 will be demolished by 2019, when Terminal 2 has been completed.[48]

Terminal 4

Main article: Heathrow Terminal 4
Terminal 4 bird's-eye view

Opened in 1986, Terminal 4 is situated to the south of the southern runway next to the cargo terminal and is connected to Terminals 1, 2 and 3 by the Heathrow Cargo Tunnel. The terminal has an area of 105,481 m2 (1,135,390 sq ft) and is now home to the SkyTeam alliance, with the exception of Garuda Indonesia, Middle East Airlines, and Delta Air Lines which use Terminal 3, as well as some unaffiliated carriers. It has recently undergone a £200m upgrade to enable it to accommodate 45 airlines with an upgraded forecourt to reduce traffic congestion and improve security. An extended check-in area with renovated piers and departure lounges, a new baggage system installed as well as the construction of two new stands to accommodate the Airbus A380 with Etihad Airways, Malaysia Airlines and Qatar Airways operating regular A380 flights.[54]

Terminal 5

Main article: Heathrow Terminal 5
Terminal 5 bird's-eye view

Terminal 5 lies between the northern and southern runways at the western end of the Heathrow site and was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 14 March 2008,[55] some 19 years after its inception. It opened to the public on 27 March 2008, and British Airways and its partner company Iberia have exclusive use of this terminal. The first passenger to enter Terminal 5 was a UK ex-pat from Kenya who passed through security at 04:30 on the day to be presented with a boarding pass by the British Airways CEO Willie Walsh for the first departing flight, BA302 to Paris. During the two weeks after its opening, operations were disrupted by problems with the terminal's IT systems, coupled with insufficient testing and staff training, which caused over 500 flights to be cancelled.[56] Until March 2012, Terminal 5 was exclusively used by British Airways as its global hub; however, because of the merger, on 25 March Iberia's operations at Heathrow were moved to the terminal, making it the home of International Airlines Group.

Built at a cost of £4.3 billion, the new terminal consists of a four-storey main terminal building (Concourse A) and two satellite buildings linked to the main terminal by an underground people mover transit system. The second satellite (Concourse C), includes dedicated aircraft stands for the Airbus A380. It became fully operational on 1 June 2011. Terminal 5 was voted Skytrax World's Best Airport Terminal 2014 in the Annual World Airport Awards.[57]

The main terminal building (Concourse A) has an area of 300,000 square metres (3,200,000 sq ft) while Concourse B covers 60,000 square metres (650,000 sq ft).[58] It has 60 aircraft stands and capacity for 30 million passengers annually as well as more than 100 shops and restaurants.[59]

A further building, designated Concourse D and of similar size to Concourse C, may yet be built to the east of the existing site, providing up to another 16 stands. Following British Airways' merger with Iberia, this may become a priority since the newly combined business will require accommodation at Heathrow under one roof to maximise the cost savings envisaged under the deal. A proposal for Concourse D featured in Heathrow's most recent capital investment plan.

The transport network around the airport has been extended to cope with the increase in passenger numbers. A dedicated motorway spur links the M25 between junctions 14 and 15 to the terminal, which includes a 3,800 space multi-storey car park. A more distant long-stay car park for business passengers is connected to the terminal by a personal rapid transit system, which became operational in the spring of 2011.[60] New branches of both the Heathrow Express and the Underground's Piccadilly line serve a new shared Heathrow Terminal 5 station.

Terminal assignments and rearrangements

Following the opening of Terminal 5 in March 2008, a hugely complex programme of terminal moves was implemented. This saw many airlines move so as to be grouped in terminals by airline alliance as far as possible.[61]

Following the opening of Phase 1 of the new Terminal 2 in June 2014, all Star Alliance member airlines[62] (with the exception of new member Air India) along with Aer Lingus and Germanwings relocated to Terminal 2 in a phased process completed on 22 October 2014. Additionally, by 30 June 2015 all airlines left Terminal 1 in preparation for its demolition to make room for the construction of Phase 2 of Terminal 2.[63]

Current terminal assignments

As of 17 September 2016, the terminals are assigned as follows:[64]

