United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan, 2016

United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan, 2016
Michigan
November 8, 2016 (2016-11-08)
All 14 Michigan seats to the United States House of Representatives
  Majority party Minority party
 
Party Republican Democratic
Last election 9 5
Seats won Steady Steady
Seat change 9 5
Popular vote 2,244,765 2,164,893
Percentage 50.91 49.09

The 2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan were held on November 8, 2016, to elect the 14 U.S. Representatives from the state of Michigan, one from each of the state's 14 congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2016 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate and various state and local elections. The deadline for candidates to file for the August 2 primary election was April 19.[1]

District 1

When Republican Dan Benishek first ran to represent Michigan's 1st congressional district in the 2010 elections, he pledged to serve no more than three terms. In March 2015, he decided to run for a fourth term as the district's representative.[2] But he changed his mind in September and decided not to seek re-election.[3] On June 24, Michigan Democratic Party chairman Lon Johnson declared his run for the seat.[4] Former Democratic nominee Jerry Cannon also announced his candidacy.[5] Republican State Senator Tom Casperson announced his run in November 2015.[6] Casperson was challenged in the Republican primary by former state legislator Jason Allen who announced he was running in January 2016[7] and retired U.S. Marine Jack Bergman who declared in March.[8] In January 2016, Benishek endorsed Casperson's candidacy.[9] In the August 2 primary, Jack Bergman won the GOP nomination and Lon Johnson won the Democratic nomination.[10]

Republican primary

Nominee

Defeated in primary
Declined

Results

Republican Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jack Bergman 33,632 38.63
Republican Tom Casperson 27,813 31.95
Republican Jason Allen 25,607 29.42
Total votes 87,052 100

Democratic primary

Nominee

Defeated in primary

Results

Democratic Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lon Johnson 31,677 71.64
Democratic Jerry Cannon 12,539 28.36
Total votes 44,216 100

Libertarian convention

Nominated

Results

Democratic Primary Results [15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jack Bergman 201,154 55.32
Democratic Lon Johnson 144,319 39.69
Libertarian Diane Bostow 13,385 3.68
Green Ellis Boal 4,773 1.31
Total votes 363,631 100
Republican hold

District 2

Republican Incumbent Rep. Bill Huizenga is running for re-election. His Democratic opponent is Dennis Murphy, and his Libertarian opponent is Kentwood City Commissioner Erwin Haas.[14][16][17]

Democratic primary

Declared

Results

Republican Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Bill Huizenga 60,844 100
Total votes 60,844 100

Democratic primary

Declared

Results

Democratic Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Dennis Murphy 26,498 100
Total votes 26,498 100

Results

Democratic Primary Results [15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Bill Huizenga 212,306 67.90
Democratic Dennis Murphy 84,109 26.90
Libertarian Erwin Haas 8,145 2.60
Green Matthew A. Brady 5,244 1.68
U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan Ronald Graeser 2,892 0.92
Republican hold
Total votes 312,696 100

District 3

Republican Incumbent Rep. Justin Amash is running for re-election and his Democratic opponent is Douglas Smith.[17]

Republican primary

Declared

Results

Republican Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Justin Amash 55,889 100
Total votes 55,889 100

Democratic primary

Declared

Results

Democratic Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Douglas Smith 20,352 100
Total votes 20,352 100

Results

Democratic Primary Results [15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Justin Amash 203,069 59.45
Democratic Douglas Smith 128,159 37.52
U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan Ted Gerrard 10,374 3.04
Total votes 341,602 100
Republican hold

District 4

Republican Incumbent Rep. John Moolenaar is running for re-election and his Libertarian opponent is Leonard Schwartz. Keith Butkovich is the candidate for the Natural Law Party, George Zimmer for the U.S. Taxpayers Party and George Salvi for the Green Party. [14] There was no Democratic opponent on the August primary ballot, but Debra Wirth launched a successful write-in campaign to be the Democratic nominee for the November election.

