Tetrahydrogestrinone

Tetrahydrogestrinone
Clinical data
Routes of
administration		 Oral, intramuscular injection
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
Synonyms Tetrahydrogestrinone, THG, The Clear
CAS Number 618903-56-3 N
PubChem (CID) 6857686
DrugBank DB06870 YesY
ChemSpider 5257020 YesY
Chemical and physical data
Formula C21H28O2
Molar mass 312.46 g/mol
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Tetrahydrogestrinone[1] (THG), often referred to as The Clear, is an anabolic steroid developed by Patrick Arnold.[2] It has affinity to the androgen receptor and the progesterone receptor, but not to the estrogen receptor.[3] It was used by a number of high-profile athletes such as Marion Jones and Dwain Chambers.

Tetrahydrogestrinone was developed completely in secret by Arnold as a designer drug, on the basis that doping testers would be unlikely to detect a totally new compound. Arnold developed a chemical similar to two obscure steroids marketed by BALCO, norbolethone and desoxymethyltestosterone, which had been reported in scientific literature but never entered mass production, and the banned anabolic steroids trenbolone and gestrinone, the latter of which was used to synthesise it.[4]

In 2003, whistleblower Trevor Graham passed a spent syringe containing a small amount of the drug to the United States Anti-Doping Agency. This was then transferred to the research group of pharmacologist Don Catlin, who identified the drug using mass spectrometry techniques and gave it its present name.[5][6]

Tetrahydrogestrinone has never been fully tested for safety and has never entered legitimate medical use, although some studies have been made of its properties.[7] A synthesis was devised to ensure a source of material for comparison and it was scheduled by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2005.[8][9] Concerns have also been raised about its potential use in animals such as in horse-racing.

Pharmacology

Tetrahydrogestrinone is a highly potent agonist for the androgen and progesterone receptors,[10] around 10 times more potent than the comparison drugs nandrolone or trenbolone, but with no estrogenic activity. It has been found to bind to the androgen receptor with similar affinity to dihydrotestosterone and produces growth of muscle tissue.[11] According to Patrick Arnold, due to the drug's potency, he never had to supply significant quantities to BALCO, because "just a couple of drops under the tongue" were a sufficient dose.[2]

Method of action

When THG reaches the nucleus of a cell, it binds to the androgen receptor at the ligand-binding pocket. Here it changes the expression of a variety of genes, turning on several anabolic and androgenic functions.[12]

It is the ligand’s structure which determines the number of interactions that can take place with the human androgen receptor ligand-binding domain. Even minor modifications in the ligand's structure have a great impact on the strength of the interactions this ligand has with the androgen receptor. THG, possessing a high affinity, establishes more van der Waals contacts with the receptor than with many other steroids. It is this higher affinity and specific geometry of THG which makes these interactions with the androgen receptor so strong, resulting in THG’s potency.[13]

Side effects

Side effects from prolonged use are likely to include infertility in both men and women, as well as other steroid side effects such as acne and hirsutism.[3] Unlike most other anabolic steroids, THG also binds with high affinity to the glucocorticoid receptor, and while this effect may cause additional weight loss, it is also likely to cause extra side effects such as immunosuppression that are not seen with most other steroids.[14]

History

For a time, THG was considered the drug of choice for safe and "invisible" world record breaking in athletics, being used by several high-profile gold medal winners such as the sprinter Marion Jones, who resigned from her athletic career in 2007 after admitting to using THG prior to the 2000 Sydney Olympics, where she had won three gold medals.[15] It has also been used by formerly banned British athlete Dwain Chambers and Major League Baseball first baseman Jason Giambi.[16]

THG was developed by Patrick Arnold for the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO), which claimed to be a nutritional supplement company.[17] The company manufactured the drug through palladium-charcoal catalyzed hydrogenation from gestrinone, a substance used in gynecology for treatment of endometriosis (Australian Medicines handbook 2011).

In 2003, U.S. sprint coach Trevor Graham delivered a syringe containing traces of THG to the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA). This helped Don Catlin, MD, the founder and then-director of the UCLA Olympic Analytical Lab, to identify and develop a test for THG, the second reported designer anabolic steroid.[18]

See also

References

  1. ↑ US Patent Application 2006/45847
  2. 1 2 "Video". CNN. 2006-10-09. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
  3. 1 2 Death AK, McGrath KC, Kazlauskas R, Handelsman DJ (May 2004). "Tetrahydrogestrinone is a potent androgen and progestin". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (5): 2498–500. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0033. PMID 15126583.
  4. ↑ Cotton, Simon. "Molecule of the month: THG". University of Bristol. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  5. ↑ Montoya, Gabriel. "Dr. Don Catlin on Anti-Doping in Boxing". Max Boxing. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  6. ↑ Catlin, Don H.; Sekera, Michael H.; Ahrens, Brian D.; Starcevic, Borislav; Chang, Yu-Chen; Hatton, Caroline K. (30 June 2004). "Tetrahydrogestrinone: discovery, synthesis, and detection in urine". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 18 (12): 1245–1049. doi:10.1002/rcm.1495.
  7. ↑ Ezio Ghigo; Fabio Lanfranco; Christian J. Strasburger (28 October 2010). Hormone Use and Abuse by Athletes. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-4419-7014-5.
  8. ↑ Oct.2003 FDA statement on THG
  9. ↑ US2006045847 - Method for determination of anabolic activity
  10. ↑ Labrie F, Luu-The V, Calvo E, et al. (February 2005). "Tetrahydrogestrinone induces a genomic signature typical of a potent anabolic steroid". J. Endocrinol. 184 (2): 427–33. doi:10.1677/joe.1.05997. PMID 15684350.
  11. ↑ Jasuja R, Catlin DH, Miller A, et al. (October 2005). "Tetrahydrogestrinone is an androgenic steroid that stimulates androgen receptor-mediated, myogenic differentiation in C3H10T1/2 multipotent mesenchymal cells and promotes muscle accretion in orchidectomized male rats". Endocrinology. 146 (10): 4472–8. doi:10.1210/en.2005-0448. PMID 15976054.
  12. ↑ Kicman AT (June 2008). "Pharmacology of anabolic steroids". Br. J. Pharmacol. 154 (3): 502–21. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.165. PMC 2439524Freely accessible. PMID 18500378.
  13. ↑ Thevis M, Schänzer W (2005). "Mass Spectrometry in Doping Control Analysis". Current Organic Chemistry. 9 (9): 825–848. doi:10.2174/1385272054038318.
  14. ↑ Friedel A, Geyer H, Kamber M, et al. (June 2006). "Tetrahydrogestrinone is a potent but unselective binding steroid and affects glucocorticoid signalling in the liver". Toxicol. Lett. 164 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.11.006. PMID 16356667.
  15. ↑ "Jones pleads guilty in drug case". BBC News. 2007-10-06. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
  16. ↑ Fainaru-Wada, Mark; Williams, Lance (December 2, 2004). "Giambi admitted taking steroids". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
  17. ↑ http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/can/press/2006/2006_08_04_arnold_sentencing%20press.htm
  18. ↑ http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2007-02-28-catlin-drug-lab_N.htm USA Today, 28 February 2007.
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