Terminal Airlines and alliances
Terminal 2 Star Alliance (except Air India), Aer Lingus, Eurowings, Germanwings and Icelandair
Terminal 3 Oneworld (except Malaysia Airlines, Qatar Airways, Iberia and some British Airways destinations), Delta Air Lines,[65] Garuda Indonesia, Middle East Airlines, Virgin Atlantic and a few non-aligned airlines
Terminal 4 SkyTeam (except Delta Air Lines, Garuda Indonesia and Middle East Airlines) Air India, Malaysia Airlines, Qatar Airways and most non-aligned airlines
Terminal 5 British Airways (most destinations, except those at Terminal 3), Iberia and Iberia Express

Scheduled terminal moves

From 31 January 2017, Oman Air, which currently operates one daily flight each out of Terminals 3 and 4, will consolidate all flights to Terminal 4.[66]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

The following airlines operate regular scheduled passenger flights at London Heathrow Airport:[67]

AirlinesDestinationsTerminal
Aegean AirlinesAthens, Larnaca 2
Aer LingusBelfast-City, Cork, Dublin, Shannon 2
AeroflotMoscow–Sheremetyevo 4
AeroméxicoMexico City 4
Air AlgérieAlgiers 4
Air AstanaAstana 4
Air CanadaCalgary, Halifax, Montréal–Trudeau, Ottawa, St. John's, Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver 2
Air ChinaBeijing–Capital 2
Air FranceParis–Charles de Gaulle 4
Air IndiaAhmedabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Newark 4
Air MaltaMalta 4
Air Mauritius Plaine Magnien (Mauritius) 4
Air New Zealand Auckland, Los Angeles 2
Air Serbia Belgrade 4
AlitaliaMilan–Linate, Rome–Fiumicino 4
All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Haneda 2
American Airlines Charlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, Miami, New York–JFK, Philadelphia, Raleigh/Durham 3
Arik Air Lagos 4
Asiana Airlines Seoul–Incheon 2
Austrian Airlines Vienna 2
Avianca Bogotá 2
Azerbaijan Airlines Baku 4
Biman Bangladesh Airlines Dhaka[lower-alpha 1] 4
British Airways Accra, Barcelona, Bilbao, Budapest, Cape Town, Denver, Gibraltar, Helsinki, Las Vegas, Lisbon, Luxembourg, Lyon, Marseille, Miami, Nairobi–Kenyatta, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Prague, Vancouver, Vienna, Warsaw–Chopin
Seasonal: Palermo (begins 28 March 2017), Pula (begins 1 July 2017)[68] 		3
British Airways Aberdeen, Abu Dhabi, Abuja, Amman–Queen Alia, Amsterdam, Athens, Atlanta, Austin, Bahrain, Baltimore, Bangalore, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Basel/Mulhouse, Beijing–Capital, Beirut, Belfast–City, Bergen, Berlin–Tegel, Billund, Bologna, Boston, Brussels, Bucharest-Otopeni, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Cairo, Calgary, Chengdu (ends 12 January 2017),[69] Chennai, Chicago–O'Hare, Copenhagen, Dallas/Fort Worth, Delhi, Doha, Dubai–International, Dublin, Düsseldorf, Edinburgh, Frankfurt, Geneva, Glasgow-International, Gothenburg, Grand Cayman, Hamburg, Hanover, Hong Kong, Houston–Intercontinental, Hyderabad, Innsbruck (begins 4 December 2016),[70] Inverness, Istanbul–Atatürk, Jeddah, Johannesburg–Tambo, Kiev–Boryspil, Kraków, Kuala Lumpur–International, Kuwait City, Lagos, Larnaca, Leeds/Bradford, Los Angeles, Luanda, Madrid, Manchester, Mexico City, Milan–Linate, Milan–Malpensa, Montreal–Trudeau, Moscow–Domodedovo, Mumbai, Munich, Muscat, Nassau, New Orleans (begins 27 March 2017),[71] New York–JFK, Newark, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nice, Oslo–Gardermoen, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Paris–Orly, Philadelphia, Pisa, Reykjavík–Keflavík, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Riyadh, Rome–Fiumicino, St Petersburg, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), Santiago de Chile (begins 3 January 2017),[72] São Paulo–Guarulhos, Seattle/Tacoma, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Sofia, Stavanger, Stockholm-Arlanda, Stuttgart, Sydney, Tehran–Imam Khomeini, Tel Aviv–Ben Gurion, Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita, Toronto–Pearson, Toulouse, Venice, Washington–Dulles, Zagreb, Zürich
