Pernambuco

Pernambuco (Portuguese pronunciation: [pɛʁnɐ̃ˈbuku])^[2] is a state of Brazil, located in the Northeast region of the country. The state of Pernambuco also includes the archipelago Fernando de Noronha. With an estimated population of 9.2 million people in 2013, it is the seventh most populous state of Brazil, and is the sixth most densely populated and the 19th most extensive among the states and territories of the country. Its capital and largest city, Recife, is one of the most important economic and urban hubs in the country. As of 2013 estimates, Recife's metropolitan area is the fifth most populous in the country, and the largest urban agglomeration in the Northeast Brazil.^[3]

In 1982 the city of Olinda, the second oldest city in Brazil, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Recife, the state capital and Olinda have one of the most traditional Brazilian Carnivals. Both have architecture of Portugal, with centuries-old casarões and churches, kilometers of beaches and much culture. The proximity of the equator guarantees sunshine throughout the year, with average temperatures of 26 °C (79 °F).

Physical geography

Fernando de Noronha Islands

Pernambuco comprises a comparatively narrow coastal zone, a high inland plateau, and an intermediate zone formed by the terraces and slopes between the two.

Its surface is much broken by the remains of the ancient plateau which has been worn down by erosion, leaving escarpments and ranges of flat-topped mountains, called chapadas, capped in places by horizontal layers of sandstone. Ranges of these chapadas form the boundary lines with three states–the Serra dos Irmãos and Serra Vermelha with Piauí, the Serra do Araripe with Ceará, and the Serra dos Cariris Velhos with Paraíba.

Old Recife

The coastal area is fertile, and was formerly covered by the humid Pernambuco coastal forests, the northern extension of the Atlantic Forests (Mata Atlântica) of eastern Brazil. It is now place to extensive sugar cane plantations. It has a hot, humid climate, relieved to some extent by the south-east trade winds.

Catimbau Valley - the 2nd largest Brazilian archeological site

The middle zone, called the agreste region, has a drier climate and lighter vegetation, including the semi-deciduous Pernambuco interior forests, where many trees lose their leaves in the dry season.

The inland region, called the sertão is high, stony, and dry, and frequently devastated by prolonged droughts (secas). The climate is characterized by hot days and cool nights. There are two clearly defined seasons, a rainy season from March to June, and a dry season for the remaining months. The interior of the state is covered mostly by the dry thorny scrub vegetation called caatinga. The Rio São Francisco is the main water source for this area.

Boa Viagem Beach

The climate is more mild in the countryside of the state because of the Borborema Plateau ("Planalto da Borborema", popularly known as "Serra das Russas" or "Russians' Mountain"). Some towns are located more than 1000 meters above sea level, and temperatures there can descend to 10 °C (50 °F) and even 5 °C (41 °F) in some cities (i.e., Triunfo) during the winter.

The island of Fernando de Noronha in the Atlantic Ocean, 535 km northeast of Recife, has been part of Pernambuco since 1988.

The rivers of the state include a number of small plateau streams flowing southward to the São Francisco River, and several large streams in the eastern part flowing eastward to the Atlantic. The former are the Moxotó, Ema, Pajeú, Terra Nova, Brigida, Boa Vista and Pontai, and are dry channels the greater part of the year.

The largest of the coastal rivers are the Goiana River, which is formed by the confluence of the Tracunhaem and Capibaribe-mirim, and drains a rich agricultural region in the north-east part of the state; the Capibaribe, which has its source in the Serra de Jacarara and flows eastward to the Atlantic at Recife with a course of nearly 300 miles (480 km); the Ipojuca, which rises in the Serra de Aldeia Velha and reaches the coast south of Recife; the Serinhaen; and the Uná. A large tributary of the Uná, the Rio Jacuhipe, forms part of the boundary line with Alagoas.

History

Main article: History of Pernambuco

Olinda - UNESCO World Heritage Site

Originally inhabited by numerous tribes of Tupi-Guarani speaking indigenous peoples, Pernambuco was first settled by the Portuguese in the 16th century. The French under Bertrand d'Ornesan tried to establish a French trading post at Pernambuco in 1531.^[4] Shortly after King John III of Portugal created the Hereditary Captaincies in 1534, Pernambuco was granted to Duarte Coelho, who arrived in Nova Lusitânia (or "New Lusitania") in 1535.

Duarte directed military actions against the French-allied Caetés Indians and upon their defeat in 1537 established a settlement at the site of a former Marin Indian village, henceforth known as Olinda, as well as another village at Igarassu.