Republican primary

Declared

Results

Republican Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican John Moolenaar 57,886 100
Total votes 57,886 100

Democratic primary

Declared

Results

Democratic Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Debra Wirth (Write-in) 2,013 100
Total votes 2,013 100

Results

Democratic Primary Results [15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican John Moolenaar 194,569 61.62
Democratic Debra Wirth 101,275 32.08
Libertarian Leonard Schwartz 8,514 2.70
U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan George M. Zimmer 5,595 1.77
Green Jordan Salvi 3,953 1.25
Natural Law Keith Butkovich 1,838 0.58
Total votes 315,744 100
Republican hold

District 5

Democratic incumbent Rep. Dan Kildee is running for re-election and his Republican opponent is Al Hardwick.[17]

Democratic primary

Declared

Results

Democratic Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Dan Kildee 59,090 100
Total votes 59,090 100

Republican primary

Declared

Results

Republican Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Al Hardwick 18,246 100
Total votes 18,246 100

Libertarian convention

Nominated

Results

Democratic Primary Results [15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Dan Kildee 195,269 61.16
Republican Al Hardwick 112,099 35.11
Libertarian Steve Sluka 7,004 2.19
Green Harley Mikkelson 4,904 1.54
Total votes 319,276 100
Democratic hold

District 6

Incumbent Fred Upton is seeking re-election to his House seat. His Democratic challenger in 2014, Paul Clements, is running again.[18]

Republican primary

Declared

Results

Republican Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Fred Upton 49,733 100
Total votes 49,733 100

Democratic primary

Declared

Results

Democratic Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Paul Clements 21,622 100
Total votes 21,622 100

Libertarian convention

Nominated

Results

Democratic Primary Results [15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Fred Upton 193,246 58.65
Democratic Paul Clements 119,975 36.41
Libertarian Lorence Wenke 16,249 4.93
Total votes 329,470 100
Republican hold

District 7

The 7th district is located in Southern Michigan. The incumbent is Republican Tim Walberg, who has represented the district since 2011 and previously represented the district from 2007 to 2009. He was re-elected with 53% of the vote in 2014 and the district has a PVI of R+3. Walberg is being challenged by Doug North.[20] Democratic State Representative Gretchen Driskell, the former Mayor of Saline, has announced that she will run against Walberg in 2016,[21] As will Libertarian Ken Proctor.[14] Former State Representative and 2014 nominee Pam Byrnes may also run.[22] [23] Walberg won the Republican nomination.[24]

Democratic primary

Declared

Results

Democratic Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Gretchen Driskell 25,611 100
Total votes 25,611 100

Republican primary

Nominated

Defeated in primary

Results

Republican Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Republican Tim Walberg (Incumbent) 43,120 75.17 -4.1
Republican Doug North 14,247 24.83 +4.1
Majority 28,836 50.4 -8.2
Turnout 57,367 100 +19.4

Libertarian convention

Nominated

General election

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size		 Margin of
error		 Tim
Walberg (R)		 Gretchen
Driskell (D)		 Undecided
Inside Michigan Politics March 13–16, 2015 422 ± 5.0% 37% 42% 21%
Harper Polling September 12–13, 2015 404 ± 5.0% 49% 32% 20%

Results

Democratic Primary Results [15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Tim Walberg 184,298 55.05
Democratic Gretchen Driskell 133,994 40.03
Libertarian Ken Proctor 16,470 4.92
Total votes 334,762 100
Republican hold

District 8

Freshman Republican incumbent Mike Bishop is running for re-election. He ran unopposed in the Republican primary.

Jeff Wood is running as a Libertarian.[14]

Two Democratic candidates were originally slated to face each other in the Democratic primary. They were Melissa Gilbert, an actress best known for the TV series Little House on the Prairie and as a former president of the Screen Actors Guild, and Linda Keefe.[17]

Gilbert withdrew from the race in May 2016 due to health issues, and at that time Keefe did not appear to have collected enough valid petition signatures to be placed on the ballot.[25] On July 6, 2016, Democrats introduced 29-year-old Suzanna Shkreli, an Assistant Macomb County Prosecutor to be the party's nominee.[26] At the time of Shkreli's announcement, it was still unclear if Michigan Secretary of State Ruth Johnson would allow Gilbert to be removed from the ballot. Johnson has said that the Office of the Secretary of State would not make a ruling until after the state's August 2 primary.[27] Gilbert's name remained on the ballot.

