Trazodone

Trazodone
Clinical data
Trade names Many brand names worldwide[1]
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a681038
Pregnancy
category
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
administration		 By mouth (tablets)
ATC code N06AX05 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 65% (Oral)[2]
Protein binding 89–95%[3]
Metabolism Hepatic (CYP3A4)[2]
Onset of action 1 hour (oral)[4]
Biological half-life 7 hours (immediate-release),
10 hours (extended-release)[2]
Excretion Urine (70–75%), feces (21%)[2]
Identifiers
CAS Number 19794-93-5 YesY
PubChem (CID) 5533
IUPHAR/BPS 213
DrugBank DB00656 YesY
ChemSpider 5332 YesY
UNII YBK48BXK30 YesY
KEGG D08626 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:9654 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL621 YesY
ECHA InfoCard 100.039.364
Chemical and physical data
Formula C19H22ClN5O
Molar mass 371.8641 g/mol
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
  (verify)

Trazodone (sold under many brand names worldwide[1]) is an antidepressant of the serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) class. It is a phenylpiperazine compound. Trazodone also has anti-anxiety (anxiolytic) and sleep-inducing (hypnotic) effects.[5] Its side-effect profile and potential toxicity are considerably different from those of the original antidepressants (i.e., the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)).[6]

Medical uses

The primary use of trazodone is the treatment of major depression. Data from open and double-blind trials suggest the antidepressant efficacy of trazodone is comparable to that of amitriptyline, doxepin, and mianserin. Also, trazodone showed anxiolytic properties, low cardiotoxicity, and relatively mild side effects.[6] Because trazodone has minimal anticholinergic activity, it was especially welcomed as a treatment for geriatric patients with depression when it first became available. Three double-blind studies reported trazodone has antidepressant efficacy similar to that of other antidepressants in geriatric patients. However, a side effect of trazodone, orthostatic hypotension, which may cause dizziness and increase the risk of falling, can have devastating consequences for elderly patients; thus, this side effect, along with sedation, often makes trazodone less acceptable for this population, compared with newer compounds that share its lack of anticholinergic activity but not the rest of its side-effect profile. Still, trazodone is often helpful for geriatric patients with depression who have severe agitation and insomnia.[6] Trazodone has also been reported to have antianxiety properties. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the anxiolytic efficacy of trazodone was comparable to that of diazepam in weeks 3–8 of treatment for generalized anxiety disorder, although patients treated with diazepam had greater improvement during the first 2 weeks of treatment.[12] Early case reports had indicated that trazodone is associated with improvement in obsessive-compulsive disorder, but a double-blind, placebo-controlled study found that trazodone lacked antiobsessional effects.[13] Many clinicians use low-dose trazodone as an alternative to benzodiazepines for the treatment of insomnia. Two recent reviews found that trazodone is the second most prescribed agent for insomnia, but as most studies have been limited to patients with depression, few studies actually support trazodone's use in primary insomnia.[6]

Off-label and investigational uses

Adverse effects

Because of its lack of anticholinergic side effects, trazodone is especially useful in situations in which antimuscarinic effects are particularly problematic (e.g., in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, closed-angle glaucoma, or severe constipation). Trazodone's propensity to cause sedation is a dual-edged sword. For many patients, the relief from agitation, anxiety, and insomnia can be rapid; for other patients, including those individuals with considerable psychomotor retardation and feelings of low energy, therapeutic doses of trazodone may not be tolerable because of sedation. Trazodone elicits orthostatic hypotension in some patients, probably as a consequence of α1-adrenergic receptor blockade. Mania has been observed in association with trazodone treatment, including in patients with bipolar disorder, as well as in patients with previous diagnoses of major depression. Compared to the reversible MAOI antidepressant drug moclobemide, significantly more impairment of vigilance occurs with trazodone.[25]

Cardiac arrhythmia

Case reports have noted cardiac arrhythmias emerging in relation to trazodone treatment, both in patients with pre-existing mitral valve prolapse and in patients with negative personal and family histories of cardiac disease.[26]

QT prolongation has been reported with trazodone therapy. Arrhythmia identified include isolated PVCs, ventricular couplets, and in two patients short episodes (three to four beats) of ventricular tachycardia. Several post-marketing reports have been made of arrhythmia in trazodone-treated patients who have pre-existing cardiac disease and in some patients who did not have pre-existing cardiac disease. Until the results of prospective studies are available, patients with pre-existing cardiac disease should be closely monitored, particularly for cardiac arrhythmias. Trazodone is not recommended for use during the initial recovery phase of myocardial infarction. Concomitant administration of drugs that prolong the QT interval or that are inhibitors of CYP3A4 may increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmia.