Seasonal: Biarritz, Brindisi (begins 3 June 2017),[68] Chania, Corfu, Faro, Ibiza, Kos, Kalamata, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Málaga, Menorca, Montpellier (begins 3 May 2017),[68] Murcia (begins 28 March 2017),[68] Mykonos, Nantes (begins 29 March 2017),[68] Olbia, Palermo (ends 27 March 2017), Palma de Mallorca, Salzburg, Santorini, Split, Tallinn (begins 28 March 2017),[73] Zakynthos (begins 3 June 2017)[68] 		5
Brussels Airlines Brussels 2
Bulgaria Air Sofia 4
Cathay Pacific Hong Kong 3
China Eastern Airlines Shanghai–Pudong 4
China Southern Airlines Guangzhou 4
Croatia Airlines Zagreb
Seasonal: Rijeka, Split 		2
Delta Air Lines Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York–JFK, Philadelphia, Salt Lake City, Seattle/Tacoma (ends 26 March 2017)[74]
Seasonal: Portland (OR) (begins 27 May 2017)[75][76] 		3
EgyptAir Cairo, Luxor 2
El Al Tel Aviv–Ben Gurion 4
EmiratesDubai–International 3
Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa 2
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi 4
EVA Air Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Taipei–Taoyuan 2
Eurowings Düsseldorf, Hamburg 2
Eurowings
operated by Germanwings 		Berlin–Tegel, Cologne/Bonn, Stuttgart 2
Finnair Helsinki 3
Garuda Indonesia Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta[lower-alpha 2] 3
Gulf Air Bahrain 4
Iberia Madrid 5
Iberia Express Asturias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Palma de Mallorca, Tenerife-North (ends 3 January 2017)[77] 5
Icelandair Reykjavík–Keflavík 2
Iran Air Tehran–Imam Khomeini 3
Japan Airlines Tokyo–Haneda 3
Jet Airways Delhi, Mumbai 4
Kenya Airways Nairobi–Kenyatta 4
KLM Amsterdam 4
KLM
operated by KLM Cityhopper 		Amsterdam 4
Korean Air Seoul–Incheon 4
Kuwait Airways Kuwait City[lower-alpha 3] 4
LATAM Brasil São Paulo–Guarulhos 3
LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw–Chopin 2
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich 2
Malaysia Airlines Kuala Lumpur–International 4
Middle East Airlines Beirut 3
Oman Air Muscat 3, 4
Pakistan International Airlines Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore 3
Philippine Airlines Manila 3
Qantas Dubai–International, Melbourne, Sydney 3
Qatar Airways Doha 4
Royal Air Maroc Casablanca, Marrakech, Tangier 4
Royal Brunei Airlines Bandar Seri Begawan, Dubai–International 4
Royal Jordanian Amman–Queen Alia 3
Saudia Jeddah, Riyadh
Seasonal: Medina 		4
Scandinavian Airlines Copenhagen, Oslo–Gardermoen, Stavanger, Stockholm-Arlanda 2
Singapore Airlines Singapore 2
South African Airways Johannesburg–Tambo 2
SriLankan Airlines Colombo
Seasonal: Malé (begins 5 January 2017)[78] 		3
Swiss International Air Lines Geneva, Zürich 2
Swiss International Air Lines
operated by Helvetic Airways 		Sion (begins 4 February 2017; ends 25 February 2017)[79] 2
TAP Portugal Lisbon 2
TAROM Bucharest-Otopeni 4
Thai Airways Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi 2
Tunisair Tunis 4
Turkish Airlines Istanbul–Atatürk 2
Turkmenistan Airlines Ashgabat 4
United Airlines Chicago–O'Hare, Houston–Intercontinental, Los Angeles, Newark, San Francisco, Washington–Dulles 2
Uzbekistan Airways Tashkent 4
Vietnam Airlines Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City 4
Virgin Atlantic Atlanta, Boston, Delhi, Detroit (ends 25 March 2017),[80] Dubai–International, Hong Kong, Johannesburg–Tambo, Lagos, Los Angeles, Miami, New York–JFK, Newark, San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma (begins 26 March 2017),[74] Shanghai–Pudong, Washington–Dulles
Seasonal: Chicago–O'Hare 		3
Vueling A Coruña 3