Nossa Senhora do Carmo Church

Due to the cultivation of sugar and cotton, Pernambuco was one of the few prosperous captaincies (the other notable one being São Vicente). With the support of the Dutch West India Company, sugar mills (engenho) were built and a sugar-based economy developed. In 1612, Pernambuco produced 14,000 tons of sugar; in the 1640s, more than 24,000 tons of sugar were exported to Amsterdam alone. While the sugar industry relied at first on the labor of indigenous peoples, especially the Tupis and Tapuyas, high mortality and economic growth led to the importation of enslaved Africans from the late 17th century. Some of these slaves escaped the sugar-producing coastal regions and formed independent inland communities called mocambos, including Palmares.

In 1630, Pernambuco, as well as many Portuguese possessions in Brazil, was occupied by the Dutch. The occupation was strongly resisted and the Dutch conquest was only partially successful, it was finally repelled by the Spaniards. In the interim, thousands of the enslaved Africans had fled to Palmares, and soon the mocambos there had grown into two significant states. The Dutch Republic, who allowed sugar production to remain in Portuguese hands, regarded suppression of Palmares important, but they were unsuccessful. Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, count of Nassau, was appointed as ruler of the Nieuw Holland (Dutch colonization enterprise in Brazil).

Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue in Mauritsstad (Recife), the first synagogue in the Americas

Nassau's government built Vitória or The Victore (Recife) on delta islands, which have similarities to Salvador's topography. This moved the political focus from Olinda to Recife. Nassau's Dutch administration was noted for advancements in urbanism, culture, and science. The Dutch legacy is still recognizable in Pernambuco's people, accent and architecture.

The Portuguese reconquered Recife in 1654 and Olinda regained its status of political center. However, Recife remained the commercial /port city. If the Dutch were gone, however, the threat of the now unified quilombo of Palmares remained. In spite of a treaty negotiated in 1678 with its ruler Ganga Zumba, a war between the two remained. Zumbi who became ruler following the peace treaty and later repudiated it, fought the Portuguese government until 1694 when soldiers brought from the south eventually defeated him.

In 1710 the Mascate War took place in Pernambuco. This conflict set the mascates (traveling salesman) from Recife against the establishment hosted in Olinda and led by the Senhores de Engenho (owners of the sugar mills, literally: sugar mill lords).

Pernambuco was the site of the most important rebellions and insurrections in Brazilian history, especially in the 19th century.

1817 was the year of the Pernambucan Revolution, a republican separatist movement which resulted in the creation of the Republic of Pernambuco. The main cause of the revolution was dissatisfaction with the colonial administration. The republic was declared on 7 March 1817. After military intervention, the secession ended on 20 May 1817. The republic's flag is the current flag of Pernambuco.

As a reaction to the Emperor Dom Pedro I dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, the Confederation of the Equator was set up on 2 July 1824. The Confederation was another separatist movement which encompassed the provinces of Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, and Ceará. On 29 November 1824, the Confederation's forces capitulated to the Imperial army.

Pernambuco was the site of the brief liberal republican Praieira revolt in 1848, which was Brazil's response to the European year of failed liberal revolutions. Deodoro da Fonseca, the marshal who crushed the revolt, much later overthrew Emperor Pedro II, and served as the first president of the Brazilian republic.

Dutch occupation

Main article: Dutch Brazil

Dutch invasions in Brazil.

John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen

In the 17th century, the Netherlands was experiencing a surge of freedom and progress, and wanted to expand their colonies in the American continent. Its society, its economy and the arts (which included paintings of great beauty and high artistic level) experienced the benefits of modern capitalism, driven by the ambition of a powerful bourgeoisie. A symbolic expression of this new economy was a branch of the Dutch West India Company – that would be called a transnational corporation today – which had influence throughout the world and controlled much of the trade between East and West. A Board of nineteen members appointed Prince Johan Maurits, Count of Nassau, Governor of Pernambuco. It was an auspicious choice for Northeast, because he was a lover of the arts, a versatile and competent talent, with a deep interest in the New World. In 1637 he opened his government guidelines quite different from those of the Portuguese colonists, declaring "Freedom of Religion and Trade". His entourage contained traders, artists, planners, German and Dutch citizens. He was accompanied by six painters, including Jonh Post and Albert Eckhout. Nassau also created an environment of Dutch religious tolerance, new to Portuguese America and irritating to his Calvinist associates. Nassau was the first to replace sugar production monoculture with an economic polyculture.