Priapism

A relatively rare, but dramatic, side effect associated with trazodone is priapism, likely due to its antagonism at α-adrenergic receptors.[27] More than 200 cases have been reported, and the manufacturer estimated that the incidence of any abnormal erectile function is about one in 6,000 male patients treated with trazodone. The risk for this side effect appears to be greatest during the first month of treatment at low dosages (i.e. <150 mg/day). Early recognition of any abnormal erectile function is important, including prolonged or inappropriate erections, and should prompt discontinuation of trazodone treatment. Clinical reports have also described trazodone-associated psychosexual side effects in women, including increased libido, priapism of the clitoris, and spontaneous orgasms.[26][28]

Other

Rare cases of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity have been observed, possibly due to the formation of reactive metabolites.[29]

Elevated prolactin concentrations have been observed in patients taking trazodone.[30]

Precautions

Trazodone is metabolized by CYP3A4, a liver enzyme.[32] Inhibition of this enzyme by various other substances may delay its degradation, leading to high blood levels of trazodone. CYP3A4 may be inhibited by many other medications, herbs, and foods, and as such, trazodone may interact with these substances.

The possibility of suicide in depressed patients remains during treatment and until significant remission occurs. The number of tablets prescribed at any one time should take into account this possibility, and patients with suicidal ideation should never have access to large quantities of trazodone.

Trazodone has been reported to cause seizures in a small number of patients who took it concurrently with medications to control seizures.

While trazodone is not a true member of the SSRI class of antidepressants, it does still share many properties of the SSRIs, especially the possibility of discontinuation syndrome if the medication is stopped too quickly.[33] Care must, therefore, be taken when coming off the medication, usually by a gradual process of tapering down the dose over a period of time.

Pregnancy and lactation

Sufficient data in humans are lacking. Use should be justified by the severity of the condition to be treated.[34][35]

Occupational hazards

Since trazodone may impair the mental and/or physical abilities required for performance of potentially hazardous tasks, such as operating an automobile or machinery, the patient should be cautioned not to engage in such activities while impaired.

Overdose

There are reported cases of high doses of trazodone precipitating serotonin syndrome.[36] There are also reports of patients taking multiple SSRIs with trazodone and precipitating serotonin syndrome.[37]

Signs and symptoms

Trazodone appears to be relatively safer than TCAs, MAOIs, and a few of the other second-generation antidepressants in overdose situations, especially when it is the only agent taken. Fatalities are rare, and uneventful recoveries have been reported after ingestion of doses as high as 6,000–9,200 mg. In one report, 9 of 294 cases of overdose were fatal, and all nine patients had also taken other central nervous system (CNS) depressants. When trazodone overdoses occur, clinicians should carefully monitor for hypotension, a potentially serious toxic effect. In a report of a fatal trazodone overdose, torsades de pointes and complete atrioventricular block developed, along with subsequent multiple organ failure, with a trazodone plasma concentration of 25.4 mg/L on admission.[6][38][39][40]

Treatment

There is no specific antidote for trazodone. Management of overdosage should, therefore, be symptomatic and supportive. Any person suspected of having taken an overdosage should be evaluated at a hospital as soon as possible. Activated charcoal, and forced diuresis may be useful in facilitating elimination of the drug, gastric lavage has been shown to not be useful unless done during the first hour after intake.

Pharmacology

Binding profile

Trazodone behaves as an antagonist at all of its receptor sites except 5-HT1A, where it acts as a partial agonist similarly to buspirone and tandospirone, but with greater intrinsic activity in comparison.[41][42][43][44][45][46]

It is an inhibitor of Serotonin transporters (SERT), as well.[47]

Binding affinity (Ki [nM]) towards cloned human receptors where data are available

Protein Ki (nM) for trazodone[48] Ki (nM) for mCPP
SERT 367.3 265.1
NET >10000 3150
DAT >7000 ND
5-HT1A 118 43.9
5-HT1B >10000 251.9
5-HT1D 106 285.5
5-HT1E >10000 ND
5-HT2A 35.8 54.5
5-HT2B 78.4 30.3
5-HT2C 223.9 13.04
5-HT3 >10000 427
5-HT5A >10000 1354
5-HT6 >10000 1748
5-HT7 1782 162.5
α1A 153 1386
α1B ND 914.6
α2A 728 145.1
α2B ND 105.8
α2C 155 123.5
β1 >10000 2359
β2 >10000 3474
D1 3730 7000 (HB)
D2 4142 >10000 (HB)
D3 ND >10000 (RC)
D4 703 ND
D5 >10000 >10000
Benzodiazepine receptor >10000 (RK,P) >10000 (HB,C)
Calcium channel >10000 >10000
Cannabinoid receptors >10000 ND
I1 ND 758.9 (RPC12)
σ1 >10000 ND
σ2 536 (RPC12) 8350 (RPC12)
H1 220 326.3
H2 3290 ND
H3 >10000 (GPC) ND
H4 >10000 ND
mAChRs >10000 >10000 (HB)
nAChRs >10000 ND
μ-opioid >10000 ND
δ-opioid >10000 ND
κ-opioid >10000 (RC) ND
E3 >10000 ND
E4 >10000 ND

Legend:
ND - No data
GPC - Cloned guinea pig receptor.
P - Peripheral receptor
C - Central receptor
RC - Cloned rat receptor
RK - Rat kidney receptor
HB - Human brain receptor
RPC12 - Rat PC12 receptor
Bold text indicates that binding affinities for cloned human receptors is unavailable.