Cargo

AirlinesDestinations
AirBridgeCargo Airlines/CargoLogicAir Frankfurt, Moscow-Sheremetyevo
Cathay Pacific Cargo Delhi, Hong Kong, Milan–Malpensa, Mumbai, Paris–Charles de Gaulle
DHL Aviation Amsterdam, Brussels, East Midlands, Frankfurt, Madrid–Barajas, Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Emirates SkyCargo Dubai-Al Maktoum
Ethiopian Airlines Cargo Addis Ababa, Lagos
Korean Air Cargo Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Seoul–Incheon
Royal Air Maroc Cargo Casablanca
Royal Jordanian Cargo Amman–Queen Alia
Singapore Airlines Cargo Abu Dhabi, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Sharjah, Singapore
Turkish Airlines Cargo İstanbul-Atatürk

Traffic and statistics

Overview

Development of passenger numbers, aircraft movements and air freight between 1986 and 2014

When ranked by passenger traffic, Heathrow is fifth busiest internationally, behind Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Beijing Capital International Airport and Tokyo Haneda Airport, for the 12 months ending April 2015.[81]

In 2015, Heathrow was the busiest airport in Europe in total passenger traffic, with 14% more passengers than Paris–Charles de Gaulle Airport[82] and 22% more than Istanbul Atatürk Airport.[83] Heathrow was the fourth busiest European airport by cargo traffic in 2013, after Frankfurt Airport, Paris Charles de Gaulle and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.[84]

Busiest routes

Heathrow Airport processed 74,985,748 passengers in 2015 (including 31,767 transit passengers). New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport was the most popular route with 3,050,499 passengers.

Shown below are the top 40 international destinations, each with more than 600,000 passengers.

Busiest international routes (2015)
Rank Airport Passengers handled % Change
2014 / 15
1 New York JFK3,050,499 Increase 3
2 Dubai2,695,784 Increase 1
3 Dublin1,682,855 Increase 2
4 Amsterdam1,587,605 Increase 7
5 Hong Kong1,584,486 Increase 1
6 Frankfurt1,530,986 Increase 2
7 Los Angeles1,518,903 Increase 12
8 Madrid1,321,558 Increase 4
9 Paris Charles de Gaulle 1,252,777 Steady 0
10 Munich1,230,618 Increase 4
11 Singapore1,150,240 Increase 2
12 Zürich1,075,098 Increase 2
13 Doha1,072,031 Increase 20
14 Chicago O'Hare1,059,686 Decrease 9
15 San Francisco1,046,981 Decrease 12
16 New Delhi1,034,172 Decrease 3
17 Toronto Pearson1,032,206 Steady 0
18 Miami1,030,673 Increase 2
19 Geneva1,021,882 Steady 0
20 Newark1,002,530 Decrease 14
21 Mumbai/Bombay999,986 Decrease 9
22 Stockholm Arlanda997,988 Increase 5
23 Rome Fiumicino972,111 Increase 10
24 Copenhagen949,485 Steady 0
25 Johannesburg Tambo938,503 Steady 0
26 Istanbul Atatürk933,038 Increase 1
27 Abu Dhabi875,496 Increase 30
28 Washington Dulles858,358 Decrease 2
29 Boston835,901 Decrease 4
30 Berlin Tegel822,496 Increase 6
31 Vienna787,631 Increase 4
32 Lisbon768,043 Increase 2
33 Athens699,094 Decrease 2
34 Oslo Gardermoen686,856 Decrease 1
35 Barcelona673,519 Increase 10
36 Milan Linate672,882 Decrease 3
37 Düsseldorf663,142 Increase 6
38 Helsinki655,532 Increase 3
39 Dallas Fort Worth637,977 Decrease 3
40 Brussels628,148 Increase 9
Source: UK Civil Aviation Authority[85]

The top seven domestic destinations are shown below:

Busiest domestic routes (2015)
Rank Airport Passengers handled % Change
2014 / 15
1 Edinburgh1,383,915Decrease 6
2 Glasgow International907,873Increase 4
3 Manchester776,369Decrease 11
4 Aberdeen726,745Decrease 6
5 Belfast City684,255Increase 1
6 Newcastle upon Tyne513,496Increase 7
7 Leeds/Bradford148,796Increase 12
Source: UK Civil Aviation Authority[86]