On August 2, Gilbert received the most votes in the Democratic primary, receiving 28,810 votes, despite previously announcing her withdrawal from the race. Michigan Democratic Party Chairman Brandon Dillon said the day after that the party would begin the process to remove Gilbert from the November ballot and replace her with Shkreli within 48 hours.[28] Bishop's campaign described Gilbert's attempt to be removed from the ballot as unprecedented. A Democratic campaign spokesman said they had retained legal counsel for the process.[28]

The Michigan state elections director said that Gilbert's name could be removed from the ballot in the general election.[29] On August 22, 2016, the state board of canvassers allowed Gilbert's name to be replaced on the November ballot with Shkreli's.[30]

Democratic primary

Nominated

Failed to qualify

Withdrew

Results

Democratic Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Melissa Gilbert 28,810 100
Total votes 28,810 100

Republican primary

Declared

Results

Republican Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Mike Bishop 56,424 100
Total votes 56,424 100

Libertarian convention

Nominated

General election

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size		 Margin of
error		 Mike
Bishop (R)		 Suzanna
Shkreli (D)		 Other Undecided
Public Opinion Strategies September 10–12, 2016 400 ± 4.9% 53% 34% — —

Results

Democratic Primary Results [15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Mike Bishop 205,617 56.04
Democratic Suzanna Shkreli 143,775 39.18
Libertarian Jeff Wood 9,615 2.62
Green Maria Green 5,677 1.55
Natural Law Jeremy Burgess 2,250 0.61
Total votes 366,934 100
Republican hold

District 9

Democratic Incumbent Rep. Sander Levin is running for re-election. His Republican challenger is Christopher Morse, and his Libertarian opponent is Matt Orlando.[13][17][14]

Democratic primary

Declared

Results

Democratic Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Sander Levin 48,393 100
Total votes 48,393 100

Republican primary

Declared

Results

Republican Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Christopher Morse 32,964 100
Total votes 32,964 100

Libertarian convention

Nominated

Results

Democratic Primary Results [15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Sander Levin 199,620 57.91
Republican Christopher Morse 128,907 37.40
Libertarian Matthew Orlando 9,562 2.77
Green John V. McDermott 6,612 1.92
Total votes 344,701 100
Democratic hold

District 10

Republican incumbent Candice Miller, who has represented the 10th district since 2003, is not running for reelection.[32] State representative Tony Forlini,[33] State Senator Phil Pavlov, businessman Paul Mitchell, former State Senator Alan Sanborn, and retired military veteran David VanAssche are seeking the Republican nomination to succeed Miller.[34] State Senator Jack Brandenburg considered enterting into the race, but declared in January 2016 that he would not run.[35][36] Paul Mitchell won the Republican nomination.[37]

Republican primary

Nomined

Defeated in primary
Withdrew

Results

Republican Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Republican Paul Mitchell 30,114 37.95 N/A
Republican Phil Pavlov 22,018 27.75 N/A
Republican Alan Sanborn 12,640 15.93 N/A
Republican Tony Forlini 7,888 9.94 N/A
Republican David VanAssche 6,690 8.43 N/A
Majority 8,095 10.2 -89.8
Turnout 79,350 100 +43.6

Democratic primary

Declared

Results

Democratic Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Frank Acavitti, Jr. 20,710 100
Total votes 20,710 100

Libertarian convention

Nominated

Results

Democratic Primary Results [15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Paul Mitchell 214,599 63.04
Democratic Frank Accavitti, Jr. 110,073 32.34
Libertarian Lisa Lane Gioia 10,611 3.12
Green Benjamin Nofs 5,125 1.51
Total votes 340,408 100
Republican hold

District 11

The 11th district is located northwest of Detroit. The incumbent is Republican Dave Trott, who has represented the district since 2015. He was elected in 2014, winning the general election with 55.9% of the vote. He is running for re-election. Anil Kumar is his Democratic opponent, and Jonathan Osment is his Libertarian opponent.[13][14] Kerry Bentivolio, who represented the 11th District from 2013 to 2015 and was who defeated by Trott in the 2014 Republican Primary, announced on July 21, 2016, that he planned to seek the seat as an independent after losing to Osment in the Libertarian convention.[40]

Democratic primary

Declared

Results

Democratic Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Anil Kumar 29,349 100
Total votes 29,349 100

Republican primary

Declared

Results

Republican Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Dave Trott 51,221 100
Total votes 51,221 100

Libertarian convention

Nominated

Independent

Results

Democratic Primary Results [15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Dave Trott 200,226 52.93
Democratic Anil Kumar 152,019 40.18
Independent Politician Kerry Bentivolio 16,543 4.37
Libertarian Jonathan Ray Osment 9,516 2.52
Total votes 378,304 100
Republican hold