Jewish immigration

Under Dutch rule, Jewish culture developed in Recife. Many Ocean Jews had sought refuge in the Netherlands. The Jewish community, especially the Sephardim, were established and would spread to the northern Americas. There are records that in 1636 a synagogue was being built in the city. Many Dutch Jews were linked to commercial activities of the East Islands Company, which naturally sent them to the New World. A Jewish scholar from Amsterdam, Isaac Aboab da Fonseca, arrived in Recife in 1642, becoming the first rabbi on Brazilian soil and on the continent. In 1643, three years after the Portuguese regained the crown in the metropolis, Father António Vieira – frowned upon, persecuted by the Inquisition and admirer of Aboab – recommended the King of Portugal occupy the capital of the New Christian and Jewish immigrants to help the depressed Portuguese finances^[5]

In 1630, Indian West Islands Company once again turned its interest to the Captaincies of the Dutch colony in the Americas. Due to the Iberian Union (1580-1640), the Dutch Republic (which was dominated by Spain, but later became independent) saw in Pernambuco the opportunity to strike Spain and to compensate for the loss due to the failure of Dutch management. On 26 December 1629, a squad with 66 vessels and 7280 men left São Vicente, Cape Verde, heading to Pernambuco.

Nowadays, it is credited that the majority of the inhabitants of the pernambuco's agreste has some Dutch ancestry.^[6]

Demographics

Former President Lula da Silva is a native of Caetés

According to the IBGE of 2009, there were 8,745,000 people residing in the state. The population density was 89.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (232/sq mi).

Urbanization: 77% (2006); Population growth: 1.2% (1991–2000); Houses: 2,348,000 (2006).^[7]

The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 4,799,000 Brown (Multiracial) people (54.87%), 3,307,000 White people (37.81%), 561,000 Black people (6.42%), 41,000 Amerindian people (0.47%), 31,000 Asian people (0.36%).^[8]

Mixed-race (those of mixed African and Portuguese ancestry) are more common in the coast. Mamelucos (those of mixed Amerindian and Portuguese ancestry) are more common in the interior (Sertão). Whites of colonial Portuguese descent are present as well.^[9]

According to a genetic study from 2013, Brazilians in Pernambuco have 56.8% European, 27.9% African and 15.3% Amerindian ancestries, respectively.^[10]

Largest cities

Largest cities or towns in Pernambuco (2011 census of Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística)^[11]
	Rank		Municipality	Pop.	Rank		Municipality	Pop.
Recife Jaboatão dos Guararapes	1	Recife	Metropolitana do Recife	1,965,441	11	São Lourenço da Mata	Metropolitana do Recife	110,784	Olinda Caruaru
	2	Jaboatão dos Guararapes	Metropolitana do Recife	654,727	12	Igarassu	Metropolitana do Recife	108,536
	3	Olinda	Metropolitana do Recife	401,537	13	Abreu e Lima	Metropolitana do Recife	94,965
	4	Caruaru	Agreste Pernambucano	336,519	14	Santa Cruz do Capibaribe	Agreste Pernambucano	90,772
	5	Paulista	Metropolitana do Recife	303,400	15	Ipojuca	Metropolitana do Recife	84,276
	6	Petrolina	São Francisco Pernambucano	302,757	16	Serra Talhada	Sertão Pernambucano	81,871
	7	Cabo de Santo Agostinho	Metropolitana do Recife	187,158	17	Araripina	Sertão Pernambucano	81,794
	8	Camaragibe	Metropolitana do Recife	151,676	18	Gravatá	Agreste Pernambucano	77,300
	9	Vitória de Santo Antão	Mata Pernambucana	131,923	19	Goiana	Mata Pernambucana	76,565
	10	Garanhuns	Agreste Pernambucano	130,303	20	Carpina	Mata Pernambucana	75,989

Economy

Main article: Economy of Pernambuco

The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 73.2%, followed by the industrial sector at 21.6%. Agribusiness represents 5.2% of GDP (2006). Pernambuco exports: sugar 35.6%, fruit and juice 12.6%, fish and crustacean 12.3%, electric products 11.1%, chemicals 7.1%, woven 5.6% (2002).

Economic Sectorial Composition in 2006 (BR$)^[12]

Primary sector	%	Secondary sector	%	Tertiary sector	%	Taxation	GDP	growth	GDP PC R$	growth
2.474	5.2%	10.316	21.6%	34.872	73.2%	7.843	55.505 (100%)	5.1%	6.528	10%

ECONOMIC regions

According with IBGE, in 2007 Pernambuco has 2.34% share of the Brazilian economy and 17.9% share of the Northeast region economy. It's the 10th largest economy of the whole country. The GDP for the state was R$104,394,000,000 (2011), and the per capita income was R$11,776.