Annual passenger numbers

Passenger numbers at Heathrow[1]
Year
Passengers
handled[lower-alpha 4]
Passenger
% Change
Cargo
(tonnes)
Cargo
% Change
Aircraft
movements
Aircraft
% Change
198631,675,779Steady537,131Steady315,753Steady
198735,079,755Increase10.7574,116Increase6.9329,977Increase 4.3
198837,840,503Increase7.9642,147Increase11.8351,592Increase 6.1
198939,881,922Increase5.4686,170Increase6.9368,429Increase 4.6
199042,950,512Increase7.7695,347Increase1.3390,372Increase 5.6
199140,494,575Decrease5.7654,625Decrease5.9381,724Decrease 2.3
199245,242,591Increase11.7754,770Increase15.3406,481Increase 6.1
199347,899,081Increase5.9846,486Increase12.2411,173Increase 1.1
199451,713,366Increase8.0962,738Increase13.7424,557Increase 3.2
199554,461,597Increase5.31,031,639Increase7.2434,525Increase 2.3
199656,049,706Increase2.91,040,486Increase0.9440,343Increase 1.3
199758,185,398Increase3.81,156,104Increase11.1440,631Increase 0.1
199860,683,988Increase4.31,208,893Increase4.6451,382Increase 2.4
199962,268,292Increase2.61,265,495Increase4.7458,300Increase 1.5
200064,618,254Increase3.81,306,905Increase3.3466,799Increase 1.8
200160,764,924Decrease6.01,180,306Decrease9.6463,567Decrease 0.7
200263,362,097Increase4.31,234,940Increase4.6466,545Increase 0.6
200363,495,367Increase0.21,223,439Decrease0.9463,650Decrease 0.6
200467,342,743Increase6.11,325,173Increase8.3476,001Increase 2.6
200567,913,153Increase0.81,305,686Decrease1.5477,887Increase 0.4
200667,527,923Decrease0.61,264,129Decrease3.2477,048Decrease 0.2
200768,066,028Increase0.81,310,987Increase3.7481,476Increase 0.9
200867,054,745Decrease1.51,397,054Increase6.6478,693Decrease 0.6
200966,036,957Decrease1.51,277,650Decrease8.5466,393Decrease 2.6
201065,881,660Decrease0.21,472,988Increase15.3454,823Decrease 2.5
201169,433,230Increase5.41,484,351Increase0.8480,906Increase 5.4
201270,037,417Increase0.91,464,390Decrease1.3475,176Decrease 1.2
201372,367,054Increase3.31,422,939Decrease2.8471,936Decrease 0.7
201473,405,330Increase1.41,498,906Increase5.3472,802Increase 0.2
201574,985,748Increase2.21,496,551Decrease0.2474,087Increase 2.7

Other facilities

The Compass Centre, the head office of Heathrow Airport Holdings

The head office of Heathrow Airport Holdings (formerly BAA Limited) is located in the Compass Centre by Heathrow's northern runway, a building that previously served as a British Airways flight crew centre.[87] The World Business Centre Heathrow consists of buildings one and two. 1 World Business Centre houses offices of Heathrow Airport Holdings, Heathrow Airport itself, and Scandinavian Airlines.[88] Previously International Airlines Group had its head office in 2 World Business Centre.[89][90]

At one time the British Airways head office was located within Heathrow Airport at Speedbird House[91] before the completion of Waterside, the current BA head office in Harmondsworth, in June 1998.[92]

To the north of the airfield lies the Northern Perimeter Road, along which most of Heathrow's car rental agencies are based, and Bath Road, which runs parallel to it, but outside the airport campus–this is nicknamed "The Strip" by locals owing to its continuous line of airport hotels.

Access

Public transport

Train

Heathrow Express train at Paddington station

Heathrow area rail services

Legend
Crossrail (under construction)
London Underground Circle line (London Underground)Hammersmith & City Line | Bakerloo LineCircle line (London Underground)District Line

0⅓ Paddington National Rail London Underground

Heathrow Connect

Heathrow Express
4¼ Acton Main Line starts 2019
London Underground Central line (London Underground)District Line
5⅝ Ealing Broadway National Rail London Underground
6½ West Ealing National Rail
7¼ Hanwell National Rail
9⅓ Southall National Rail
10⅞ Hayes & Harlington National Rail
London Underground Piccadilly Line

11⅛ Airport Junction

Great Western Main Line
to Slough and Reading
Hatton Cross London Underground

Heathrow Junction closed 1998

London Heathrow Airport Heathrow Airport:

Terminal 4London Underground Airport interchange

16⅜ Terminal 4(
shuttle from
Heathrow C.
) Airport interchange

Terminals 2 & 3 London Underground Airport interchange

14½ Heathrow Central Airport interchange

16¼ Terminal 5 London Underground Airport interchange
Western Rail Approach (proposed)

Bus and coach

Many buses and coaches operate from the large Heathrow airport central bus station serving Terminals 2 and 3, and also from bus stations at Terminals 4 and 5. Services include the following:

Between 1981 and 2004, the airport was linked to central London by a group of routes known as Airbus. These routes carried A prefixes before their numbers; one route, A10, operates with such a number to Uxbridge.