District 12

Democratic first term congresswoman Debbie Dingell is running for re-election and is unopposed in the primary. Jeff Jones is the Republican challenger, a Taylor resident who is a former independent US Senate candidate in 2014.[41] Also running is Tom Bagwell of Wyandotte, libertarian activist and former Ypsilanti Township Park Commissioner won the Libertarian Party Nomination for District 12 on May 14, 2016 in Lansing, Michigan. [42]

Democratic primary

Declared

Results

Democratic Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Debbie Dingell 55,046 100
Total votes 55,046 100

Republican primary

Declared

Results

Republican Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jeff Jones 15,115 100
Total votes 15,115 100

Libertarian convention

Nominated

Results

Democratic Primary Results [15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Debbie Dingell 211,322 64.34
Republican Jeff Jones 96,095 29.26
Libertarian Tom Bagwell 7,487 2.28
Working Class Gary Walkowicz 9,183 2.80
Green Dylan Calewarts 4,377 1.33
Total votes 328,464 100
Democratic hold

District 13

John Conyers, a Democrat, the incumbent representative in the 13th district, has served 26 terms in Congress and is the Dean of the United States House of Representatives. Detroit and City Clerk Janice Winfrey will run against Conyers in the Democratic Party primary election.[44] Jeff Gorman is running on the Republican side, and Tiffany Hayden is running on the Libertarian side.[13][17][14] Conyers won the nomination.[45]

Democratic primary

Nominated

Defeated in primary
Failed to qualify

Results

Democratic Primary Results <District1/>
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Democratic John Conyers (Incumbent) 30,971 60.80 -13.1
Democratic Janice Winfrey 19,965 39.20 N/A
Majority 10,966 21.6 -26.2
Turnout 50,936 -1.9

Republican primary

Declared

Results

Republican Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jeff Gorman 4,894 100
Total votes 4,894 100

Libertarian convention

Nominated

Results

Democratic Primary Results [15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic John Conyers 197,172 77.01
Republican Jeff Gorman 40,483 15.81
Libertarian Tiffany Hayden 9,600 3.75
Working Class Sam Johnson 8,778 3.43
Total votes 256,033 100
Democratic hold

District 14

Democratic Incumbent Rep. Brenda Lawrence is seeking re-election and had two Democratic challengers, Terrance Morrison and Vanessa Moss. Lawrence won the Democratic nomination.[46] The Republican candidate is Howard Klausner and the Libertarian candidate is Gregory Creswell[17][14]

Democratic primary

Nominated

Defeated in primary

Results

Democratic Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Democratic Brenda Lawrence (Incumbent) 55,544 87.38 +51.8
Democratic Vanessa Moss 5,253 8.26 N/A
Democratic Terrance Morrison 2,770 8.36 N/A
Majority 50,198 79.1 +75.9
Turnout 63,567 -14.4

Republican primary

Declared

Results

Republican Primary Results [12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Howard Klausner 10,964 100
Total votes 10,964 100

Libertarian convention

Nominated

Total Votes: 310,651

Results

Democratic Primary Results [15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Brenda Lawrence 243,812 78.48
Republican Howard Klausner 58,097 18.70
Libertarian Gregory Creswell 4,896 1.58
Green Marcia Squier 3,846 1.24
Total votes 310,651 100
Democratic hold