Atlântico Sul Shipyard, the biggest shipyard in the Southern Hemisphere, located in Industrial Port Complex of Suape.^[13]

The economy is based on agriculture (sugarcane, manioc), livestock farming and creations, as well as industry (shipbuilding, automotive, chemical, metallurgical, electronic, textile, alimentary). In the period of October 2005 to October 2006, the industrial growth of the state was the second biggest in Brazil – 6.3%, more than double the national average in the same period (2.3%). Another segment that deserves to be highlighted is mineral extraction. The pole gesseiro of Araripina is the supplier from 95% of the plaster consumed in Brazil. The pole of data processing of the Recife, Digital Port, despite having started in 2000, is one of the five biggest in Brazil. It employs around three thousand persons, and has 3.5% the GDP of the state.

Livestock

According with IBGE 2007, Pernambuco has the 2nd largest livestock portfolio in the Northeast region and the 8th of Brazil.

Livestock Table 2007^[14]

Animal or product	N. of heads	NE Ranking & %	BR Ranking & %
Goats	1595069	2nd – 18.48%	2nd – 16.88%
Sheep	1256270	4th – 13.53%	5th – 7.74%
Cattle	2219892	4th – 7.74%	16th – 1.11%
cow milk	662078000 liters	2nd – 19.86%	9th – 2.54%
Pigs	495957	5th – 7.35%	14th – 1.38%
Chickens	31916818	1st – 24.24%	7th – 2.83%
Chickens eggs	142518000 dozens	1st – 30.56%	6th – 4.81%
Quail	605371	1st – 43.24%	4th – 7.98%
Quails eggs	9390000 dozens	1st – 51.43%	4th – 7.17%
Horses	125976	5th – 8.81%	15th −2.25%
Donkeys	100944	5th – 9.50%	5th – 8.68%
Mules	54812	4th – 7.97%	7th – 4.08%
Buffalos	19239	2nd – 16.04%	11th – 1.70%
Rabbits	2383	2nd – 6.45%	9th – 0.82%
Honey	1177000 kg	4th – 10.15%	9th – 3.39%

Agriculture

Petrolina. The largest Brazilian producer of grapes, mangoes, and guavas, also known for goat and sheep ranching

Agriculture Table of Pernambuco in 2002^[15]

Product S	Quantity T	NE Ranking & %	BR Ranking & %
Tomatoes	207736	2nd – 35.7%	5th – 5.69%
Manioc	483634	4th – 5.91%	13th – 2.1%
Water melons	62820	2nd – 15.61%	7th – 4.22%
Melons	16686	4th – 5.00%	4th – 4.74%
Sugarcane	17626183	2nd – 29.51%	5th – 4.84%
Onions	89082	2nd – 39.78%	5th – 7.29%
Beans	82245	3rd – 9.50%	9th – 2.69%
Rice	17865	7th – 1.93%	21st – 0.17%
Sweet potatoes	25727	3rd – 16.23%	7th – 5.17%
Pineapples	24028	5th – 10.2%	12th – 1.11%
Fava	569	3rd – 6.0%	4th – 5.63%
corn	86675	5th – 3.93%	18th – 0.24%
Castor beans	319	3rd – 0.20%	8th – 0.19%
Cotton	1877	8th – 0.32%	15th – 0.13

Product P	Quantity T	NE Ranking & %	BR Ranking & %
Grapes	99978	1st – 53.6%	3rd – 8.70%
Guavas	104771	1st – 74.41%	2nd – 32.63%
Mangoes	136488	2nd – 24.74%	3rd – 16.20%
Coconuts	152266⁺	3rd – 10.89%	5th – 7.90%
lemons	2965	4th – 4.20%	12th – 0.30%
Passion fruits	5611	6th – 2.71%	14th – 1.17%
Tangerines	5264	4th – 14.34%	11th – 0.42%
Papayas	5358	6th – 0.57%	12th – 0.34%
Cashew nuts	3554	4th – 2.20%	4th – 2.10%
Bananas	367481	2nd – 16.69%	6th – 5.72%
Oranges	5638	8th – 0.34%	22nd – 0.03%
Avocados	1685	2nd – 15.49%	11th – 1.0%
Rubber	706	3rd – 3.59%	12th – 0.48%
Cotton tree	222	4th – 5.41%	4th – 5.41%

S – Seasonal; P – Permanent agriculture; + – Thousands units

Ethanol

Pernambuco State has the 5th highest sugarcane Brazilian production. Brazil is the second largest producer of alcohol fuel in the world, typically fermenting ethanol from sugarcane and sugar beets. The country produces a total of 18 billion liters annually, of which 3.5 billion are exported, 2 billion of them to the US. Alcohol-fueled cars started in the Brazilian market in 1978 and became quite popular because of heavy subsidy, but in the 80s prices rose and gasoline regained the leading market share. But from 2004 on, alcohol rapidly increased its market share once again because of new technologies involving hybrid fuel car engines called "Flex" by all major car manufacturers (Volkswagen, General Motors, Ford, Peugeot, Honda, Citroën, Fiat, etc.). "Flex" engines work with gasoline, alcohol or any mixture of both fuels. As of February 2007, approximately 80% of new vehicles sold in Brazil are hybrid fuel powered. Because of the Brazilian lead in production and technology, many countries became very interested in importing alcohol fuel and adopting the "Flex" vehicle concept. On 7 March 2007, US president George W. Bush visited the city of São Paulo to sign agreements with Brazilian president Lula on importing alcohol and its technology as an alternative fuel.

