Picamilon

Picamilon
Clinical data
Trade names НПК ЭХО
Routes of
administration		 Oral
ATC code N02CX (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
  • US: Not FDA approved; unscheduled
  • RU: OTC
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 50%–88%
Biological half-life 30 minutes
Excretion Renal
Identifiers
Synonyms nicotinoyl-GABA
CAS Number 34562-97-5 N
PubChem (CID) 60608
ChemSpider 54634 YesY
UNII 0S5N9SEK4N N
ECHA InfoCard 100.118.799
Chemical and physical data
Formula C10H12N2O3
Molar mass 208.214 g/mol
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Picamilon (also known as N-nicotinoyl-GABA, pycamilon, and pikamilon) is a drug formed by a synthetic combination of niacin and GABA. It was developed in the Soviet Union in 1969[1] and further studied in both Russia[2] and Japan as a prodrug of GABA.[3]

In Russia, picamilon is sold as a prescription drug. The rights to the drug belong to the Russian pharmaceutical company NPK ECHO ("НПК ЭХО"). It is not approved for sale in the United States and has been deemed as an adulterating agent in dietary supplements, with five American companies required to remove their picamilon products from the market in November, 2015.[4]

Mechanism of action and potential therapeutic applications

One study in animals showed that picamilon penetrated the blood–brain barrier[5] and then is hydrolyzed into GABA and niacin.[6] The released GABA in theory would activate GABA receptors potentially producing an anxiolytic response.[7] The second released component, niacin, is a vasodilator.[8][9]

Detection in biological fluids

Plasma picamilon concentrations are generally in the 500–3000 μg/L range during the first few hours after single oral doses of 50–200 mg with a half-life of 1–2 hours.[10] The drug undergoes hydrolysis to GABA and nicotinic acid. Urinary excretion of parent drug and the two metabolites accounts for up to 79% of a single dose.[10]

Picamilon
Picamilon 20 mg from Russia

Regulation

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration ruled in 2015 that picamilon does not fit any of the dietary ingredient categories in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994,[4][11] namely that it is not a vitamin; a dietary mineral; an herb or other botanical; an amino acid; a dietary substance for use by humans to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake; or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any ingredient described above. This led to the removal of picamilon as a pure substance or from various supplements manufactured in the US.[4][12]

References

  1. ↑ Kopelevich VM, Gunar VI (April 1999). "Some approaches to the directed search for new drugs based on nicotinic acid". Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 33 (4): 177–187. doi:10.1007/BF02509934.
  2. ↑ Mirzoian RS, Gan'shina TS (1989). "[The new cerebrovascular preparation pikamilon]". Farmakologiia i Toksikologiia (in Russian). 52 (1): 23–6. PMID 2707413.
  3. ↑ Matsuyama K, Yamashita C, Noda A, Goto S, Noda H, Ichimaru Y, Gomita Y (Oct 1984). "Evaluation of isonicotinoyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and nicotinoyl-GABA as pro-drugs of GABA". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 32 (10): 4089–95. doi:10.1248/cpb.32.4089. PMID 6529802.
  4. 1 2 3 "FDA sends five warning letters over supplements containing picamilon". NutraIngredients-USA.com, William Reed Business Media. 2 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  5. ↑ Dorofeev BF, Kholodov LE (1991). "[Pikamilon pharmacokinetics in animals]". Farmakologiia i Toksikologiia (in Russian). 54 (2): 66–9. PMID 1884802.
  6. ↑ "Technical Description of Picamilon".
  7. ↑ Shephard RA (Jun 1987). "Behavioral effects of GABA agonists in relation to anxiety and benzodiazepine action". Life Sciences. 40 (25): 2429–36. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(87)90758-2. PMID 2884549.
  8. ↑ Gille A, Bodor ET, Ahmed K, Offermanns S (2008). "Nicotinic acid: pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 48: 79–106. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094746. PMID 17705685.
  9. ↑ Prousky J, Seely D (2005). "The treatment of migraines and tension-type headaches with intravenous and oral niacin (nicotinic acid): systematic review of the literature". Nutrition Journal. 4: 3. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-4-3. PMC 548511Freely accessible. PMID 15673472.
  10. 1 2 Cui W, Chen X, Zhan Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhong D (2010). "Determination of picamilon concentration in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry". Journal of Chromatography B. 878 (15-16): 1181–4. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.013. PMID 20359966.
  11. ↑ Welch C. "Declaration of Dr. Cara Welch" (PDF). Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  12. ↑ Roberto M (13 October 2015). "Picamilon Under FDA Attack". PricePlow. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
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