References

  1. ↑ "SUMMARY CALENDAR FOR CANDIDATE AND PROPOSAL DEADLINES : August 2, 2016 Primary and November 8, 2016 General Election" (PDF). Michigan.gov. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
  2. ↑ "Benishek planning to run for 4th term despite signing term-limit pledge". Detroit Free Press. March 24, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  3. ↑ "Benishek announces retirement". Traverse City Record-Eagle. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  4. ↑ Livengood, Chad (June 25, 2015). "Michigan Democratic Party chairman to run for Congress". The Detroit News. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  5. ↑ "George Weeks: State politicians focus on vets, firefighters". Traverse City Record-Eagle. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  6. ↑ Livengood, Chad (9 November 2015). "Casperson runs for Congress, gets attacked by tax votes". The Detroit News. Jonathan Wolman. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  7. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  8. ↑ "Bergman vies for First Congressional seat - TheAlpenaNews.com | News, Sports, Jobs, Michigan, Community Information". The Alpena News. 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
  9. ↑ Spangler, Todd (January 14, 2016). "U.S. Rep. Benishek endorses Casperson for seat". Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  10. ↑ "2016 Michigan Primary Election: Statewide races". Associated Press. August 3, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
  11. ↑ "GOP Michigan Rep. Benishek will retire from House - US News". US News & World Report. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 "Election Results - Primary Election - August 2, 2016". Michigan Department of State. August 3, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Candidate and Committee Viewer". Federal Election Commission. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 "2016 Michigan Candidate Listing". Michigan Department of State. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "2016 Michigan Election Results - Unofficial Results". Michigan Department of State. November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
  16. ↑ "City Commission". City of Kentwood. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "2016 Michigan Official Primary Candidate Listing - 08/02/2016". Miboecfr.nictusa.com. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
  18. ↑ "Democrat Paul Clements announces bid for Congress in 2016". MLive.com. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  19. ↑ "Wenke Running For Congress As Libertarian". WMUK. 2016-05-18. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
  20. ↑ "Newcomer Douglas North hopes to defeat Tim Walberg for 7th Congressional District for under $5,000". MLive.com. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
  21. ↑ Will Forgrave (February 9, 2015). "Democratic state Rep. Gretchen Driskell announces bid for 7th Congressional seat in 2016". MLive. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  22. ↑ Kyle Melinn (February 11, 2015). "Congressional race". City Pulse. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  23. ↑
  24. ↑ http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/files/elections/2016/by_state/MI_Page_0802.html?SITE=MIDTFELN&SECTION=POLITICS#
  25. ↑ Spangler, Todd; Gray, Kathleen (May 24, 2016). "Actress Melissa Gilbert drops out of race for Congress". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  26. ↑ Todd Spangler (July 6, 2016). "Dems want newcomer to step into Melissa Gilbert's shoes". Detroit Free Press.
  27. ↑ Chad Livengood (July 6, 2016). "Dems recruit prosecutor as foe against U.S. Rep. Bishop". Detroit News.
  28. 1 2 Wayne Peal (August 4, 2016). "Democrats moving to get Melissa Gilbert off November ballot". Livingston Daily. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
  29. ↑ Spangler, Todd. "Republicans challenge decision to let Melissa Gilbert off ballot". Detroit Free Press. August 19, 2016.
  30. ↑ Gibbons, Laura. "Suzanna Shkreli to replace actress Melissa Gilbert on 8th Congressional ballot". MLive. August 22, 2016.
  31. ↑ Wayne Peal (May 26, 2016). "Another Democratic congressional challenger falls". Livingston Daily Press & Argus. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
  32. ↑ Shepardson, David (March 6, 2015). "Rep. Miller: 'We all know when it is time to move on'". The Detroit News. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  33. ↑ "Macomb Rep. Forlini jumps into race for Congresswoman Miller's seat - Politically Speaking". Politicscentral.org. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
  34. ↑ Nann Burke, Melissa (April 21, 2015). "Sanborn plans to run for Miller's House seat". The Detroit News. Jonathan Wolman. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
  35. 1 2 "Millionaire Mitchell joins race for Rep. Miller's seat". Detroit News. July 13, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  36. ↑ Livengood, Chad (27 January 2016). "Brandenburg declines to run for Congress". Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  37. ↑ http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/files/elections/2016/by_state/MI_Page_0802.html?SITE=MIDTFELN&SECTION=POLITICS#
  38. ↑ Mitch Hotts (May 31, 2015). "Shelby Township treasurer announces candidacy for Congress". Macomb Daily.
  39. ↑ "Report of Receipts and Disbursements for an Authorized Committee" (PDF). fec.gov. Federal Election Commission. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  40. 1 2 Chad Livengood (July 21, 2016). "Ex-Rep. Bentivolio seeks political comeback". Detroit News.
  41. ↑ "Money pours in to Michigan congressional campaigns". WZZM13.com. 2016-04-18. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
  42. ↑ "Wyandotte man announces candidacy for Michigan's 12th District". Thenewsherald.com. 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
  43. ↑ "Michigan congressional candidate apologizes for teen sex remarks". Freep.com. 2016-06-06. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
  44. ↑ "Detroit Clerk Janice Winfrey to challenge John Conyers". Detroit Free Press. September 25, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  45. ↑ http://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/2016/08/02/michigan-primary-results-pavlov-casperson-lead-early-congressional-returns/87968378/
  46. ↑ http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20160803/NEWS/160809949/michigan-primary-results-voters-ok-detroit-zoo-tax-renewal-bergman

External links

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