Education

School of Law at the Federal University of Pernambuco.

Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.

Educational institutions

Local health care training by the Olinda local administration

The main educational installations of the state are concentrated in the capital, including the seventh best federal university of the country. Pernambuco had main universities and colleges founded in the 19th and 20th century. Some of them are known nationally. The Faculdade de Direito do Recife, or Recife's Law College, was founded on August 11, 1827, was the first higher education institute in Brazil. Castro Alves and Joaquim Nabuco, two important people in Brazilian history, studied there. Others important institutions are:

Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) (Federal University of Pernambuco);
Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (Unicap) (Catholic University of Pernambuco);
Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE) (University of Pernambuco);
Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE) (Rural Federal University of Pernambuco);
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco (IFPE) (Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pernambuco);
and many others.

Festivals

Carnival

Recife

The four-day period before Lent leading up to Ash Wednesday is carnival time in Brazil. Rich and poor alike forget their cares as they party in the streets. Pernambuco has large Carnaval celebrations, including the frevo, typical Pernambuco music. Another famous carnaval music style from Pernambuco is maracatu.

The cities of Recife and Olinda hold the most authentic and democratic carnaval celebrations in Brazil. The largest carnaval parade in all of Brazil is Galo da Madrugada, which takes place in downtown Recife in the Saturday of carnaval. Another famous event is the Noite dos Tambores Silenciosos.

Recife’s joyous Carnaval is nationally known, attracting thousands of people every year. The party starts a week before the official date, with electric trios “shaking” the Boa Viagem district.

On Friday, people take to the streets to enjoy themselves to the sound of frevo and to dance with maracatu, ciranda, caboclinhos, afoxé, reggae and manguebeat (cultural movement created in Recife during the 1990s) groups. There are still many other entertainment centres around the city, featuring local and national artists.

Giant Dolls - Olinda Carnival

One of the highlights is Saturday when more than one million people follow the Galo da Madrugada group. From Sunday to Monday, there is the Night of the Silent Drums, on the Pátio do Terço, where Maracatus honor slaves that died in prisons.

Saint John's Day

Festa Junina was introduced to Northeastern Brazil by the Portuguese, for whom Saint John's day (also celebrated as Midsummer Day in several European countries), on 24 June, is one of the oldest and most popular celebrations of the year. Differently, of course, from what happens on the European Midsummer Day, the festivities in Brazil do not take place during the summer solstice, but during the tropical winter solstice. The festivities traditionally begin after the 12 June, on the eve of Saint Anthony's day, and last until the 29th, which is Saint Peter's day. During these fifteen days, there are bonfires, fireworks, and folk dancing in the streets. Once exclusively a rural festival, today, in Brazil, it is largely a city festival during which people joyfully and theatrically mimic peasant stereotypes and clichés in a spirit of jokes and good times. Typical refreshments and dishes are served, including canjica and pamonha. It should be noted that, like during Carnival, these festivities involve costume-wearing (in this case, peasant costumes), dancing, heavy drinking, and visual spectacles (fireworks display and folk dancing). Like what happens on Midsummer and Saint John's Day in Europe, bonfires are a central part of these festivities in Brazil.

Saint John's Day is celebrated throughout Pernambuco. Nonetheless, the festivities in Caruaru are by far the largest in the state. Saint John's festivals in Gravatá and Carpina are also very popular.

Winter Festival

In the hilly areas of the interior – mainly in areas with a micro-climate of altitude – temperatures that can reach 8 °C in the winter. Every winter, when the weather is milder, tourists from neighboring states and other parts of Pernambuco visit cities such as Garanhuns, Gravatá, Triunfo Taquaritinga do Norte and Brejo da Madre de Deus.

The city of Garanhuns holds an annual Winter Festival, in the month of July. The main attractions are concerts, dances, rural tourism, culinary and the relatively low temperatures for a tropical climate.