Correspondence to clinical effects

Trazodone acts predominantly as a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist to mediate its therapeutic benefits against anxiety and depression.[49] Its inhibitory effects on serotonin reuptake and 5-HT2C receptors are relatively weak (~15-fold lower than for 5-HT2A) and contribute only lightly to its overall effects.[49] Hence, trazodone does not have similar properties to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)[49] and is not particularly associated with increased appetite and weight gain, unlike other 5-HT2C antagonists like mirtazapine.[50][51] Moderate 5-HT1A partial agonism (6-fold lower than 5-HT2A) is likely to contribute to trazodone's antidepressant and anxiolytic actions to some extent as well.[45][46][52]

The combined actions of 5HT2A/5HT2C antagonism with SERT inhibition only occur at moderate to high doses of trazodone. Doses of trazodone lower than those effective for antidepressant action are frequently used for the effective treatment of insomnia. Low doses exploit trazodone’s potent actions as a 5HT2A antagonist, and its properties as an antagonist of H1-histaminic and α1-adrenergic receptors, but do not adequately exploit its SERT or 5HT2C inhibition properties, which are weaker. Since insomnia is one of the most frequent residual symptoms of depression after treatment with an SSRI, a hypnotic is often necessary for patients with a major depressive episode. Not only can a hypnotic potentially relieve the insomnia itself, but treating insomnia in patients with major depression may also increase remission rates due to improvement of other symptoms such as loss of energy and depressed mood. Thus, the ability of low doses of trazodone to improve sleep in depressed patients may be an important mechanism whereby trazodone can augment the efficacy of other antidepressants.[53]

Trazodone's potent α1-adrenergic blockade (about threefold lower relative to 5-HT2A) may cause some side effects like orthostatic hypotension and sedation.[54] Conversely, along with 5-HT2A antagonism, it may underlie its efficacy as a hypnotic. This seems possible as trazodone's antihistamine activity is relatively weak and probably clinically insignificant; hence, it cannot explain trazodone's sleep-inducing/enhancing effects. Trazodone lacks any affinity for the mACh receptors, so does not produce anticholinergic side effects.

mCPP, a nonselective serotonin receptor agonist and serotonin releasing agent, is an active metabolite of trazodone and has been suggested to possibly play a role in its therapeutic benefits.[55][56][57] However, scientific research has not supported this hypothesis, and mCPP may actually antagonize trazodone's efficacy as well as produce additional side effects.[58][59][60][61][62]

Pharmacokinetics

Trazodone is well absorbed after oral administration, with mean peak blood levels obtained at about one hour after ingestion. Absorption is somewhat delayed and enhanced by food. The mean blood elimination half-life is biphasic: the first phase's half-life is 3–6 hr, and the following phase's half-life is 5–9 hr. The drug is extensively metabolized, with three or four major metabolites having been identified in the human body, particularly mCPP,[32] which may contribute to the side effect profile of trazodone. mCPP has been shown to activate numerous serotonin receptors, including 5-HT2C. Around 70–75% of 14C-labelled trazodone was found to be excreted in the urine within 72 hours.[63] Trazodone is highly protein-bound.

As a consequence of the production of mCPP as a metabolite, patients administered trazodone may test positive on EMIT II urine tests for the presence of MDMA ("ecstasy").[64]

Forms of trazodone

Trazodone tablets are available in 50, 100, 150 and 300 mg strengths. However, the less-frequently prescribed 300 mg strength has been widely discontinued by many pharmaceutical manufacturers as of mid-2015. The active ingredient is trazodone hydrochloride, USP.

Inactive ingredients vary by manufacturer. See manufacturer package insert for more information.[65]

History

Trazodone was originally discovered and developed in Italy in the 1960s by Angelini Research Laboratories as a second-generation antidepressant. It was developed according to the mental pain hypothesis, which was postulated from studying patients and which proposes that major depression is associated with a decreased pain threshold.[66] In sharp contrast to most other antidepressants available at the time of its development, trazodone showed minimal effects on muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Trazodone was patented and marketed in many countries all over the world. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) at the end of 1981.

See also

References

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