Inter-terminal transport

Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are within walking distance of each other. Transfers to Terminal 4 and 5 are by Heathrow Express trains or bus. Heathrow Express and Heathrow Connect services between Heathrow Central and Terminals 4 and 5 are free of charge.[99] Normal fare rules apply to London Underground services between terminals. Local buses throughout the airport area are provided free of charge under the "Heathrow FreeFlow" scheme;[100] passengers should tell the driver their destination to ensure they are not charged a fare.

Transit passengers remaining airside are provided free dedicated transfer buses between terminals.

ULTra Personal Rapid Transport opened in April 2011 to shuttle passengers between Terminal 5 and the business carpark at a speed of up to 40 km/h (25 mph). There are 21 small transportation pods that can carry up to four adults, two children, and their luggage. The pods are battery-powered and are used on a four-kilometre track. The capsules run on demand. The provider claims a 95% availability rate and no accidents so far.[101] Plans to use the same technology to connect terminals 2 and 3 to remote car parks were included in the draft 2014–2019 five-year master plan but have since been deferred due to other priorities.[102]

Taxi

Taxis are available at all terminals.[103]

Car

Entrance at the southern end of the M4 Motorway spur, showing a scale model of Concorde, replaced since 2008 by the Emirates A380 scale model.[104]

Heathrow is accessible via the nearby M4 motorway or A4 road (Terminals 2–3), the M25 motorway (Terminals 4 and 5) and the A30 road (Terminal 4). There are drop-off and pick-up areas at all terminals and short-[105] and long-stay[106] multi-storey car parks. All the Heathrow forecourts are drop-off only.[107] There are further car parks, not run by Heathrow Airport Holdings, just outside the airport: the most recognisable is the National Car Parks facility, although there are many other options; these car parks are connected to the terminals by shuttle buses.

Four parallel tunnels under the northern runway connect the M4 Heathrow spur and the A4 road to Terminals 2–3. The two larger tunnels are each two lanes wide and are used for motorised traffic. The two smaller tunnels were originally reserved for pedestrians and bicycles; to increase traffic capacity the cycle lanes have been modified to each take a single lane of cars, although bicycles still have priority over cars. Pedestrian access to the smaller tunnels has been discontinued, with the free bus services being used instead.

Bicycle

There are (mainly off-road) bicycle routes to some of the terminals.[108] Free bicycle parking places are available in car parks 1 and 1A, at Terminal 4, and to the North and South of Terminal 5's Interchange Plaza.[109]

Accidents and incidents

British Airways Flight 38 which crash landed just short of the runway on 17 January 2008

Terrorism and security incidents

Other incidents

Future expansion and plans

Runway and terminal expansion

British Airways aircraft queuing for take-off

In January 2009 the Transport Secretary Geoff Hoon announced that the UK government supported the expansion of Heathrow by building a third 2,200-metre (7,200 ft) runway and a sixth terminal building.[146] This decision followed the 2003 white paper on the future of air transport in the UK,[147] and a public consultation in November 2007.[148] This was a controversial decision which met with widespread opposition because of the expected greenhouse gas emissions, impact on local communities, as well as noise and air pollution concerns.[149]

Before the 2010 general election the Conservative and Liberal Democrats parties announced that they would prevent the construction of any third runway or further material expansion of the airport's operating capacity. The Mayor of London, then Boris Johnson, took the position that London needs more airport capacity, favouring the construction of an entirely new airport in the Thames Estuary rather than expanding Heathrow.[150] After the Conservative – Liberal Democrat coalition took power, it was announced that the third runway expansion was cancelled.[151] Two years later, leading Conservatives were reported to have changed their minds.[152]

Another proposed plan for expanding Heathrow's capacity is the Heathrow Hub, which aims to extend both runways to a total length of about 7,000 metres and divide them into four so that they each provide two, full length runways, allowing simultaneous take-offs and landings while decreasing noise levels.[153][154]