Infrastructure

Airports

Guararapes International Airport, in Recife

Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport has been open since July 2004 and has 52 thousand square meters of area. The largest airport in the North and Northeast regions, Guararapes had its capacity expanded from 5 million to 11 million passengers a year. Now there are 64 check-in counters, versus the former terminal’s 24. The shopping and leisure area was also totally remodeled, within the “Aeroshopping” concept, which transforms an airport into a center for business and retail. The commercial spaces will be occupied in steps and the final total will be 142 shops. Since 2000, Recife has had the longest runway in the Northeast, at 3,305 meters. Its extension permits operations with jumbo jets, such as the Boeing 747–400, able to fly nonstop to anywhere in South and Central America, Africa and parts of Europe, the United States and Canada.

Pernambuco is also served by the Petrolina International Airport, which is responsible for the delivery of fresh fruit from the São Francisco valley to Europe and the USA. The cargo terminal operates with 6 large coolers^[16] with 17000 boxes capacity each plus 2 coolers tunnels. This airports also has daily direct connections between this region (which includes 53 municipalities from the states such as Pernambuco, Piaui and Bahia) to major capitals as Recife and Salvador. Like the Recife airport, it is administered by the Brazilian Federal Agency (Infraero).

Other locally administered airports within the state are the Fernando de Noronha Airport and the Caruaru airports. The first has daily flights between the islands with Recife and Natal, and the second airport connects the textile industry region of Caruaru with São Paulo and local cities.

Ports

Recife Port

Suape port. Suape serves ships cargo 365 days a year without any restrictions in regards to tidal schedules. To assist in the docking operation of the ships, the port offers a monitoring system and laser ship docking system that enables effective, secure control and upholds the same technical standards as the most important ports across the globe. The port moves over 8.4 million tons of cargo a year^[17] (has increased 7 times since 1992). The liquid granary (petroleum by-products, chemical products, alcohols, vegetable oils, etc.) constitutes more than 80% of the movement. The port can serve ships of up to 170,000 tpb and operational draft of 14.50 m. With 27 km² of backport, the internal and external ports offer the necessary conditions for serving large ships. The access canal has 5,000m of extension, 300m in width and 16.5m in length.

Suape has started in the 21st century to be Pernambuco's motive power toward development. Huge national and international investments are being attracted by its logistic qualities, of which, until 2010, more than US$10 billion are expected.

Recife Port handles cruises and cargo. National and international cruises are made in this port, mainly of those connecting Fernando de Noronha islands with Brazil, Caribbean islands and South America. The Brazilian and foreign tourists who come to Recife on a cruise ship will use a new Passengers Terminal (2009)^[18] with stores, food court and information kiosks. Also, will have an increase in depth from 8.4 m to 11.5 meters deep, what originates will no longer be necessary to do transfer between large and small ships as before.

There are two access channels to the Port, both of natural characteristics. The main one, South Channel, has 260 m of width and 3.4 km (2.1 mi) of extension approximately, with a depth of 10.5 m. The other, denominated North Channel, has little width, about 1.00 km (0.62 mi) of length, and a depth of 6.5 m, and it is used only by small size vessels. Handles an average of 2.2 million tons^[19] of cargo annually, and the main loads are sugar, wheat, corn, barley, malt, fertilizers, clinker and kelp.

Tourism and recreation

Main articles: Pernambuco Museums and Pernambuco Beaches

Praia Sancho, beyond this beach a reserve for some 600 spinner dolphins is established in Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Pernambuco.

Petrolina Cathedral

The Pernambuco coastline is 187 km long. There are about 187 kilometers (116 mi) of beaches, including some of the most beautiful in the region, such as Porto de Galinhas, Carneiros and Calhetas.

Fernando de Noronha, an isolated group of 21 volcanic islands approximately 540 km from Recife. The main islands are the visible parts of a range of submerged mountains, islets and rocks. The Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha hosts ecological sites ideal for exuberant marine animal life, due to its geographic location far from the continent and well within the path of the Southern Equatorial Currents, as well as the nature of its climate.
Porto de Galinhas. It features warm clear water pools scattered around its coral reefs, estuaries, mangroves, coconut trees and a number of other samples of abundant nature richness make Porto de Galinhas a place not to be missed or forgotten.

Recife, the biggest city of the state

The neighborhood of Boa Viagem, in Recife

Mascarenhas de Morais Avenue, Recife

City of Triunfo, mountainous (serrano) tourism

City of Garanhuns

Boa Viagem. Located in the privileged southern Recife metropolitan area, Boa Viagem is the most important and frequented beach in town. It is protected by a long reef wall and has an extensive coastline.
Itamaracá island. Separated from the mainland by the Canal Santa Cruz, it has several highly frequented beaches. Among them are Forte Orange, Praia do Sossego and Pontal da Ilha. The island houses the Marine Manatee Preservation Center.
Maracaípe, a beach with big waves which hosts a phase of the Brazilian Surf Tournament. Highly frequented by surfers and neighbor to Porto de Galinhas, Maracaípe.
Tamandaré. Small waves and fine sand can be found there.
Calhetas, a small bay of difficult access. Searched for by many for diving.
Coroa do Avião, a small island in the middle of the Jaguaribe River delta, which can be reached only by boat or raft, from Recife or Itamaracá.

Main cities

**List of the 25 largest cities in Pernambuco**^[20]
Ranking	City	Population (2010)	GDP (R$x1000)(2007).^[21]	GDP PC (R$)
1	Recife	1,536,934	20,718,107	13,510
2	J. dos Guararapes	644,699	5,578,363	8,384
3	Olinda	375,268	2,179,183	5,567
4	Caruaru	314,373	1,367,111	4,449
5	Paulista	300,501	1,993,295	6,895
6	Petrolina	294,851	1,932,517	7,202
7	Cabo de St. Agostinho	185,583	2,813,188	17,244
8	Camaragibe	144,210	492,113	3,608
9	Vitória de St. Antão	130,540	742,593	5,941
10	Garanhuns	130,313	745,504	6,149
11	S. Lourenço da Mata	102,191	734,430	7,834
12	Igarassu	101,945	310,748	3,261
13	Abreu e Lima	96,266	567,474	6,154
14	St. Cruz do Capibaribe	87,330	332,112	4,507
15	Ipojuca	80,542	434,704	5,705
16	Serra Talhada	80,294	255,578	3,368
17	Araripina	79,877	5,354,635	76,418
18	Gravatá	76,229	306,637	4,284
19	Goiana	75,424	457,986	6,379
20	Carpina	74,028	504,735	7,113
21	Belo Jardim	74,070	351,448	5,375
22	Arcoverde	70,000	290,529	4,479
23	Ouricuri	64,978	200,880	3,186
24	Pesqueira	63,604	236,259	3,852
25	Escada	63,454	233,562	3,902
RMR	Recife metropolitan area	3,688,428	40,872,963	10,845
State	PERNAMBUCO	8,796,032	62,255,687	7,337

Sports

Arena Pernambuco

Football was introduced in Pernambuco in 1902, when English and Dutch sailors disembarked in Recife and played a game of football in the beach. The novelty awoke the interest of the people of Pernambuco, that soon adhered to the game. Recife provides visitors and residents with various sport activities, The city has the main football teams in the state of Pernambuco. There are several football clubs based in Recife, such as Sport, Santa Cruz, and Náutico.

According with CBF in 08/12/08, the Pernambuco football Federation has the sixth^[22] position in all Brazilian states federations just after SP, RJ, RS, MG and PR; and it is the first in his Northeast region. The Pernambuco football Federation organizes the state championship and the state cup. The first edition of the Campeonato Pernambucano was played in 1915, and was won by Sport Club Flamengo, an extinguished club. In 2011 twelve clubs has played for the title, which was won by Santa Cruz.

In 2012 the state was represented in the National highest level of football (Brazilian Série A) by Náutico and Sport. Also, it was represented in (Série C) by Santa Cruz and Salgueiro and in (Série D) by Central.

Recife was one of the 12 Brazilian cities that hosted the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which was held in Brazil.

Gallery

References

↑ "IBGE".
↑ In Brazilian Portuguese. The European Portuguese pronunciation is [pɨɾnɐ̃ˈβuku].
↑ Confira o ranking das maiores regiões metropolitanas." g1.globo.com, 04 December 2010. (Portuguese)
↑ Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I by R. J. Knecht p.375 Google Books
↑ "Raulmendesilva.pro.br". Raulmendesilva.pro.br. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
↑ Prefeitura Municipal de Monteiro. I Encontro Regional das Rendas Renascença.
↑ Source: PNAD.
↑ ? (PDF) (in Portuguese). IBGE, Pernambuco, Brazil. 2008. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
↑ "Notas nordestinas – Terra – Antonio Riserio". Terramagazine.terra.com.br. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
↑ http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0075145#pone-0075145-g004 Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels
↑ "ESTIMATIVAS DA POPULAÇÃO RESIDENTE NOS MUNICÍPIOS BRASILEIROS COM DATA DE REFERÊNCIA EM 1º DE JULHO DE 2011" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 30 August 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
↑ "Condepefidem.gov.br". .condepefidem.pe.gov.br. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
↑ Fact finding Brazil – Shipyard & Marine visit
↑ "Brazil livestock statistics 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
↑ "Brazil Agriculture statistics 2002" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
↑ Infraero.com
↑ Suape Statistics Archived 29 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ "Recife Port New Terminal". Psbceara.org.br. 28 May 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
↑ "Recife Port Statistics" (PDF). Retrieved 6 April 2012.
↑ IBGE, IBGE.gov.br
↑ "GDP City by City 2007 IBGE" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
↑ CBF.com.br