In July 2013, the airport submitted three new proposals for expansion to the Airports Commission, which was established to review airport capacity in the southeast of England. Each involved the construction of a third runway, either to the north, northwest or southwest of the airport.[155] The commission released its interim report in December 2013, shortlisting the northwest third runway option at Heathrow, extending an existing runway at Heathrow and a second runway at Gatwick Airport. Following the publication of the interim report, the government confirmed that no options had been ruled out for airport expansion in the southeast and that a new runway would not be built at Heathrow before 2015.[5] The full report was published on 1 July 2015, and backed a third northwest runway at Heathrow.[156] Reaction to the report was generally negative, particularly from London Mayor Boris Johnson. One senior Conservative told Channel 4: "Howard Davies has dumped an utter steaming pile of poo on the Prime Minister's desk."[157] On 25th October 2016 the government confirmed Heathrow would be allowed to build a third runway, however a final decision won't be taken until winter of 2017/18 after consultations and government votes. The earliest opening year would be 2025.

Heathrow railway hub

A plan to make Heathrow an international railway exchange has also been proposed with the potential construction of Heathrow Hub railway station,[158] built on a link to the High Speed 2 railway line.[159] This plan has since been scrapped.

Airtrack

In July 2009, Heathrow Airport Limited submitted an application to the Secretary of State for Transport seeking to gain authorisation to develop a new rail link to Heathrow Terminal 5 to be known as Heathrow Airtrack.[160] The rail link would address the current lack of public transport available to the South West of the Airport by connecting to Guildford, Reading and London Waterloo. BAA stated that the scheme should add significantly to its aim of increasing the proportion of people using public transport to travel to the airport.[161] In April 2011 BAA announced that it was abandoning the project,[162] citing the unavailability of government subsidy and other priorities for Heathrow,[163] such as linking to Crossrail and HS2.

Heathrow/Gatwick rail link

Main article: Heathwick

In late 2011 the Department for Transport began studying the feasibility of a high-speed rail link between Gatwick and Heathrow Airport. This rail link would form part of a plan to combine the UK's two biggest airports into a "collective" or "virtual hub" dubbed Heathwick. The scheme envisages a 35-mile (56 km) high-speed rail route linking the two airports in 15 minutes, with trains travelling at a top speed of 180 miles per hour (290 km/h) parallel to the M25 and passengers passing through immigration or check-in only once.[164]

Heathrow City

The Mayor of London's office and Transport for London commissioned plans in the event of Heathrow's closure—to replace it by a large built-up area.[165][166][167][168] Some of the plans seem to show terminal 5, or part of it, kept as a shopping centre.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Biman Bangladesh Airlines' flight from London to Dhaka makes a stop at Sylhet, and the airline offers tickets solely between London and Sylhet. However, the flight from Dhaka to London is direct.
  2. ↑ Garuda Indonesia's flight from Jakarta to London make a stop at Singapore. However, all Garuda flights from London to Jakarta are non-stop.
  3. ↑ Some of Kuwait Airways' flights from Kuwait to London continue on to New York-JFK. The airline has rights to carry passengers solely between London and New York, but chooses not to do so since it does not Allow Any Israeli passport holders to board the aircraft.
  4. ↑ Number of passengers including domestic, international and transit

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 "Aircraft and passenger traffic data from UK airports". UK Civil Aviation Authority. 25 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  2. ↑ Iyer, Srinivasan (30 December 2014). "Dubai International is world's busiest airport". The National. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  3. 1 2 "London Heathrow – EGLL". NATS Aeronautical Information Service. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
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  5. 1 2 "Airports Commission reveals expansion shortlist". BBC News. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  6. ↑ "Airports Commission publishes consultation on shortlisted options for a new runway". Gov.uk. 11 November 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  7. ↑ Calder, Simon (1 July 2015). "Heathrow Airport expansion: Commission report backs third runway". The Independent. London.
  8. ↑ Andrew Simms. "Forget Heathrow expansion, Davies report should tackle frequent flyers". the Guardian.
  9. ↑ "Third runway at Heathrow cleared for takeoff by ministers". BBC News. 25 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  10. ↑ "Heathrow RWY 05/23 - Airliners.net".
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  19. ↑ During periods of westerly operation, aircraft continue to fly in a westerly direction with an easterly tailwind component of up to 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph), if the runway is dry and there is no significant crosswind.
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Bibliography

External links

Media related to London Heathrow Airport at Wikimedia Commons
Heathrow Airport travel guide from Wikivoyage

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