Sources

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "^{article name needed}". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Municipalities of Pernambuco

Capital: Recife

Mesoregion
Agreste Pernambucano

Alto Capibaribe	Casinhas Frei Miguelinho Santa Cruz do Capibaribe Santa Maria do Cambucá Surubim Taquaritinga do Norte Toritama Vertente do Lério Vertentes

Brejo Pernambucano	Agrestina Altinho Barra de Guabiraba Bonito Camocim de São Félix Cupira Ibirajuba Lagoa dos Gatos Panelas Sairé São Joaquim do Monte

Garanhuns	Angelim Bom Conselho Brejão Caetés Calçado Canhotinho Correntes Garanhuns Iati Jucati Jupi Jurema Lagoa do Ouro Lajedo Palmeirina Paranatama Saloá São João Terezinha

Medio Capibaribe	Bom Jardim Cumaru Feira Nova João Alfredo Limoeiro Machados Orobó Passira Salgadinho São Vicente Ferrer

Vale do Ipanema	Águas Belas Buíque Itaíba Pedra Tupanatinga Venturosa

Vale do Ipojuca	Alagoinha Belo Jardim Bezerros Brejo da Madre de Deus Cachoeirinha Capoeiras Caruaru Gravatá Jataúba Pesqueira Poção Riacho das Almas Sanharó São Bento do Una São Caetano Tacaimbó

Mesoregion
Mata Pernambucana

Mata Meridional Pernambucana	Água Preta Amaraji Barreiros Belém de Maria Catende Cortês Escada Gameleira Jaqueira Joaquim Nabuco Maraial Palmares Primavera Quipapá Ribeirão Rio Formoso São Benedito do Sul São José da Coroa Grande Sirinhaém Tamandaré Xexéu

Mata Setentrional Pernambucana	Aliança Buenos Aires Camutanga Carpina Condado Ferreiros Goiana Itambé Itaquitinga Lagoa do Carro Lagoa de Itaenga Macaparana Nazaré da Mata Paudalho Timbaúba Tracunhaém Vicência

Vitoria de Santo Antao	Chã de Alegria Chã Grande Glória do Goitá Pombos Vitória de Santo Antão

Mesoregion
Metropolitana de Recife

Itamaracá	Araçoiaba Igarassu Ilha de Itamaracá Itapissuma

Recife	Abreu e Lima Camaragibe Jaboatão dos Guararapes Moreno Olinda Paulista Recife São Lourenço da Mata

Suape	Cabo de Santo Agostinho Ipojuca

Fernando de Noronha	Fernando de Noronha

Mesoregion
Sao Francisco Pernambucano

Itaparica	Belém de São Francisco Carnaubeira da Penha Floresta Itacuruba Jatobá Petrolândia Tacaratu

Petrolina	Afrânio Cabrobó Dormentes Lagoa Grande Orocó Petrolina Santa Maria da Boa Vista Terra Nova

Mesoregion
Sertao Pernambucano

Araripina	Araripina Bodocó Exu Granito Ipubi Moreilândia Ouricuri Santa Cruz Santa Filomena Trindade

Pajeu	Afogados da Ingazeira Brejinho Calumbi Carnaíba Flores Iguaraci Ingazeira Itapetim Quixaba Santa Cruz da Baixa Verde Santa Terezinha São José do Egito Serra Talhada Solidão Tabira Triunfo Tuparetama

Salgueiro	Cedro Mirandiba Parnamirim Salgueiro São José do Belmonte Serrita Verdejante

Sertao do Moxoto	Arcoverde Betânia Custódia Ibimirim Inajá Manari Sertânia

Regions and States of Brazil

North	Acre Amapá Amazonas Pará Rondônia Roraima Tocantins

Northeast	Alagoas Bahia Ceará Maranhão Paraíba Pernambuco Piauí Rio Grande do Norte Sergipe

Center-West	Distrito Federal Goiás Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul

Southeast	Espírito Santo Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro São Paulo

South	Paraná Rio Grande do Sul Santa Catarina

Fernando de Noronha Rocas Atoll Saint Peter and Saint Paul Trindade and Martim Vaz

Brazil

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Coordinates: 8°20′S 37°49′W / 8.34°S 37.81°W / -8.34; -37.81

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 127265290 LCCN: n80061033 GND: 4045212-8 SUDOC: 028073061 BNF: cb119981060 (data)

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